This document provides an introduction to robotics and robots. It defines robots as programmable mechatronic devices equipped with artificial intelligence. The document then discusses the historical development of robots from ancient times to modern examples. Robots are classified in multiple ways, including by physical configuration, mobility, and control system. The major applications of robots discussed are in manufacturing industries, space exploration, medicine, and underwater exploration. In each field, examples are given of how robots are used.

1. Robotics and Automation
Introduction to Robot and Robotics
Lecture- 2
By
Dr. Saroj Kumar
Assistant professor
O. P. Jindal University, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh, India

2. Contents
1. Introduction of Robotics
2. Historical Development
3. Classification of Robot
4. Various Applications of Robot

3. A few questions
1. What is the meaning of Robot?
2. What is Robotics?
3. Why do we study Robotics?
4. What are the possible applications
of Robots?

4. Robot:
The term: robot has come from the Czech word: robota,
which means forced or slave laborer.
In the general term:
A programmable mechatronic device that is equipped
with artificial intelligence.

5. Robot:
Robot has been defined by various organization
1. According to Robot Institute of America (RIA) [1979]
It is a reprogrammable multi-functional manipulator designed to
move materials, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable
programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.
2. According to International Organization for Standardization
(ISO): An automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose
manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which can be
either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation
applications.

6. Robotics:
It is a science which deals with the issues related to design,
manufacturing, usages of robots.
In 1942, the term: robotics was introduced by Sir Isaac Asimov in
his story named Runaround.
In robotics, we use the fundamentals of Physics, Mathematics,
Mechanical Engg., Electronics Engg., Electrical Engg., Computer
Sciences, and others

7. Motivation Towards Robotics:
In the present scenario, to fulfill the gap between demand and supply
in the dynamic and competitive market with precision is the prime
motivation for the implementation of robots.
Another. In modern manufacturing systems, the following are the
essential requirements which also motivate towards robotics :
1. Quality improvement
2. Increment of Production Rate
3. Reduce production cost
Note: Automation can satisfy the requirement of modern systems
[Flexible and Fixed]
“Robotics is a type of flexible automation”

8. Broad Application Areas :
These are the following major application area of robotics:
1. Industry
2. Defense Sector
3. Medical Sector
4. Space Sector
5. Household activities.

9. A brief on Historical Development
Year Events and Development
Neolithic era Development of wheel :10000 B.C.
1822-73 Inverted vulcanized rubber pneumatic tire (Patent in 18450
1954 First patent on manipulator by George Devol: Father of robot
1956
Joseph Engelberger started the first robotics company:
Unimation
1962
General Motors used the manipulator: Unimate in die-casting
application
1967 General Electrical Corporation made a 4-legged vehicle
1969
1. SAM was built by the NASA, USA
2. Shakey, an intelligent mobile robot, was built by Stanford
Research Institute (SRI)
1970
1. Victor Scheinman demonstrated a manipulator known as
Stanford Arm
2. Lunokhod I was built and sent to the moon by USSR
3. ODEX 1 was built by Odetics

10. Classification of Robot
Generally, robots are classified into three
groups:
1. Mobile robot- Wheeled robot, Legged
robot, tracked robot
2. Fixed Robot – Industrial Manipulators
3. UAV – Drones

11. Classification of Robot
Further Robot can be classified in different ways:
1. Based on Physical Configuration
1.1 Cartesian Coordinate Robots
- Linear Movement along all three axes
- Rigid and accurate
Application- Best Suited for PICK and PLACE
Example- IBM’s RS-1 Robot

12. 1.2 Cylindrical Coordinate Robots
-Two linear and one rotary movements
-Cannot reach the objects lying on the floor
-Poor dynamic performance
Application- Used to handle parts/ objects in manufacturing
Example- Versatran 600

13. 1.3 Polar / Spherical Coordinate Robots
-One linear and two rotary movement
- Can pick up objects lying on the floor
-Poor dynamic performance
Application- Suitable for handling parts/objects in manufacturing
Example- Unimate 2000B

14. 1.4 Joint Arm / Revolute Coordinate Configuration robot
-Rotary movement about three independent axes
Application- Suitable for handling parts/components in manufacturing system
Example- Epson T3, PUMA

15. 2. Based on the base of Robot
It is categorized into two types
2.1 Fixed Base Robots
2.2 Mobile Robot
2.1 Fixed base Robots
-It is also known as Manipulator
- They cannot move their base away from the work being done.

16. 2.2 Mobile Robot
It consists of three types
of Robots
2.2.1 Wheeled Robot
2.2.2 Legged Robot
2.2.3 Tracked Robot
- it can move one place to
other places easily to
perform task.
Wheeled Robot

17. 2.2.2 Legged Robot
Legged Robot

18. 2.2.3 Tracked Robot
Tracked Robot

19. 3. Classification of Robot based on Control System
According to control system of robot, it is categorised into three groups
such as
3.1 Point-to-Point (PTP) Control Robot
3.2 Continuous Path (CP) Control Robot
3.3 Controlled Path Robot
3.1 Point-to-Point (PTP) Control Robot
-It can move one point to other point.
- PTP robots do not control the path to get from one point to the next point.
Applications:
- Component insertion
- Spot Welding
- Hole drilling
- Loading and unloading
-Assembly operations

20. 3.2 Continuous Path (CP) Control Robot
- the CP robot is capable of performing movemnets along the controlled
path
- Robot can stop at any specified point along the controlled path.
- Straight line and curve movement is possible.
Applications:
-Spray painting
- Finishing work
- Gluing
- Arc Welding operations

21. 3.3 Controlled Path Robot
- Only the start and Finish points are known.
-The robot can generate paths of different geometry, such as straight lines,
circles, and interpolated curves, with a high degree of accuracy.
-CP robots have a servo capability to correct their path.
Applications:
Path planning of robot.

22. 4. Classification of Robot based on Actuation system
Robot’s
Actuation
System
Electric
Actuation
Pneumatic
Actuation
Hydraulic
Actuation

23. Applications of Robot in Manufacturing
Industries
The application area in the industries are
1. Arc Welding
2. Spot Welding
3. Spray Painting
4. Pick and Place Operation
5. Grinding
6. Drilling

24. Applications of Robot
Advantages of Robots in the industry
1. Robots can work in hazardous and dirty
environment
2. Can increase productivity after maintaining
improved quality
3. Direct labour cost will be reduced
4. Material cost will be reduced
5. Repetitive tasks can be handled more
efficiently

25. Space Applications of Robot
1. For carrying out on-orbit services, assembly
job and interplanetary missions
2. Spacecraft deployment and retrieval, survey
of outside space shuttle; assembly, testing,
maintenance of space stations; transport of
astronauts to various locations
3. Robo-nauts
4. Free-flying robots
5. Planetary exploration rovers

26. Medical Applications of Robot
1. Telesurgery
2. Micro-capsule multi-legged robots
3. Prosthetic devices
Under-Water Applications of Robot
1. To explore various resources
2. To study under-water environment
3. To carry out drilling, pipe-line survey, inspection
and repair of ships

27. Thank you