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Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences.Chapter 1 - What is Social Science.pptx

The document provides a comprehensive overview of social sciences, emphasizing its emergence, relationship with natural sciences, and its role in understanding society. It discusses key concepts such as social structures, interaction, cultural influences, and various academic disciplines that constitute social science, along with methodologies like ethnography and fieldwork. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of social sciences in addressing societal issues and promoting a deeper understanding of human behavior and relationships within a cultural context.

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DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES Unit 1: How Social Is Science, and How Scientific is Social?
Chapter 1. How did the Social Sciences Emerge? How Does It Link to the Natural Sciences? Learning Objectives: 1. Define “social science’ as the study of society in the mold of scientific tradition; 2. Chart the development of social science in the context of Western intellectual history; 3. Explain what consist social science and appreciate their differences and collective objectives; 4. Introduce social science as key to the study of this discipline; and 5. Learn about how social science started in the Philippines in the context of the Filipino struggle for independence.
Early Depictions of Philippine Social Life
Early Depictions of Philippine Social Life
Who I am How I behave with others.
Nature vs. Society Nature conjures an image of random and unstructured forces that shape a given area. ●These forces follow a general pattern, law, or process ever since the world existed
●Society is contrast to the preceding imagery of nature. ● Society is organized and deliberately structured and formalized and bound by rules drafted and implemented by the people who themselves constitute society. Nature vs. Society
Society ✘ Society refers to ‘a system of interrelationships which connects individuals together’ (Giddens1990) ✘ A ‘common habitat’ or environment within which members of a society depend on one another for survival and well- being (Marvin Harris 1983) ✘ Society refers to a group of people who share a culture and a territory. ✘ Socialization affects the overall cultural practices of a society and shape one’s self-image.
What Comprises Society? ● Territory ● Culture ● Equality ● Interaction ● Pluralism ● Assimilation
Natural Science vs. Social Science
Practical Ways of Categorizing Human Knowledge Humanities Natural Science Social Science
What is NATURAL SCIENCE?
✘ A major branch of science that deals with the description, prediction and understanding of natural phenomena, basically based on observational and empirical evidence.
Natural Science ●Natural science is the empirical sciences that explains or predicts natural phenomena. It is a science, such as biology, chemistry, geology, astronomy, or physics that deals with the objects, phenomena, or laws of nature and the physical world. ●Natural science can be further broken down into two categories: life sciences and physical sciences. ●Life science refers to things like biology or human anatomy, in other words, sciences that revolve around all living things on Earth. ●Physical science covers the rest of the natural sciences, like chemistry and physics, astronomy, earth science, for example, so the areas that aren’t directly related to life.
What is SOCIAL SCIENCE?
Social Science ● It is a body of knowledge characterized by an objective to understand what society is and what it does to the people living inside it. ●It is a systematic study of society and developed various modes of engaging the notion of society and how to truly grasp its enigma ●It is comprised of two distinct words society (social) and empirical analysis (science)
Social Science ● It is a body of knowledge characterized by an objective to understand what society is and what it does to the people living inside it. ●It is a systematic study of society and developed various modes of engaging the notion of society and how to truly grasp its enigma ●It is comprised of two distinct words society (social) and empirical analysis (science)
✘ Any discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects. ✘ Social science is an academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often rely primarily on empirical approaches.
✘ Social Sciences are those disciplines that study (a) Institutions and functioning of human society and the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society; (b) A particular phase or aspect of human society.
Natural Science vs. Social Science ✘ Both sciences employ the scientific model in order to gain information. ✘ Both sciences use empirical and measured data evidence that can be seen and discerned by the senses. ✘ Both sciences’ theories can be tested to yield theoretical statements and general positions. ✘ Arose 300 years later. ✘ Deals with subject. (Human being) ✘ It is spontaneous, unpredictable and uncontrollable, as it deals with human emotions and behavior. ✘ Experiential Data ✘ Typically involves alternative methods of observation and interaction with people within community. ✘ Open System ✘ Started during the 16th and 17th century. ✘ Deals with object. ✘ Characterized by exactness, controlled variables, and predictability. ✘ Experimental Data ✘ The typical method of science is doing repetitive and conventional laboratory experiments. ✘ Closed System
✘ The social sciences have a critical contribution to make, in helping us understand, imagine, and craft a more sustainable future for all.” - UNESCO
HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE ✘ The history of the social sciences begins in the Age of Enlightenment after 1650. ✘ The social sciences developed from the sciences (experimental and applied), or the systematic knowledge- bases or prescriptive practices, relating to the social improvement of a group of interacting entities.
HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE ✘ Social science was influenced by positivism. Auguste Comte used the term "science sociale" to describe the field, taken from the ideas of Charles Fourier; Comte also referred to the field as social physics.
HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE ✘ The term "social science" may refer either to the specific sciences of society established by thinkers such as Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber, or more generally to all disciplines outside of "noble science" and arts.
How is social science related to society?
✘ Social sciences focus on the study of society and the relationship among individuals within society.
What is social sciences and how can it be used to study and understand society? What are the roles of social science in the society?
✘ Conceptualization of the social problem - means what is the problem affecting the society, positive or negative? ✘ Understanding the existing concepts related to the problem. ✘ Conducting the research on the problem, using scientific methods such as inclusive sampling, classification, tabulation and analysis then conclusion. ✘ Based on analysis and conclusion suggesting recommendations to the problem. ✘ It is used to understand society, identify potential social problems create an hypothesis and try and formulate answers to those problems. For example, our aging population.
How natural science can be used in our daily lives?
What is HUMANITIES?
✘ Refers to the study of the ways in which the human experience is processed and documented. ✘ Encompasses the field of philosophy, literature, religion, art, music, history, and language.
Humanities vs. Social Science ✘ Both the humanities and social science are concerned with human aspects like, law, politics, linguistics, economics, and psychology. ✘ Both the humanities and social sciences are concerned with human lives and nature. ✘ Influence by and developed after the French revolution and the industrial revolution. ✘ Social science deal with more scientific approach. ✘ Involves application of an empirical, rational, and objective methodology (such as the use of validity and reliability test) to present facts. ✘ Emerged in the 15th century. ✘ Humanities involved a more of a scientific approach. ✘ Deemed to be more philosophical and concerned with heritage and the question of what makes us human. Comprise application of an interpretative methodology.
Functions: HUMANITIES SOCIAL SCIENCE To better appreciate the meaning and purpose of the human experience – both broadly in the nature of the human condition, as well as within each individual To analyze, explain, and possibly predict and produce new knowledge of factual information. To reveal wisdom, to better explore and address the big questions and meet the challenges in human condition. To generate and produce new knowledge or factual information.
How can humanities be applied to our daily living?
What is Modernity? What Was Its Role in the Developm of Social Science ●Modernity is a concept that deals not only with the shift in the physical and material conditions of society but also with the mental and behavioral shifts among people. ●Modernity is referred to in popular language- is characterized by the presence of urbanism and capitalism. ●Modernity becomes the blueprint of society that promotes individualism, and, in the words of Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity or interdependence. ●Durkheim is a French social thinker and considered the “Father of Sociology and Anthropology”.
Functionalism ●It is a concept that was borne out of this conception of society, suggest that cultural and social institution are created to perform certain functions that, in the end, contribute to the overall health of society, thus preserving the prosperity. ●Mechanic solidarity means the basis of people’s cooperation and society’s integration is due to similar experiences in the work, lifeways, values, and worldviews.
Bringing Positivism to the Fore of Social Science ●Positivism a philosophy in developed in Europe about a century before the Industrial revolution, shaped scientific tradition through the nineteenth century and beyond. ●It traces its roots in the ideas put forward by philosophers during the Enlightenment- an important intellectual movement during the late seventeenth to late eighteenth century. ●It calls for a commitment to objectivity and focuses on applying the laws of nature to a model of society. ●Augusto Comte was the proponent of positivism
Theorizing Society Through Social Science Disciplines Fundamental Concepts What Does Social Science Emphasize? Counterpart Terms in Philippine Social Science Discourse Individual Social actors, and active, mindful, and conscious decision makers Pagkatao Nature Environment; social structures that provide physical and, biological, as well as the social context of collective action or social phenomena Kalikasan Culture Shared and collective actions, ideas, values that are demonstrated, exhibited, produced, and reproduced by a particular group of people and communicated through symbols including language Kalikhaan
Theorizing Society Through Social Science Disciplines Fundamental Concepts What Does Social Science Emphasize? Counterpart Terms in Philippine Social Science Discourse Social Structure Patterns of behavior and interaction, which have been institutionalized over time; result of human interaction with one another and with the “social world” and “natural world” Kinasanayang/Kinagis nang/Kinagawiang Pamumuhay Action Decision, activities, and interaction made by human beings in the context of their particular social world and conditioned by their collective consciousness Panlipunang Kilos o Gawa
Anthropology Economics Geography History Linguistics Political Science Psychology Sociology Demography Academic Disciplines That Involve Social Science
Academic Disciplines That Involve Social Science ● Anthropology – deals with the nature of human beings, both from biological and cultural point of view. For anthropology, culture is a key factor that shapes human nature and that this culture is conditioned by both natural and social environments. ● Sociology – deals with how people behave and interact with one another as a member of a particular social group
Academic Disciplines That Involve Social Science • Demography – deals with population as a unit of analysis. Demographic process , such as birth migration and aging are investigated because they impact on how society changes across a period of time. • Economics – it gives emphasis on quantitative analysis and mathematical equation as representation of social behavior, focuses on markets, wealth, and resources that people construct and make use in order to live.
Academic Disciplines That Involve Social Science ● Geography – the proximity to certain geographic locations determines the kind of society that will be formed or created over a period of time ● Other disciplines: ●Psychology – what is going on within the individual mind or the psyche – does shape the way he or she views society, and thus impact his or her relationship with people and the environment. ●History – the past is part or parcel of the present as events that happened in the past shape the way people make decision in the present. ●Language – a product of human race’s biological and cultural heritage, is an invention by people yet they themselves are shaped by it.
Political science ● Puts all the aspects together for a coherent social organization ● Political science believe that it is politics or the political realm that captures human life
Ethnography ● It is a special methodology in the social sciences that aims to describe what constitutes a particular social phenomenon: event, actors, interactions, relationship, ideas, symbols, and objects ● Ethnographic techniques use nonnumerical data and narratives or experiences and perceptions of people.
Doing Ethnographic Study ● Participant observation – actual and physical participation of the researcher in group activities; ● In-depth interviews – formal and detailed interview of KI’s; ● Focus group discussion – facilitating a discussion with a number of KI’s guided by the researcher’s agenda ● Life history method – in-depth examination of the social phenomenon from the lens of the personal life story of KI; and ● Ocular inspection – familiarization with the location and physical context of the subject area.
Fieldwork ● Is a social research technique of going to the “field’ to conduct a face to face study of a subject matter. ● Combines positivist framework and opens up to a more phenomenological (experience-based), interactionist (constant interaction and deliberate participation), and interpretevist. ● It is not tied up with numbers or recorded data, but it deals with dynamic forms information elicited from people in the context of their everyday lives.
Triangulation Technique
Triangulation Technique • Three sources of the same data are analyzed in order to verify and validate what has been previously gathered from a certain source. This maybe in the form of the following: ●Three different sources telling the same story ●Three different ways of gathering data ●Three different types of data
Intersubjectivity ● When two out of three persons affirm what other person is saying or claiming about a certain phenomenon issue ● Also means that people tend to validate each other’s thought , feelings, and interpretation because they agree on basic things and assumptions due to shared experiences of a particular phenomenon.
Facts That Matter ● Bronislaw Malinowski, pioneered the technique of “participant observation” which his detailed recording and analysis of the inhabitants Tobriand Islands ● Isabelo de los Reyes, conducted folkloric studies about the Philippines, which was considered, then, a not-so-familiar terrain in intellectual pursuits.
1. What are the different cultures and traditions in the Philippines? 2. Are cultures and traditions related to people? If yes, how?
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