The document discusses the evolution of carrack ships from the 13th century onward through the fusion of northern European and Mediterranean shipbuilding traditions. It focuses on the development of the carrack in England, including early examples like the Grace Dieu in 1418. The sinking of the Mary Rose in 1545 marked the end of the prominent use of carracks in Britain as the design became seen as outdated and less stable compared to newer ship types.

1. The Dichotomy Of Sailing Vessels The Carrack: Technology, Innovation, & The Mary Rose

2. TIME SPACE Watercraft 1 2 3 4 5 1) Economic 2) Social interpretation 3) Politics 4) Environment 5) Trade Vessels: they exists in a spatial dimension of time affected by social interactions in space

3. The “Origins” Of The Carrack According to Gardiner the carrack was “developed out of the fusion of North European and Mediterranean seafaring technology around the late 13 th Century ”

4. The Fusion Of Traditions In Northwest Europe the ship building tradition prior to the fusion was that of the Cog-Built vessel Planks laid flush at bottom creating a flat bottom but then overlapping as they approach the stem & stern posts

5. Cog illustration of Saint Nikolaus, patron of sailors. Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum

7. The Cocha/ The Carrack The actual origins of the linguistics regarding the name carrack is unknown but English documents from 1350 AD refer to a “tarit” for Genoese Ships, whether this is in fact where the name came from scholars are uncertain

8. A Nao (Cocha) from Barcelona to Alexandria The Catalan contract of 1353 The Flemish “Kraeck” reflecting events in Flanders in 1468 (engraving made c. 1470-80)

10. Social Interpretation of Shipbuilding traditions Economic factors such as cost of labor determine the mentality of Mediterranean Merchants in ship modifications The Environment of the seas (maneuverability, better for cargo)

11. The Carrack in England In 1409 Genoese carracks called Sancta Maria & Sancta Brigida were captured by English Pirates In 1410 they were seized by the Crown and put into service as “Le Carke” Foreigners had to be hired to make repairs on these ships and to manage the lateen-rigging that the English were unaccustomed to.

12. The Grace Dieu 1418 AD 3 masts: One great mast Two other masts Clinker-built Over 200 feet in length Displaced 2,750 tons

13. 1 st Purpose Built Warship adapted for the use of Guns A departure from the tradition of the war cog High Castles to Tower over cogs so archers could shoot down & enemies could not bored Grace Dieu Carried 4 Cannon

14. New Archaeological evidence Identity still uncertain The Newport ship discovered in 2002 Dendrochronological of samples around site and from timbers on site c.1467 Could be a multi-mast ship? 80ft in length Clinker not Carvel-built Merchant vessel not naval

15. The Cultural Conversion Of Warships in Britain The Sovereign was built 1488 AD Rebuilt 1509 (within the same year the keel for The Mary Rose was laid) Clinker-built originally, may have been rebuilt carvel; flush planking Recognizing the utility in design change

16. The Mary Rose 1511-1545 AD

19. Superstructure Development The development of additional masts & sails coincide with the development of size in the carrack as it got larger The superstructures, called forecastles & stern castles affected the sailing capabilities of the carrack The combination of top-heavy structures on ships & the rigging created unstable vessels The need for technological advancement was evident after The Mary Rose

20. Stern: Before & After? A characteristic feature of a carracks stern is that it is round The Anthony Roll depicts The Mary Rose with a squared off transom Allowance for artillery at the stern of the vessel

21. The Anthony Roll Depicting The Mary Rose

22. Was She Rebuilt In 1536? Lack of historical documentation Numerous dates given for her “re-build” 1527, 1536, 1539/40 – causes more uncertainty But archaeological evidence may support the hypothesis that she was originally built Clinker with a rounded stern, and later converted to a Carvel with a squared transom

23. The Last of The British Carracks A State Paper of 1545 states: “Clenchers both feeble, olde and out of Fashion ”

24. Conclusion The economic cost of training shipwrights in the carvel-built method could no longer be a determining factor in the progress of shipbuilding in Britain The shipwrights conceptual visualization of what creates a ships strength had to be adjusted : re-conceived The political environment the the time and of the geographical area called for faster more maneuverable ships- more sails but less stable as size increased The fusion of Northern European shipwright technologies with Mediterranean can be traced through the trade industry & the Mediterranean merchant vessel

25. Bibliography Carrack. Wikipedia The Free Online Encyclopedia. Internet consulted 15.11.06 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrack > Cog. Wikipedia The Free Online Encyclopedia. Internet consulted 15.11.06 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(ship )> Cipolla, C.M. (1985) Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion 1400-1700. Manhattan, Kansas: Sunflower University Press. Dankwa, E.T. (2000). A Concise History of the Development of Square-Rigged Ship from the Carrack to the Full-Rigger. Internet consulted 15.11.06 < http://www.greatgridlock.net/Sqrigg/squrig2.html > Delgado, J. P. (2001). Lost WarShips. New York: Checkmark Books Friel, I. (1995) Maritime History of Britain and Ireland c.400-2001. London: The British Museum.

26. Guilmartin, J.F. (2005) The Galleon. Encyclopaedia Britannica Deluxe Edition 2005 CD-Rom. Gardiner, R. (ed). (1994) Cogs, Caravels, and Galleons: The Sailing Ship 1000-1650. London: Conway. Landström, B. (1969) Sailing Ships in words and pictures from papyrus boats to full-riggers. Stockholm: International Book Production. Marsden, P. (1997). English Heritage Book of Ships and Shipwrecks. London: B.T. Batsford. McGrail, S. (2001) Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Royal Navy (2006) Ships. Internet consulted 29.11.06. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/ConMediaFile.6042 Steffy, J.R. (1994) Wooden Ship Building And The Interpretation Of Shipwrecks. Texas: Texas A&M University.