The purpose of the present study was to develop the Self-Encourage and Compassion Skills Scale (SESCS) ,and to examine its reliability and validity using a classical test theory, an item response theory and a correlation analysis.

1. Development and validity of
the Self-Encourage and
Compassion Skills Scale
YOGA TOKUYOSHI

2. Objective
The purpose of the present study
was to develop the Self-
Encourage and Compassion
Skills Scale (SESCS) ,
and to examine its reliability and
validity using a classical test
theory, an item response theory
and a correlation analysis.
2

3. The SESCS (Total 12 items) has 4
subscales;
Encourage Skills (3 items)
Compassion Skills (3 items)
Acceptance (3 items)
Freedom from Self-criticism
(3 items)
【Development of Scale】
3

4. Parallel Analysis Scree Plot
◆Parallel Analysis
Scree Plot（1.0）
Parallel analysis
suggests that the
number of factors
= 4
The number of
components = 2
This test was
selected 4 factors.
4

5. Exploratory factor analysis
CS EC AC FSC
Compassion
Skills
(CS)
Q11 .89 .01 .00 .01
Q12 .88 .02 .06 -.05
Q10 .85 .00 -.05 .05
Encourage
Skills
(EC)
Q07 -.02 .87 .05 -.05
Q08 .02 .81 -.04 .10
Q09 .05 .79 .00 .00
Acceptance
(AC)
Q04 .01 -.01 .97 -.03
Q05 .02 -.02 .83 .11
Q06 -.01 .24 .58 .01
Freedom
from Self-
criticism(FSC)
Q02 -.03 .03 -.01 .98
Q01 .06 .00 .07 .81
Q03 .32 -.02 .16 .43
5

6. Factor Correlations
Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability = 0.98
RMSEA = 0.055 and the 90 %CI(0.043, 0.067)
FSC AC EC CS
FSC 1 .60 .67 .70
AC .60 1 .63 .49
EC .67 .63 1 .71
CS .70 .49 .71 1
6

7. Results
Factor M SD α Ht
Compassion Skills
(CS)
9.3 3.5 .91 .80
Encourage Skills (EC) 10.1 3.4 .89 .78
Acceptance (AC) 10.1 3.3 .88 .73
Freedom
from Self-criticism
(FSC)
9.0 3.6 .88 .79
Study１ Web Survey， Subject: 893名
（Man: 368名，Woman: 525名） Mean Age 33 SD=12 7

8. The differences between women and men
Man(N= 368)
Mean = 9.4
(SD = 3.5)
•Woman(N= 525)
Mean = 8.7
(SD=3.6)
Cohen's d: 0.19
F4 :Freedom from Self-criticism showed
little difference by gender. Cohen's d: 0.19
8

9. Brief Resilience Scale（BRS）（Smith, et al., 2008）
•Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is a self-
rating questionnaire aimed at measuring
an individuals’ ability to “bounce back from
stress” (Smith et al., 2008).
【Item sample】
※Q01 : I tend to bounce back quickly after hard times
※Q03: It does not take me long to recover from a stressful event.
※Q05: I usually come through difficult times with little trouble.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience
scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine, 15(3), 194-200.
9

10. Two-Item Self-Esteem scale （TISE）
（Minoura ＆ Narita, 2013）Japanese only.
The TISE consists of two aspects of self-
esteem concept: one is a self-evaluation,
and the other is a self-acceptance.
①自分にはいろいろな良い素質があると思う
(I think I have various good capabilities.)
②自分のことを好ましく感じる
(I feel I love myself.)
箕浦有希久，成田健一（2013）２項目自尊感情尺度の開発および信頼性・妥当性の検討．感情心理学研究，21(1)：37-45
Minoura & Narita(2013), The development of the Two-Item Self-Esteem scale (TISE), Japanese Journal of Research on emotions 21(1),37-45
10

11. Subjective Happiness Scale
（Lyubomisrsky Lepper, 1999)
The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) developed by Sonja
Lyubomirsky and Heidi Lepper (1999).
SHS is the first assessment that offers an overall subjective account of
one’s happiness.
【１item Version】
• 1. In general, I consider myself:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a not a very happy person very happy person
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective
happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social
Indicators Research, 46, 137-155. 11

12. ◆Belief Stress Scale（5rate）
We analyzed the stress by adding a
simple 5-rate evaluation question item.
(1) I don’t feel stress at all
(2) I don’t feel stress
(3) Normal
(4) I feel little stress
(5) I feel a lot of stress
The five stages of stress are as follows.
12

13. The correlation analysis
All ***p<.001
N=893
Self-
esteem
Brief
resilience
Stress Happiness
Compassion
Skills (CS) .61 .54 -.38 .44
Encourage
Skills
(EC)
.64 .64 -.41 .49
Acceptance
(AC) .45 .59 -.39 .35
Freedom
from Self-
criticism (FSC)
.55 .60 -.41 .41
13

14. Team psychological safety (Edmondson,1999)
It was analyzed in the SESCS by adding a
simple 5-rate evaluation question item.
①If you make a mistake on this team, it is often held against you.
②Members of this team are able to bring up problems and tough issues.
③People on this team sometimes reject others for being different.
④It is safe to take a risk on this team.
⑤It is difficult ask other members of this team for help.
⑥ No one on this team would deliberately act in a way that undermines
my efforts.
⑦Working with members of this team, my unique skills and talents are
valued and utilized.
Edmondson,A(1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams,
Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 350-383 14

15. Correlation analysis
All ***p<.001
N=4366
Team Psychological
Safety
Compassion Skills (CS) .30
Encourage Skills
(EC) .39
Acceptance
(AC) .33
Freedom
from Self-criticism (FSC) .32
15

16. 5因子性格モデル Big Five
16
【協調
性】
【外向
性】
【情緒安定
性】
（神経症傾
向）
【勤勉
性】
（誠実
性）
【開放

17. Discussion
■The Self-Encourage and Compassion Skills
Scale(SESCSS) showed excellent internal
consistency (4 Factors,α= .88–.91) in a sample of 893
Japanese individuals.
■Criterion-related validity was also determined among
BRS, TISE, SESCSS, Team Psychological Safety.
■The results of this study confirmed the reliability and
validity of the proposed scale for evaluating in
Japanese individuals.
■However, it will be necessary to conduct a
psychological experiment and Intervention based on
Compassion approach(Ex: Intervention or Cognitive
experiment). 17

18. The SESCS (Total 12 items)
Freedom
from Self-criticism
(FSC)
Q11: I can take care not to criticize myself more than necessary, when I was upset by
suffering hardships.
Q12: I can take care not to criticize myself more than necessary, when things went
wrong.
Q10: I can take care not to criticize myself more than necessary, when things went
wrong with me.
Acceptance
(AC)
Q07: I can accept the experiences as they are, when I had bitter ones.
Q08: I can accept the emotions as they are, when I had painful ones.
Q09: I can accept the failure as it is, when things went wrong.
Encourage Skills
(EC)
Q04: I can encourage myself, when I had bitter experiences.
Q05: I can encourage myself, when I had painful emotions.
Q06: I can encourage myself not to make the same mistake in other situations.
Compassion Skills
(CS)
Q02: I can kindly care myself, when I had painful emotions.
Q01: I can kindly care myself, when I had difficult experiences.
Q03: I can forgive myself and kindly care myself, when things went wrong.
18

19. 自己への思いやりと勇気づけスキル尺度日本語版
自己批判の回避
Q11: つらい感情で取り乱してしまった時，自分自身を必要以上に批判し
ないように配慮できる。
Q12: 失敗したとき，自分自身を必要以上に批判しないように配慮できる。
Q10: うまく物事が運ばないとき，自分自身を必要以上に厳しく批判しな
いように配慮できる。
自己受容
Q07: 困難な経験をしたとき，その経験をあるがままに受け入れることが
できる。
Q08: つらい感情が生じても，その感情をあるがままに受け入れることが
できる。
Q09: 失敗したときでも，その失敗をあるがままに受け入れることができ
る。
自己勇気づけ
Q04: 困難な経験をしたとき，自分自身を勇気づけることができる。
Q05: つらい感情が生じた時，自分自身を勇気づけることができる。
Q06: 失敗したとき，同じ過ちをしないように勇気づけることができる。
自己への思いやり
Q02: つらい感情が生じた時，自分自身をやさしくいたわることができる。
Q01: 困難な経験をしたとき，自分自身をやさしくいたわることができる。
Q03: 失敗したとき，自分自身を許し，やさしくいたわることができる。
19

20. ビックファイブ・パーソナリティと自己勇気づけ・思いやり・
自己受容・自己批判からの開放・心理的安全性
外向性
情緒安
定性
誠実性 協調性 開放性
自己
ギャップ
自己への思いやり .30 .34 .16 .15 .26 -.47
自己勇気づけ .41 .40 .36 .23 .39 -.54
自己受容 .31 .43 .29 .19 .37 -.41
自己批判からの開放 .29 .43 .17 .13 .27 -.50
心理的安全性 .39 .30 .24 .38 .29 -.38
All ***p<.001
N=4366 20