The document discusses key concepts in data design and software engineering, emphasizing the importance of data as a core component of applications. It outlines the processes of architectural and component-level design, including data structures, integrity, and the challenges posed by large databases. Additionally, it describes data warehousing and data mining techniques as solutions for managing complex data environments.

1. Data Designs.
Software Engineering.

2. KEY CONCEPTS
 DATA : Data describes a real-world information
resource that is important to your application.
Data describes the things, people, products,
items, customers, assets, records, and —
ultimately — data structures that your
application finds useful to categorize, organize,
and maintain.
 DESIGN : has been described as a multistep
process in which representations of data and
program structure, interface characteristics, and
procedural detail are synthesized from
information requirements. In general we can say
that the DESIGN IS INFORMATION DRIVEN.

3.  SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE : of a program or
computing system is the structure or structures
of the system, which comprise software
components, the externally visible properties of
those components, and the relationship among
them. The architecture is not the operational
software rather is a representation that enables
to :
 Analyze the effectiveness of the design in
meeting its stated requirements.
Consider architectural alternatives and,
 Reduce risks associated with the construction of
the software.

4. Now, what does the term
“software components” means ?
 In the context of architectural design, a software
component can be something as simple as a
program module or an object-oriented class but,
 It can also be extended to include databases and
can also enable the configuration of a network of
clients and servers.

5. Software Architecture considers
two levels of the design pyramid :
Architectural
Design
Data/class
Design

6. DATA DESIGN
 The data design action translates data objects into data
structures at the software component level.
 Data Design is the first and most important design activity.
Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data
structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of
data structures.
 Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the
coarse "What data does your application require?" to the
precise data structures and processes that provide it. With
a good data design, your application's data access is fast,
easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data
enhancements.

7. Data Design Includes :
 Identifying the data.
 Defining specific data types & storage
mechanisms.
 Insuring data integrity by using business rules and
other run-time enforcement mechanisms.

8. Data Design at the Architectural
Level.
 The challenge is to extract useful information
from dozens of databases serving many
applications encompassing hundreds of gigabytes
of data, particularly when the information
desired is cross functional.
 To combat this challenge data mining techniques,
also called KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY IN
DATABASES (KDD) are developed, that navigate
through existing databases in order to extract
appropriate business-level information.

9.  An Alternative solution called DATA
WAREHOUSE, adds additional layer to data
architecture. Data Warehouse is a separate
data environment that is not directly
integrated with day to day applications but
encompasses all data used by a business. In a
way it is a large, independent database that
access to the data that are stored in
databases that serve the set if applications
required by a business.

10. Data Design at the Component
Level.
 Data Design at the component level focuses on
the representation of data structures that are
directly accessed by one or more software
components.

11. What Actually these
Architectural and component
level elements mean ?
 The ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN for the software is
equivalent to the floor plan of a house, which
depicts the overall layout of the rooms, their
size, shape, and relationship to one another.
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ELEMENTS gives us an
overall view of the software.

12.  COMPONENT DESIGN for the software is equivalent
to the set of detailed drawings for each room in the
house. These drawings depict wiring and plumbing
within each room, the switches, showers, tubs,
drain, the flooring to be used and every other
detail related with the room.
 COMPONENT LEVEL DESIGN ELEMENTS for software
fully define the internal detail of each software
component.

13. Thank You All !
HAPPY LEARNING
ARUN SHUKLA
arun.shukla2694@gmail.com