Dark Matter & Dark Energy

Dark Matter & Dark Energy

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  Unveiling the Mysteriesof Dark Matter: the nature of dark matter, Current theories, its impact on the Universe’s structure, and ongoing detection efforts Presented by: Ali Mustafa Khan University of Sargodha
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   Objectives oftopic  Dark Matter  Nature of Dark Matter  Current Theories  Impact on Universe Structure  Current detection Efforts Compendium
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  •To know aboutfundamental nature of Universe •To study its nature •Current Developments •Interesting theories •Detection Manner Objectives
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  Dark Matter Mysterious Substance thatmade 27% of the universe. It doesn’t emit, absorb or reflect light We know it exists because of its gravitational effects on stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters. Even though we can't see it directly, we can detect its presence through its gravitational pull (Gravitational lensing) Ordinary matter also known as Baryonic matter, is the stuff that makes up everything we see and touch It's composed of atoms, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons Basically, if you can see or feel something, it's probably made of ordinary matter.
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  o Invisible andNon Luminous Dark matter does not emit, absorb, or reflect light,making it invisible to telescopes that rely on detecting electromagnetic radiation. o Massive and Slow Moving Dark matter particles are hypothesized to be massive compared to known particles like electrons or neutrinos. They also move relatively slowly due to their gravitational interactions. Nature of Dark Matter
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   Cold DarkMatter This theory posits that dark matter consists of slow-moving particles formed shortly after the Big Bang. These particles are called WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), and they interact with ordinary matter primarily through gravity and the weak nuclear force. Current Theories
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  Warm Dark Matter Thisalternative theory suggests that dark matter particles have lighter masses and higher velocities than those proposed by CDM. This would suppress the formation of small- scale structures in the universe Axion Theory 1) A hypothetical particle having no charge, zero spin and small mass. 2) As cold dark matter candidates, axions would have been produced abundantly in the early universe and would behave as cold, collisionless particles.
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   Galaxy formation Darkmatter plays a crucial role in the formation and evolution of galaxies. Its gravitational influence helps galaxies form and holds them together.  Cosmic Microwave Background The cosmic microwave background radiation provides evidence for the presence of dark matter through its effect on the early universe's density fluctuations.  Large Scale Structure Dark matter forms the scaffolding upon which galaxies and galaxy clusters are built. It influences the distribution of matter on the largest scales in the universe. Impact on Universe Structure
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   Direct DetectionExperiments: These experiments aim to detect dark matter particles directly through their interactions with ordinary matter. They typically involve sensitive detectors placed deep underground to shield from cosmic rays.  Indirect Detection: Indirect methods look for the products of dark matter annihilation or decay, such as gamma rays, neutrinos, or cosmic rays. These experiments involve searching for anomalous signals from regions rich in dark matter. Current Detection Efforts
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  Astrophysical Observations: Astronomers useobservations of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and gravitational lensing to infer the presence and distribution of dark matter in the universe.