Conservation agriculture the future of crop

Conservation agriculture the future of crop

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  WELCOME
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  Recent Advances inConservation Agriculture and Future Prospectives Doctoral Seminar - II Presented by Mr. Wairagade Mahendra Nandlal Ph. D. (Scholar) Regd. No. ADPD/21/0355 Seminar In-charge, Dr. P. S. Bodake Head, Department of Agronomy, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
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  Contents Introduction What is ConservationAgriculture (CA) ? Conservation agriculture success over world and India Principles and Goals of Conservation Agriculture Problems associated with Conventional Agriculture Recent advances in Conservation Agriculture Future prospective Constraints for adoption of Conservation Agriculture Conclusion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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  INTRODUCTION In India, outof total geographical area (329 M ha), about 147 M ha is subjected to varying degree and forms of soil degradation. Extensive tillage operations will results in Soil degradation, enhances organic matter decomposition, destruction of soil aggregates, soil erosion and ultimately results in decline health of soil. Hence, there is need of practices that will minimize the various soil problems such as degradation of land, the concept of conservation agriculture is being emerging as a solution to this problem. Conservation agriculture is not only essential for sustaining of soil productivity but is also essential to minimize the energy consumption in agriculture.
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  What is Conservationagriculture (CA) ? Definition A farming system that promotes • Minimum soil disturbance (i.e. no-till farming) • Maintenance of a permanent soil cover • Diversification of plant species. • Enhances biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface • Increased water and nutrient use efficiency • Improved and sustained crop production (FAO).
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  Conservation agriculture successover world and India Bhan and Behera, 2014  Globally, CA is being practiced on about 125 M ha.  USA has been the pioneer country in adopting CA systems and currently more than 25.5 million ha land is under such system.  Countries where CA practices have now been widely adopted for many years in Brazil (25.5 M ha), Argentina (25.5 M ha), Canada (13.5 M ha) and Australia (17.0 M ha).  France and Spain are the two countries where CA was being followed in about one million ha of area under annual crops.
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  Conservation agriculture inIndia  The total area under no-tillage/zero tillage in India it is about 3.43 M ha.  Efforts to adapt and promote resource conservation technologies have been underway for nearly a decade.  Spread of conservation agriculture have been made through the combined efforts of several SAU’s and ICAR institutes.  CA technologies is taking place in the irrigated regions of Indo- Gangetic plains where rice-wheat cropping system dominates.  CA systems have not been tried or promoted in other major agro- eco regions like rainfed semi-arid tropics, the arid regions. Bhan and Behera, 2014
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  Principles and Goalsof Conservation Agriculture
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  Goals of ConservationAgriculture  Achieve acceptable profits  Alleviating hunger  High and sustained production levels  Contributing to food security  Reduce input and labor cost  Environmental objectives (such as carbon sequestration and climate change)
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  Benefits of ConservationAgriculture
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  Problems associated withconventional agriculture Excessive soil tillage Increased erosion Residue burning Erratic rainfall distribution Delayed planting High labour/energy requirement
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  Why Conservation Agriculture..? Conventionalagriculture Conservation agriculture
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  The role ofno or minimum mechanical soil disturbance in CA system The role and management of soil mulch and cover crops in CA system The role of crop diversification and cropping system management in CA system The status of mechanization in CA system Integration of crop-livestock in CA system Management of vegetable in CA system Managing perennial plants in CA system Managing topography in CA system Recent advances in conservation agriculture
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  The role ofno or minimum mechanical soil disturbance in CA system No tillage or zero tillage: Residue cover is maintained 100 per cent Reduced tillage: Residue cover is maintained up to 30 per cent Mulch tillage: Covering of surface layer of soil with different mulches.
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  Case study-1:- Effectof different tillage and residue management practices on crop and water productivity and economics in maize (Zea mays) based rotations Table-1:- Crop productivity as affected by different tillage and residue management practices under maize-wheat (MW) and maize-chickpea (MC) rotations in western Indo-Gangetic Plan Treatment Maize grain yield (t ha-1 ) Wheat grain yield (t ha-1 ) Chickpea grain yield (t ha-1 ) 2012 2013 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 Permanent raised beds with residue 4.85 5.57 4.41 4.71 2.01 2.24 Permanent raised beds without residue 4.23 5.26 4.11 4.34 1.83 2.07 Zero tilled flat beds with residue 5.09 5.89 4.30 4.53 2.13 2.46 Zero tilled flat beds without residue 4.55 5.46 4.08 4.21 1.88 2.17 Conventional tilled flat beds with residue 4.65 5.24 4.17 4.24 1.80 1.93 Conventional tilled flat beds without residue 4.16 4.74 3.61 3.70 1.74 1.75 Location:- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar Parihar et. al., 2019
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  Case study-2:- Conservationtillage effects on soil physical properties, organic carbon concentration and productivity of soybean-wheat cropping system Treatments SOC (g kg-1 ) 0-5 cm depth Infiltration rate (cm hr-1 ) Grain Yield (kg ha-1 ) Soybean Wheat Tillage practices No tillage 8.6 9.23 1109 2754 Reduced tillage 7.9 4.67 1120 2773 Mould board tillage 7.4 7.20 1116 2766 Conventional tillage 6.5 1.37 1146 2778 Location:- Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal Hati et. al., 2014
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  The role andmanagement of soil mulch and cover crops in CA system Source: Natural Resources Conservation Service
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  Residue cover/Cover crops Reduce surface runoff and control erosion  Add organic matter and improves soil structure and tilth  Legume fix atmospheric nitrogen  Help to control weeds  Increase soil productivity
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  Case study-3:- Effectof cover crop on soil physical and chemical properties of an alfisol in the Sudan savannah of Burkina faso Table-3:- Effect of preceding cover crop on clay content, organic carbon (C) and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) in the 0.05 m depth Preceding cover crops Clay (%) Organic C (%) C/N ratio Zea mays 17.6 0.23 5.5 Vigna unguiculata 14.1 0.35 0.4 Bare fallow 19.5 0.21 5.2 Cajanus cajan 20.1 0.32 7.9 Digitaria ciliaris 15.6 0.49 10.6 Macroptilium artropupureum 15.6 0.57 10.7 Lablab perpureus 13.4 0.47 10.2 P< 0.05 0.01 0.01 Location:- Sudan savannah of Burkina Faso N.R. Hulugalle, 2009
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  Case study-4:- Waterstorage, runoff and evaporation from field plots at Jodhpur. From 10 May to 27 October 2009 Treatment Storage (mm) Runoff (mm) Evaporation (mm) Evaporative loss (%) Straw @ 2.2 t ha-1 , Normal subtillage 30 26 265 83 Straw @ 4.5 t ha-1 , Normal subtillage 29 10 282 88 Straw @ 4.5 t ha-1 , Extra loose subtillage 54 5 262 82 Straw @ 9.0 t ha-1 , Normal subtillage 87 Trace 234 73 Straw @ 17.9 t ha-1 , No tillage 139 0 182 57 Straw @ 4.5 t ha-1 , Disked 27 28 266 83 No straw, Disked 7 60 254 79 Contour basin listing 34 0 287 89 Note: Based on precipitation, which was 321 mm for the period Location:- Jodhpur Singh et. al., 2010
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  The role ofcrop diversification and cropping system management in CA system Higher diversity in crop production Reduced risk of pest and weed infestation Better distribution exploration of water and nutrients in soil profile Increased nitrogen fixation through legumes and improved balance of N/P/K from both organic and mineral sources Increased humus formation Based on the situations, farmers can adopt intercropping and mixed cropping
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  Case study-5:-Improvement ofsoil health and system productivity through crop diversification and residue incorporation under jute- based different cropping systems Table-5:-Soil physio-chemical properties influenced by different cropping systems, nutrient and crop residue management practices Cropping System pH BD (Mg/m3 ) SOC (g/kg) Av N (mg/kg) Av P (mg/kg) Av K (mg/kg) Cropping system (CS) Fallow−Rice−Rice 7.11 1.47 6.94 109.7 22.5 83.8 Jute−Rice−Wheat 7.13 1.46 6.57 108.5 18.9 88.1 Jute−Rice−Baby corn 7.16 1.49 6.48 103.8 16.4 99.3 Jute−Rice−Vegetable pea 7.11 1.43 7.37 111.4 25.1 101.6 Jute−Rice−Mustard−Mungbean 7.07 1.55 7.27 111.4 22.7 104.5 SEm (±) 0.06 0.04 0.23 6.10 2.18 5.26 CD NS 0.10 0.55 NS 5.03 12.35 Nutrients and crop residue management practices (NCRM) 75% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) without crop residue 7.07 1.52 6.65 103.2 20.1 92.2 75% RDF with crop residue 7.13 1.46 6.90 110.6 21.3 95.1 100% RDF without crop residue 7.15 1.51 6.84 106.4 20.9 94.8 100% RDF with crop residue 7.11 1.43 7.32 115.7 22.4 99.8 SEm (±) 0.06 0.03 0.22 3.02 0.77 2.53 CD NS 0.08 0.50 6.16 1.56 6.50 CS X NCRM NS NS NS NS NS NS Location:- Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF), Barrackpore Kumar et. al., 2021
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  The status ofmechanization in CA system Direct planting Permanent raised beds
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  Double Disc drillHappy seeder Punch planter Rotary disc drill Different types of drills for seeding into loose residue
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  Case study-6:- Developmentof tillage machinery for conservation agriculture in Bangladesh Table-6:- Comparison of yield and yield parameter of bed system and conventional system Parameter Wheat Mungbean Maize Bed system Conventional system Bed system Conventional system Bed system Conventional system Seed rate kg ha-1 100 120 30 35 20 20 Depth of seed placement mm 30-40 20-60 20-30 20-30 30-40 30-40 Plant population m-2 231 305 30 50 7 9 Yield t ha-1 4.7 3.8 0.6 0.4-0.5 8.0 6.0 Increase of yield over conventional system % 24 33 33 Location:- Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Nashipur Roy et. al., 2009
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  Managing topography inCA system Contour farming: Farming with row patterns around the hill. Terracing: It is an agricultural practice that suggests rearranging farmlands or turning hills into terraces. Strip cropping: Used when a slope is too steep or too long. Waterways: Natural drainage ways that are converted into channels that are planted with grass.
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  Case study-7:- Effectof slope gradient and plant growth on soil loss on reconstructed steep slopes Table-7:- Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) predicted and measured soil loss values (Mg/ha) for all test plot treatments Slope gradient Coversoil thickness 0 cm 15 cm 30 cm 45 cm RUSLE Predicted Soil Loss 25% 0.20 1.23 1.23 1.23 33% 0.27 1.61 1.61 1.61 40% 0.31 1.86 1.86 1.86 50% 0.38 2.24 2.24 2.24 Measured Soil Loss 25% 0.40 0.87 3.40 1.64 33% 0.36 12.61 21.75 11.42 40% 0.60 31.99 59.02 36.11 50% 0.31 13.33 33.60 34.67 Location:- Barretts Minerals Treasure Mine, Dillon, Montana Kapolka et. al., 2001
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  Integration of crop-livestockin CA system
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  Case study-8:- Integratedfarming system for improving livelihood of small farmers of western plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, India Table-8:- Productivity and Profitability of Different Components in Integrated Farming System (2004-2010) Components of IFS Total cost of production (Rs) Gross return (Rs) Net return (Rs) Benefit cost ratio Additional employment generation (Man days ha-1 year-1 ) Crops 49,801 1,24,236 74,435 2.50 189 Dairy 76,859 1,63,888 87,029 2.10 315 Horticulture 7139 17,402 10,263 2.44 100 Fishery 8901 13,848 4947 1.56 42 Apiary 5820 10,024 4204 1.73 38 Total IFS 1,93,574 3,29,400 1,35,826 1.71 684 Location:- Project Directorate on farming system Research Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh Singh et. al., 2012
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  Managing perennial plantsin conservation agriculture system  Growing of perennial plants under CA systems make maximum use of the land and increase land-use efficiency.  The productivity of the land can be enhanced as the trees provide forage, firewood and other organic materials that are recycled and used as natural fertilizers.  Increased the yields of crops and also plants.  Protect and stabilize ecosystems and promote resilient cropping and farming systems to minimize the risk during extreme climatic events.
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  Case study-9:-Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) yield and soil properties as influenced by different agri- silviculture systems of Northern India Table-9:- Wheat yield and soil nutrient status under fast growing tree species planted at different spacings Tree spp. Spacing (m2 ) Yield (q ha-1 ) Soil nutrients (kg ha-1 ) Grain Straw Available N Available P2O5 Available K2O Populus deltoides (Poplar) 3.0×1.0 21.36 37.15 182.46 15.99 158.76 3.0×1.5 24.68 37.00 180.69 12.28 155.01 3.0×2.0 30.02 45.03 190.52 17.25 162.94 3.0×2.5 32.92 47.74 175.66 11.42 153.60 Eucalyptus camaeldulensis 3.0×1.0 20.00 34.89 157.68 10.56 153.92 3.0×1.5 20.87 33.60 159.39 11.86 148.06 3.0×2.0 23.00 35.65 168.62 11.97 156.61 3.0×2.5 19.66 29.29 161.42 13.83 139.01 Leucaena leucocephala 3.0×1.0 23.16 33.34 177.76 14.26 153.55 3.0×1.5 26.16 30.28 179.18 14.60 163.71 3.0×2.0 24.50 41.17 200.42 18.67 169.12 3.0×2.5 27.83 40.60 180.49 14.65 148.61 Melia azedarach (Chinaberry tree) 3.0×1.0 20.33 37.99 164.88 13.67 153.04 3.0×1.5 19.16 41.33 154.97 12.85 161.42 3.0×2.0 27.44 36.75 168.26 16.14 163.34 3.0×2.5 28.00 40.35 163.22 9.46 147.44 Location:- Agroforestry Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Sarvade et. al., 2014
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  Future Prospectives Promoting sustainableagriculture Preserving environment and natural resources Preserving biodiversity Increasing soil carbon storage
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  Constraints in adoptionof Conservation Agriculture • Difficult to change the mentality of farmers towards adopting no-till farming. • Lack of appropriate seeders especially for small and medium scale farmers. • The wide spread use of crop residues for livestock feed and fuel. • Burning of crop residues. • Compaction can be a problem in initial stage of conservation agriculture. • Lack of knowledge about the potential of CA to agriculture leaders, extension agents and farmers. • Skilled and scientific manpower.
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  Conclusion CA known toimprove physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Nutrient, water, energy, labor and time saving was observed with high efficiency. Ecological balance is attained with sustained yield and returns. CA is specific to site, crop and environmental conditions.
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  Thank You…!!!