Skip to main content
UploadLanguage (EN)Support
BusinessMobileSocial MediaMarketingTechnologyArt & PhotosCareerDesignEducationPresentations & Public SpeakingGovernment & NonprofitHealthcareInternetLawLeadership & ManagementAutomotiveEngineeringSoftwareRecruiting & HRRetailSalesServicesScienceSmall Business & EntrepreneurshipFoodEnvironmentEconomy & FinanceData & AnalyticsInvestor RelationsSportsSpiritualNews & PoliticsTravelSelf ImprovementReal EstateEntertainment & HumorHealth & MedicineDevices & HardwareLifestyle
Alok Atreya, profile picture
Uploaded byAlok Atreya
PPTX, PDF102 views

Comprehensive Overview of Transportation Injuries and Legal Implications

Detailed insights into transportation injury mechanisms, prevention, epidemiology, and medicolegal responsibilities including traffic laws, accident causes, and safety measures like seatbelts and helmets.

Healthcare◦
Download to read offline
TRANSPORTATION INJURIES DR.ALOK ATREYA PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE LUMBINI MEDICAL COLLEGE
OVERVIEW • Harm incurred during the operation of a vehicle or as a pedestrian struck by a vehicle • Vulnerable road users • motorcyclists, • cyclists, and • pedestrians • are at high risk of injury even in minor collisions due to lack of protection
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION • Road (cars, motorcycles, bicycles) • Rail (trains, trams) • Air (planes, helicopters) • Water (ships, boats)
MECHANISM OF INJURY • Road: Impact, ejection, pedestrian accidents • Rail: Collisions, derailments • Air:Turbulence, crashes, burn • Water: Collisions, drowning
CAUSES OF RTA • Fault of the driver • Fault of vehicle • Fault of another vehicle • Fault of another vehicle not involved in accident • Fault of pedestrian • Fault of the environment • Fault of the road
• Transportation injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to severe, fatal trauma. • Patterned injuries are seen based on the mechanism of energy transfer from the vehicle impact. • Preventing transportation injuries remains a major public health focus through interventions like seatbelt laws, drunk driving campaigns, speed limit enforcement, etc.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: • Leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide • Over 1.3 million people die each year in transport crashes globally • Millions more suffer non-fatal injuries  disability • Highest risk populations: young drivers, alcohol-impaired drivers, pedestrians, cyclists
COMMON MECHANISMS OF INJURY: • Frontal collisions • Side impacts • Rollovers • Pedestrian impacts • Effects of speed, seatbelt/helmet use
FRONTAL COLLISIONS: (HEAD-ON COLLISON) • Most common mechanism • Occupant continues to move forward as vehicle stops suddenly
NO SEATBELT - EJECTION, IMPACT WITH WINDSHIELD
SPARROW FOOT LACERATION
SPARROW FOOT INJURY / DICING INJURY Left side of face Passenger Right side of face Driver
SHOULDER & LAP BELT - LESS SEVERE INJURIES
LAP BELT ONLY - ABDOMINAL INJURIES ("SEATBELT SIGN")
SEAT BELT INJURIES
THE SEATBELT SYNDROME • Injuries • intestinal viscera • tears and perforations of the gastrointestinal tract and its mesentery • lumbar fracture dislocations
STEERING WHEEL INJURY Steering wheel may cause blunt cardiac and thoracic trauma Chest contusions, sternal fracture, rib fractures
STEERING WHEEL INJURY
TRANSVERSE STERNAL FRACTURE
BLUNT TRAUMA TO CHEST
STEP LADDERTEAR OF AORTA – AORTIC RUPTURE
DASHBOARD INJURY
INERTIA Law of Motion
DECELERATION- SUDDEN BRAKING
EXAMPLE
CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES
RAILWAY SPINE / WHIPLASH INJURY
BEFORE
AFTER
HEAD TRAUMA IF UNRESTRAINED AND STRIKE WINDSHIELD
WRIST / FOREARM FRACTURE
FOOT FRACTURE
AIRBAG INJURIES • Abrasion and bruise • Neck injuries (whiplash) • Concussion
SIDE IMPACTS • Intrusion into occupant space causes blunt trauma to side of body • Rib fractures, pulmonary contusion, hemothorax • Pelvis/hip fractures if struck by door panel • Potential for traumatic brain injury if head struck
ROLLOVER • Ejection leads to severe and often fatal injuries • Blunt trauma if not ejected - ex. spinal fractures • Head and neck trauma very common • Restraint use - key to preventing ejection
PEDESTRIAN INJURIES
PEDESTRIAN IMPACT •Adult - bumper impact to lower extremities •Hood/windshield impact - head, chest, abdominal trauma •Children - greater risk of critical head/brain injury
INJURY TYPES • Primary impact • Secondary impact • Secondary
IMPACT INJURIES
SECONDARY INJURIES • These injuries are not due to vehicular impact • These are due to striking some surface (ground) or object (pole, tree) • Opposite to the primary impact
BUMPER FRACTURE
BUMPER FRACTURE (TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURE)
RUN OVER INJURIES • Crush laceration • Avulsed laceration (degloving injuries)
EFFECT OF SPEED •Increased speed amplifies injury forces •Unrestrained occupants: more ejections, fatalities •Seatbelts critical to preventing ejection •Airbags/helmets protect head and neck
TRANSVERSE BASE OF THE SKULL FRACTURE • Hinge fracture • Motorcyclist fracture
SEATBELTS/HELMETS: •Greatly reduce ejection and limit contact with vehicle interior •Reduce severity of injuries sustained •Mandated use dramatically lowered mortality
TAIL GATING Under going
TAILGATING / UNDER RUNNING
TAIL GATING • Head injury • Crushing by the wheels – crush injury • Avulsed laceration (degloving)
RAILWAY INJURIES
ELECTROCUTION
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS
AIR CRAFT ACCIDENTS CHARRING BEYOND RECOGNITION
BOAT CAPSIZE / SHIP WRECK
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS Medicolegal importance
LIABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY • Civil law suit – compensation for damage • Criminal lawsuit – criminal punishment • Forensic investigation – • Speed • impact angle, • cause of accident – driver, vehicle, weather, road, another vehicle, animal • Skid mark, tyre mark, crash debris • Collection of physical evidence
TRANSPORTATION ACT Section 161- punishment for death Section 162- punishment for disability
HOMICIDE- AMOUNTING TO MURDER • If a person driving a motor vehicle runs over or knocks down any person or causes a motor vehicle accident in any manner and that person who is inside the motor vehicle or in any place outside the motor vehicle dies immediately or within the period set forth in the Chapter on Homicide of the General Code (Muluki Ain) as a result of that accident, and if such act is committed with intention to kill that person, the person driving the motor vehicle shall be punished with a sentence of life imprisonment along with confiscation of his or her entire property.
INTENTION OF MURDER - BUT SURVIVES • If, despite the commission of such act with intention to kill, the victim survives death, the person driving the motor vehicle shall be punished with imprisonment for a term from Five years to Twelve years, according to the gravity of offence.
HOMICIDE- ACCIDENT (RECKLESS DRIVING) • If a person driving a motor vehicle runs over or knocks down any person or causes a motor vehicle accident in any manner and that person who is inside the motor vehicle or in any place outside the motor vehicle dies immediately or within the period set forth in the Chapter on Homicide of the General Code (Muluki Ain) as a result of that accident, and despite that such act has not been committed with intention to kill that person, the fact that motor vehicle accident has taken place due to the fact that the person has driven the motor vehicle knowingly or recklessly that such a driving of motor vehicle is likely to result in the death of any person, the person driving the motor vehicle shall be punished with imprisonment for term of Two years to Ten years, according to the gravity of offence.
ACCIDENT • If a person while driving a motor vehicle in a circumstance where it does not appear likely to result in the death of any one meets with an accident resulting in the death of a person who is inside the motor vehicle or in any place outside the motor vehicle, the person driving the motor vehicle shall be punished with imprisonment for term not exceeding One year or a fine not exceedingTwo Thousand Rupees or with both punishments
NO DRIVING LICENSE • Additional 2 thousand rupees. • If life imprisonment- no additional punishment.
ALLOWING TO DRIVE WITHOUT LICENSE • If the owner of a motor vehicle or a person in charge of a motor vehicle permits the motor vehicle to be driven by a person who does not hold the driving license and the motor vehicle runs over or hits a person or meets with an accident and consequently that person dies, the person who so permits that motor vehicle to be driven shall be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding Two years.
DISABILITY • With intention • Blindness or impotency • Up to eight years and up to 10,000 • Any other organ • Up to eight year and up to 5,000 • Injury to any one of the paired organ (e.g. Hand, Leg) • Half punishment of above • If cured • Five thousand
NO DRIVING LICENSE • Additional 5 thousand
DRIVER HAS NO LICENSE • DISABILITY • Owner- 2 thousand rupees
COMPENSATION • DEATH = 10,000 • DISABILITY – non functional despite cured – 5 thousand
EXEMPTION FROM PUNISHMENT • In a case where any loss or damage is caused by an accident that is resulted from a circumstance beyond the control of the driver of a motor vehicle on any conditions other those set forth in Sections 161 and 162, the driver of that motor vehicle shall not be subject to any punishment.
DRINKING AND DRIVING (मापसे)
PUNISHMENT FOR DRINKING AND DRIVING • Punishment is Rs 1,000 in fine. • An hour-long road safety class at the traffic police. • A hole punched in the driving license. • Five such holes will lead to the license’s suspension.
MANDATORY AWARENESS CLASSES • Drink and Drive • Lane rule violation • Speeding violation (driving beyond speed limit) • Red Light violations
THANKYOU