Comprehensive Overview of Ornamental Horticulture in Nepal: Importance, Scope, and Economic Potential

Comprehensive Overview of Ornamental Horticulture in Nepal: Importance, Scope, and Economic Potential

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  Importance, Scope, Status,and Constraints of Ornamental Horticulture in Nepal Prepared by Umesh Timilsina Assistant Professor AFU
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  Short Introduction Name: UmeshTimilsina Designation: Assistant Professor Address: Changunarayan-8, Bhaktapur Bachelor: IAAS, Lamjung Campus (2010-2014) Masters: AFU, Rampur (2014-2016) PhD: AFU (Running) Experience: Assistant Lecturer: 4.5 years (PU-GPCAR)  Assistant Professor: 4.5 years (AFU)
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  Introduction • Ornamental horticultureis a specialized branch of horticulture dealing with the cultivation, production, improvement, marketing, and utilization of ornamental plants for aesthetic, environmental, recreational, and economic purposes. • Unlike food crops, ornamental plants are primarily grown for their beauty, fragrance, foliage, flowers, fruits, stems, bark, or overall for landscape value. • Ornamental horticulture contributes to:  Beautification  Environmental protection  Urban greening  Employment generation  Tourism development  Psychological well-being
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  Definition of OrnamentalHorticulture • Ornamental horticulture is the science and art of growing flowers, ornamental trees, shrubs, climbers, lawns, foliage plants, cacti, succulents, palms, ferns, and landscape plants for decorative and aesthetic purposes. • It includes:  Floriculture  Landscape gardening  Nursery management  Indoor gardening  Lawn establishment  Bonsai  Flower arrangement  Vertical gardening  Roof gardening
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  Definition of Floriculture •Floriculture is the branch of ornamental horticulture concerned with the commercial cultivation and marketing of flowering and ornamental plants. • Major floriculture crops include:  Rose  Marigold  Gladiolus  Carnation  Gerbera  Chrysanthemum  Orchid  Tuberose  China aster • Dahlia
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  Rose
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  Marigold
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  Gladiolus Carnation
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  Gerbera Chrysenthemum
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  Orchid Tuberose
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  China Aster Dahlia
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  Branches of OrnamentalHorticulture Branch Description Floriculture Flower production Landscape Gardening Garden design Nursery Management Raising planting materials Arboriculture Care of ornamental trees Indoor Gardening Indoor plants Turf Management Lawn establishment Bonsai Culture Miniature trees Floral Design Flower arrangement
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  Some Definitions inOrnamental Horticulture 1. Cut Flower: Cut flowers are fresh flower harvested in clusters / spike or in single along with their stem. 2. Loose Flowers: The flowers which are usually harvested without stalk and used for Garland. 3. Vase Life of Flowers: How long the flowers kept in the containers or (Vase) remain fresh is referred as vase life of flowers. 4. Landscape Gardening: It consists of planning and arrangement of home gardens. Public garden for bio - aesthetic purpose. 5. Ornamental Horticulture: It refers to the study of various groups of ornamental plants which are used to decorate in door and out door gardens. 6. Bio - aesthetic Planning: It refers to the proper utilization of the available flora and fauna in the beautification of the surroundings.
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  Importance of ornamentalHorticulture in Nepal A. Cultural and religious importance • Ornamental horticulture in Nepal is deeply intertwined with cultural practices. • In our society no social function is complete without the use of flowers. • Used in social gatherings, birthday parties, welcoming friends or relatives , Worshipping, Festivals (Tihar, Dashain, Chhath etc.) • The concept of Valentines Day is fast catching up in Nepal also • Flowers and plants are essential elements in festivals, religious rituals, and daily life. • For examples: a. A devoted Hindu need flower in every religious function. b. Sacred plants like the Tulsi (holy basil) are revered in Hindu households. c. Floral garland is needed in marriage ceremony
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  B. Social Importance •Flowers symbolize the purity, beauty, peace, love, adoration, innocence and passion etc. • Are used to express the most sensitive, delicate and loving feelings powerfully what our words fail to express. • For Example: Rose for love, French marigold for jealousy or sorrow Amaryllis for pride , Carnation white for women love Snapdragon for truth  Lily for purity
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  Carnation
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  Snapdragon
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  French Marigold AfricanMarigold
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  Amaryllis
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  Symbolic representation ofthe nation National Flowers Nepal –Rhododendron England /Iran- Rose Japan – Cherry France – Lily Thailand – Gladiolus Canada/Italy–White Lily, China-Daffodil India – Lotus Malaysia –Hibiscus Holland – Tulip
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  Rhododendron
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  Cherry
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  Tulip Daffodil
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  White Lily Hibiscus
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  C. Aesthetic importance •Beautification practice by planting and placing of different types of ornamental plants around the home , business houses , offices , parks and gardens. • Greenery nation – Nations wealth is associated with health of people  Japanese flower arrangement, each flower expresses one or more meaning (eg. Ikebana).
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  Ikebana
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  D. Psychological Importance •Green landscapes: Reduce stress Improve mental health Increase work efficiency Promote relaxation Improve learning environment • Horticultural therapy -Bio aesthetic horticulture is emerging as a new occupational therapeutic tool to restore the lost rhythm and harmony back to human self .
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  D. Medicinal Importance: -Allopathic, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic drugs are prepared from different types of ornamental plants. - Eg., Rose, Hibiscus, Aloe, Neem, etc  Aloe vera for burning, rheumatics;  Neem for skin disease, insecticide,  Cuscuta reflecta for Jaundice treatments etc.  Sacred Basil (Tulsi) for Throat pain and Cough
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  E. Economic importance •Many flowers and ornamental plants are being grown for domestic as well as for export market will provide more return/unit area than any other agricultural/horticultural crops. • E.g. Orchid, Gerbera, Gladiolus, Rose, Chrysanthemum, Marigold, Tuberose, Azalea etc • Gestation period of flower crop is very less compared to other crops. • Provide more return/unit area than any other agricultural/horticultural crops • Generates self employment opportunities round the year • Essential oils and scents are extracted from flowers. • Rose water (Gulkand) is used in sweets and betel leaf preparation. • Essential elements: colchicines are extracted from Crocos (Saffron)
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  • Floral arrangements/decorationsfor bouquets, preparation and for floral baskets, have increased substantially and its share of the total trade has also improved • Extraction of natural colours and essential oils. • There is lot of demand for good quality flower seeds and ornamental planting materials • Provides service career opportunities jobs like floral designers, grounds keepers, landscape designers, architects and horticultural therapists.
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  Economic important • Cutand loose flowers • Cut Foliage • Live plants • Flower seed • Industrial products like oil , scent ,etc. • Sales of tools / equipment • Land scape gardening • Commercial flower production • Nursery business • Landscaping services • Export of flowers • Florist business • Employment opportunity  Wedding decoration  Hotel decoration  Event management
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  F. Environmental Importance •Improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. • Reduce dust and noise pollution. • Moderate urban temperatures. • Conserve soil and water. • Enhance biodiversity. • One adult or big tree is equivalent to 18 air/water coolers.
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  Scope of floriculturein Nepal: 1. Agroclimatic Diversity • From tropical to alpine climates. • Possible production throughout the year • For example: Gladiolus can be produced in Kathmandu during summer season, while in Terai in winter season. • Suitable for: • Roses • Orchids • Carnations • Gladiolus • Rhododendrons • Lilies
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  2. Presence ofBiodiversity • We have enough sources of plants, flora and ferns. • Some of those are our indigenous and some are endemic too. • 32 species of Rhododendron are available in Nepal and. • More than 500 of native species of orchids in our Himalayas has explored the potentiality of patenting our varieties and export these plants through tissue culture.
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  Different color ofGladiolus flower
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  Different species ofRhododendron
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  Epiphytic orchids Lithophyticorchids
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  Orchid
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  3. Demand offlower: • Mainly in celebrating of different culture, change in official habits, high urbanization, development of tourism sector. Eg.Religious Demand • Flowers are continuously required for temples, mosques, Gumba,chuuches and Gurudwaras and festivals. 4. Government supports for floriculture: • Floriculture promotion policy 2069, approved by Government of Nepal in 2069/08/29 has significant role to promote floriculture business in Nepal.
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  5. Utilization ofcheap labour: – Present production focus has shifted from traditional growers to country where the climate are better and labour cost is lower. – Cheap labour than developed country in Nepal for plucking flower, seed collection, cleaning operation etc. • Employment Generation • Employment opportunities: • Nursery operators • Landscape designers • Florists • Greenhouse managers • Garden supervisors • Flower traders
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  6. Tourism • Hotelsand tourist destinations require: • Landscaping • Indoor decoration • Fresh flowers 7. Export Potentialities • Nepal being 147th member of WTO since 2004. Export Opportunity • Potential exports include: Orchids Cut flowers Bulbs Potted plants Medicinal ornamental species
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  8. Seed andPerfume business: - Nowadays, Hybrid seed of floral business is in increasing trend due to uniform, early, profuse flowering etc. - Extraction of different plant part of flower like Rose, Tuberose, Jasmine etc can be used in making perfume
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  Prospects: 1. Land ofextreme with lot of variation in altitude , temperature and humidity with a small space of geography. 2. High light intensity during winter. 3. Winter temperature allows production of most flowers. 4. 13 types of climate are available in Nepal. Every 7 km towards North, there are three types of climate. 5. 32 species of Rhododendron are available in Nepal and not available in other countries. 6. 500 species of Orchids are available in Nepal and out of 3000 species of the world. 7. 7 thousands types of flowers are available in Nepal.
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  Constraints: 1. Infrastructure- Fewcold storage, inadequate transportation facility and costly air flight. 2. Little expertise in postharvest techniques 3. Difficult in obtaining high quality plant materials 4. No experience in exporting marketing 5. Lack of appropriate production technology 6. No trained manpower and Government support services. 7. Low level of investment in floriculture sector.
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  Present Status ofFloriculture in Nepal The floriculture sector is growing steadily due to: Increasing urbanization Rising demand for flowers Expansion of hotels and tourism Wedding and event decoration Government support Private investment
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  • Demand ishighest during Tihar Dashain Shivaratri Buddha Jayanti Christmas day Guru Nanak Jayanti Eid  Valentine day Weddings National celebrations
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  History of ornamental horticulturein Nepal
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  History of Floriculturein Nepal • Traditional flower cultivation existed for centuries. • Initially flowers were mainly grown for: • Religious purposes • Home decoration • Festivals • Commercial floriculture began after the 1950s. • Rapid expansion occurred after the 1990s due to: • Urbanization • Increased income • Tourism • Hotel industry • Wedding business
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  • Today, commercialfloriculture is concentrated around: Kathmandu Valley Bhaktapur Lalitpur Chitwan Pokhara Kavre Dhading Makwanpur Sunsari Jhapa
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  Short and detailedhistory of Ornamental Horticulture in Nepal 1.Ancient period (Lichchhavi and Malla era): Tradition of growing flowers and ornamental plants around temples, monasteries, royal palaces, and courtyards for religious, cultural, and aesthetic purposes. 2. Rana period (1846–1951 AD): Introduction of many exotic ornamental plants; development of formal gardens in palaces; establishment of structured garden design influenced by European styles. 3. Post Rana period (after-1951): Beginning of systematic development through government support; establishment of botanical gardens, nurseries, and research centers; promotion of urban landscaping and public parks.
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  4.1980s–1990s: Start ofcommercial floriculture; introduction of modern cultivation techniques; expansion of cut-flower production, especially in peri-urban areas. 5. 1992: Establishment of Floriculture Association of Nepal (FAN). 6. After 2000 AD: Rapid growth of private sector, floriculture associations, greenhouse cultivation, and market-oriented production; increase in domestic consumption and limited export. Present status: Ornamental horticulture is a growing agri-business sector contributing to employment, urban beautification, tourism, and income generation in Nepal. 🌺
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  • Botanical Gardens:The establishment of botanical gardens, such as the Godavari Botanical Garden near Kathmandu in 1962, played a significant role in the conservation and display of ornamental plants. • Garden of Dreams • Ratna Park • Tribhuwan Park • These gardens also served as research centers for horticultural development.
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  Godavari Botanical Garden
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  The Garden ofDreams - an oasis in the heart of Kathmandu
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  Floriculture Industry inNepal • The Nepalese floriculture industry consists of:  Commercial flower farms  Ornamental nurseries  Landscaping companies  Florists  Garden centers  Cut flower traders  Major products include:  Cut flowers  Loose flowers  Potted plants  Foliage plants  Landscaping materials  Lawn grasses
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  Major Ornamental Cropsof Nepal • Cut Flowers Rose Carnation Gerbera Gladiolus Orchid Lily • Loose Flowers Marigold Chrysanthemum Jasmine Tuberose
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  Jasmine (चमेली)
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  • Potted Plants Anthurium Dieffenbachia Aglaonema Peacelily • Landscape Trees Jacaranda Gulmohar Bottle brush Golden shower
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  Anthurium Dieffenbachia
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  Aglaonema Peace lily
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  Jacaranda (Nilmohar) Gulmohar
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  Bottle brush (Kalkiful) Golden shower (Rajbrikshya)
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  • Shrubs Hibiscus Ixora Croton Duranta • Climbers Bougainvillea Allamanda Rangooncreeper
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  Hibiscus Ixora
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  Croton Duranta
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  Bougainvillea Allamanda
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  Rangoon Creeper
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  Palms • Areca palm •Foxtail palm • Royal palm Cacti and Succulents • Aloe • Agave • Opuntia • Echeveria
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  Areca Palm
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  Foxtail palm
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  Royal palm
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  Bottle palm
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  Aloe vera
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  Agave
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  Opuntia
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  Echeveria
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  Assignment 1 1. Writedown the scope, importance and constraints of ornamental horticulture in Nepal. 2. Write about the recent status of ornamental horticulture in Nepal. 3. Write about the history of ornamental horticulture in Nepal.