Comprehensive Overview of Electricity and Magnetism Principles and Applications

Comprehensive Overview of Electricity and Magnetism Principles and Applications

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  E L EC T R I C I T Y & M AG N E T I S M
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  Introduction AG E NDA 01 03 04 02 05 06 07 08 09 10 What is Electricity? Law of Electric Charges Static Electricity Electric Currents Conductors & Insulators Electric Circuits What is Magnetism? Magnetic Fields Electro- magnets
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  MAGNETISM CAN CREATEELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM ELECTRICITY CAN PRODUCE MAGNETISM When charges from one piece of matter interact with those from another piece of matter, they produce both electric and magnetic forces.
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  ELECTRICITY IS THEINTERACTION OF ELECTRIC CHARGES. WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Electric charges are a fundamental property of protons and electrons, which make up every atom. Positive and negative charges are the two types of electric charges. Protons possess a positive charge, whereas electrons carry a negative charge.
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  LAW OF ELECTRIC CHARGES LIKE CHARGESREPEL UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT THE ELECTRIC FORCE IS THE ATTRACTION OR REPULSION BETWEEN CHARGED OBJECTS. The size of charges and the distance between them are both key factors in determining the strength of the electric force between charged objects. COULOMB'S LAW
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  STATIC ELECTRICITY THE BUILD UPOF ELECTRIC CHARGES ON AN OBJECT When you rub a balloon against your hair, electrons from the atoms that make up your hair transfer to the balloon, which makes your hair positively charged due to electron loss. The balloon becomes negatively charged due to electron gain. When you hold the balloon several centimeters from your head, your hair stands up due to the attraction between the two opposite charges.
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  ELECTRIC DISCHARGE Have youever received a shock when you touch a metal doorknob after shuffling your feet on the carpet? That is an example of electric discharge on a small scale. Can you think of an example of electric discharge on a larger scale? Here's a hint (insert clip of lightning) The charges that build up on an object do eventually move off the object. This sudden and brief flow of electrons is called:
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  ELECTRIC CURRENT CURRENT ELECTRICITYIS A CONTINUOUS FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGE Current is defined as the quantity of charge that flows past a given point per unit of time. The standard unit of measurement for current is the ampere (A). DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) A type of electric current where the charges flow in one direction only. Batteries are an example of a direct current source. A type of electric current that flows in one direction, then the reverse direction, repeatedly. The electric current supplied by power companies to homes is an example of AC.
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  CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS Conductors are materialsthat allow an electric current to flow through them easily, while insulators are materials that resist the flow of electric current. • Metals such as copper, aluminum, silver, and gold • Water (when it contains dissolved salts or other charged particles) • Graphite (found in pencils) • Human body (can conduct small amounts of electric current) Examples of Conductors: • Rubber • Glass • Plastic Examples of Insulators: • Air • Wood • Paper
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  ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ENERGY SOURCE LOAD SWITCH WIRES PARTS OFA CIRCUIT • Energy source: An electric field created by a battery's positively and negatively charged terminals attracts and repels charges, providing the push to keep them moving through a closed circuit. • Load: A component in a circuit that consumes electrical energy to perform a function, such as generating light or motion, and resists the flow of electric current, causing a voltage drop. • Wires: A low-resistance conductor that carries current in a circuit, connecting components. Material and thickness are selected based on distance, current, and voltage for efficient and safe operation. • Switch: A switch controls a circuit by connecting or disconnecting two metal pieces. When the pieces touch, the circuit closes; when they separate, the circuit opens.
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  TYPES OF CIRCUITS CURRENT FLOWSTHROUGH A CLOSED CIRCUIT, A LOOP WITH NO BREAKS, BUT AN OPEN CIRCUIT HAS A BREAK AND STOPS THE CURRENT FLOW. There are several options for connecting multiple loads in a circuit. Here are the two of the most common approaches: • Series circuit: This involves connecting the loads in a line or series, allowing the current to flow from one load to the next in a single path. • Parallel circuit: Here, the loads divide the current amount of the different devices, creating a parallel connection. S E R I E S PA RA L L E L
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  V I R OHM'S LAW Ohm'sLaw describes the relationship between electric current and voltage in a conductor, stating that the amount of electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage that is causing the current to flow. • I is the current (measured in amperes) • V is the voltage (measured in volts) • R is the resistance of the conductor (measured in ohms) Divide V by R to find the current. Divide V by I to find resistance.
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  QUANTITY UNIT INSTRUMEN T SYMBOL VOLTAGE VOLTVOLTMETER V CURRENT AMPERE AMMETER I RESISTANCE Ohm OHMMETER R
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  Problem: A lightbulb has a resistance of 240 Ω and a current of 0.5 A flowing through it. What is the voltage of the power source? Problem: A toaster produces 12 Ω of resistance when plugged into a 120 V circuit. How much current is in the circuit? Problem: An electric iron is connected to a 120 V outlet and draws 12 A of current. What is the resistance of the iron?
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  Resistance and Ohm’sLaw Complete the following questions using the equation: 6. What is the potential difference across an electrical load that has a resistance of 4 Ω and a current of 3 A flowing through it? 7. Calculate the current an electric clothes dryer draws when it is connected to a 230 V source ands has a resistance of 9.2 Ω. 8. What is the resistance in a circuit if a potential difference of 110 V causes a current of 10 A? 9. What is the potential difference across a hand-held fan that has a resistance of 120 Ω and a current of 50 mA flowing through it?
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  10. An electrictoaster has a resistance of 12 Ω. What current will it draw from a 120 V supply? 11. a) A portable radio connected to a 9.0 V battery draws a current of 25 A. What is the resistance of the radio? b) What type of energy is the electrical energy from the battery being converted into in this device? 12. A heating coil offers a resistance of 2.5 kΩ. What potential difference is required so that 1.5 A of current pass through it? 13. How much resistance does a heavy duty flashlight have if it has a current of 25 mA flowing through it and is being powered by four 1.5 V cells?
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  Electrical power isthe rate at which electrical energy is consumed in a circuit, measured in watts (W). Electrical energy is the total work done by that power over time, typically measured in joules (J) or kilowatt- hours (kWh). A common analogy is a hose: power is how fast the water flows, while energy is the total amount of water used.
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  Power Formulas: P =I × V (Power = Current × Voltage) P = I² × R (Using Ohm's Law where V = I × R) P=V2/R Energy Formulas: E = P × t (Energy = Power × Time) E = V × I × t
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  1. An electricwater heater with a resistance of 12 ohm is connected to a 240 Vpower source. The heater runs continuously for 3 hr. Calculate: 1. The current flowing through the heater. 2. The electrical power consumed by the heater. 3. The total electrical energy used in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
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  Problem 2: TheCeiling Fan A 60 W ceiling fan runs for 8 hours every single day over a 30-day month. 1. Calculate the total number of hours the fan runs in a month. 2. Find the total monthly electrical energy consumed in kWh.
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  Problem 3: TheElectric Toaster An electric toaster draws a current of 10 A when plugged into a standard 120 V kitchen outlet. 1. Calculate the electrical power rating of the toaster. 2. Determine the internal electrical resistance of the toaster's heating element.