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Comprehensive Overview of Carcinoma of Penis and Prostate for Nursing Students

Detailed pathology of penile and prostate carcinoma including etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options for B.Sc. Nursing 4th semester students.

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Carcinoma Penis and Prostate Subject - Pathology B.Sc. Nursing 4th Semester By, Govinda Bsc nursing, MSc Nursing , M. A clinical Psychology Mother Teresa College of Nursing kumhari durg Chhattisgarh
Carcinoma Of penis ( Meaning) Penis The penis is the external male reproductive organ. It has two main functions: 1. Reproduction – It helps deliver sperm into the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse. 2. Urination – It allows urine to pass from the bladder to outside Carcinoma Carcinoma is a malignant tumor (cancer) that starts in the epithelial tissues of the body. It has the ability to grow uncontrollably and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
Introduction Carcinoma of Penis (Penile Cancer) Carcinoma of the penis is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that develops from the epithelial cells of the skin or mucosa of the penis. Most commonly, it is a Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC).
Definition:- Carcinoma of the penis is a cancer that starts in the epithelial lining of the penis, often affecting the glans, foreskin, or shaft. It grows locally and can spread to nearby lymph nodes (especially inguinal lymph nodes) and later to other organs.
Incidence Penile carcinoma is usually squamous cell carcinoma. Age group: Most common between 40–70 years. Geographical distribution: More common in Asians and Africans compared to Western countries.
Etiopathogenesi s HPV infection: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant risk factor for penile cancer Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted virus. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a small, non- enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Papillomaviridae family. It infects the skin and mucous membranes and is one of the most common sexually transmitted
HPV VIRUS LEAD PENIS CANCER
● Smoking: Increases the risk of penile cancer ● Poor genital hygiene: Promotes chronic ● irritation and infection – important in uncircumcised males. Etiopathogenesis
Gross Examination May appear as: Indurated (hard) plaque or area of redness, or Exophytic growth (cauliflower-like mass), or Ulcerative lesion
Microscopic Examination Most are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the usual type.
Tumor shows nests and islands of malignant squamous cells infiltrating into underlying tissues.
Keratin pearls seen in well-differentiated tumors
Spread of Tumor ✅ Lymphatic Spread (Most common) First to superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes Later to pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes Hematogenous (Blood) Spread Rare and seen late in the disease May spread to lungs, liver, bones
Clinical Manifestations 1. Red or white patch (erythroplasia or leukoplakia) 2. Persistent itching, burning, or irritation 3. Non-healing sore or lesion on the penis 4. Thickening of the skin or localized swelling 5. Systemic Symptoms 6. Severe pain in penis 7. Difficulty in urination if urethra is involved 8. Weight loss, fatigue, or weakness (very late States)
Laboratory diagnosis Diagnostic biopsy CT and MRI Can helps in stage of the disease
Treatment Treatment depends upon stage of the disease, but usually involve surgical removal of the tumour with dissection of the lymph nodes
Adenocarcinoma Prostate
Adenocarcinoma Adeno = Gland Carcinoma = Cancer of epithelial (surface or lining) tissues Meaning adenocarcinoma Prostate Prostate The prostate is a small, walnut- shaped gland found only in males. It is a part of the male reproductive system. It is located just below the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum.
adenocarcinoma means cancer that starts in gland- forming cells of the prostate. Introduction
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts in the glandular cells of the prostate. These cells produce prostatic fluid (part of semen). It is the most common type of prostate cancer (about 95% of cases). Definition
Incidence in India Overall incidence: India has an age-standardized incidence rate of (5.6) per (100,000) and is among the top ten countries with the highest incidence. Urban vs. rural: Incidence rates are higher in urban areas like Delhi, Kamrup Urban, and Mumbai. Age group: The incidence rises after age 50, with a significant acceleration after age 64. Advanced stage: A substantial portion of cases are diagnosed at a distant metastatic stage (around 43% in a 2012-2019 study). Incidence
High incidence regions: Incidence rates are highest in Northern and Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa. Low incidence regions: Asia and North Africa have historically had lower incidence rates, though cases are increasing in some Asian countries. Incidence
Age >50 years Family history of prostate cancer Genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2) High-fat diet, obesity Causes / Risk Factors
✅ Weak urine stream or dribbling ✅ Burning or pain during urination ✅ Blood in urine (hematuria) or semen ✅ Pain in lower back, spine, or hips (bone metastasis) ✅ Weight loss, fatigue (late stage) Symptoms
Most commonly arises in the Peripheral Zone (especially posterior lobe) of the prostate. Size: Prostate may appear normal in early cases or slightly enlarged/hard in advanced stages. Consistency: Hard, firm, nodular area on palpation. Gross Examination
Malignant proliferation of glandular epithelium. Small, crowded, irregular acini (glands) lined by a single layer of atypical cuboidal/columnar cells. Single layer of atypical epithelial cells (loss of basal cells) Microscopic examination
PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) >4 ng/mL (can be high in BPH also) Digital Rectal Exam (DRE). Hard, irregular, nodular prostate Ultrasound / MRI. Enlarged irregular prostate Biopsy (definitive test). Confirms diagnosis Alkaline Phosphatase in bone ↑ Investigation
Various modalities of Treatment available Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy Treatment