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Comprehensive Overview of 4G and 5G Communication Networks: Evolution, Architecture, and Security

Comprehensive Overview of 4G and 5G Communication Networks: Evolution, Architecture, and Security Explore the evolution of wireless networks, 5G concepts, architecture, spectrum management, and security challenges, including global deployment and future 6G insights.

Engineering◦
4G / 5G COMMUNICATION NETWORKS CEC331 L T P C 2 0 2 3
Unit Topic Hours I Evolution of Wireless Networks 6 II 5G Concepts and Challenges 6 III 5G Architecture & Protocols 6 IV Spectrum Management & mmWave 6 V Security in 5G Networks 6
UNIT I - Evolution of Wireless Networks (6 Hours) Introduction to Wireless Communication • Why wireless communication? • History of mobile communication • Cellular concept • Frequency reuse • Base Station • Mobile Switching Centre
UNIT II - 5G CONCEPTS AND CHALLENGES What is 5G — Fifth Generation (mobile networks) eMBB — enhanced Mobile Broadband NR — New Radio RAT — Radio Access Technology EPC — Evolved Packet Core mMTC — massive Machine-Type Communications URLLC — Ultra- Reliable Low-Latency Communications IMT-2020 — International Mobile Telecommunications- 2020 (the ITU standard defining 5G) Cloud RAN (C- RAN) — Cloud Radio Access Network
UNIT III - NETWORK ARCHITEC TURE AND THE PROCESSE S AMF — Access and Mobility Management Function SMF — Session Management Function UPF — User Plane Function PCF — Policy Control Function AUSF — Authentication Server Function UDM — Unified Data Management NSSF — Network Slice Selection Function MEC — Multi- access Edge Computing Network Slicing
UNIT IV - DYNAMIC SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT AND MM-WAVES • Spectrum Sharing • Spectrum Trading • Licensed Spectrum • Unlicensed Spectrum • Cognitive Radio • Millimeter Wave • Beamforming
UNIT V - SECURITY IN 5G NETWORKS • Authentication • Encryption • User Security • Network Security • QoS • Threats • Attacks • Security Framework
Evolution of Mobile Network s Generation Commercial Period Typical Data Rate Main Services 1G 1980s 2.4 kbps Analog voice 2G 1990s Up to 64 kbps Digital voice, SMS 3G 2000s Up to 2 Mbps Mobile Internet, Video Calling 4G LTE 2010s 100 Mbps–1 Gbps HD Video, VoLTE, Mobile Broadband 5G 2020s 1–10 Gbps IoT, Smart Cities, Autonomous Vehicles, AR/VR 5G Advanced (5.5G) 2024 onwards Up to 10 Gbps+ AI-native networks, RedCap, improved IoT and XR 6G Expected ~2030 Up to 100 Gbps–1 Tbps (target) Holographic communication, Digital Twins, AI- native networks, Integrated sensing and communication
Global Mobile Network Deployment Status (2026) Rank Country Commercial Network Status Highlights 1 China 5G Advanced (5.5G) Large-scale deployment World's largest 5G network with over 4 million base stations 2 South Korea 5G Advanced (5.5G) Commercial Very high population coverage and fastest average mobile speeds 3 United States 5G (Standalone & Non-Standalone) Nationwide Major operators: Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile 4 Japan 5G Advanced (5.5G) Expanding Strong focus on Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing 5 Finland 5G Advanced (5.5G) Commercial Home of Nokia and an active 6G research hub 6 Sweden 5G Nationwide Ericsson leads global 5G infrastructure development 7 Germany 5G Nationwide Extensive deployment for industrial automation 8 United Kingdom 5G Nationwide Major operators continue expanding standalone 5G 9 Singapore 5G Standalone Nearly 100% coverage One of the first countries with nationwide SA 5G 10 India 5G Standalone & Non-Standalone Rapid expansion Jio offers Standalone 5G; Airtel uses Non- Standalone 5G
What is Standalone Network Non- Standalone Network
6G Research Leaders (No Commercial 6G Yet) Country Current Status Expected Commercialization China Advanced 6G research and satellite trials Around 2030 Japan 6G R&D Around 2030 South Korea National 6G program Around 2028–2030 Finland 6G Flagship research program Around 2030 United States Next G Alliance Around 2030 Sweden Ericsson-led 6G research Around 2030 Germany Government-funded 6G projects Around 2030
Top Countries by Mobile Subscribers and 5G Users (2026) Rank Country Total Mobile Subscribers (Crore) 5G Users (Crore) Network Status 1 🇨🇳 China 170 Crore 81+ Crore 5G Advanced (5.5G) 2 🇮🇳 India 117 Crore 30+ Crore 5G (SA & NSA) 3 🇺🇸 United States 39 Crore 22+ Crore Nationwide 5G 4 🇯🇵 Japan 19.5 Crore 12+ Crore Advanced 5G 5 🇩🇪 Germany 12 Crore 4.5+ Crore Nationwide 5G 6 🇬🇧 United Kingdom 9.2 Crore 4+ Crore Nationwide 5G 7 🇫🇷 France 8.2 Crore 3.5+ Crore Expanding 5G 8 🇰🇷 South Korea 7.7 Crore 5.5+ Crore Very High 5G Adoption 9 🇸🇬 Singapore 1.0 Crore 0.8+ Crore Nearly 100% 5G SA 10 🇫🇮 Finland 0.6 Crore 0.5+ Crore Advanced 5G
Global Mobile Statistics (2026) Parameter Value 🌍 Total Mobile Subscribers 890 Crore 📶 Global 5G Users 310 Crore 📡 Commercial 5G Networks 390+ Operators ️ 🛰️5G Standalone Networks 90+ Operators 🚀 Commercial 6G Launch Expected around 2030
UNIT I - Evolution of Wireless Networks (6 Hours) Introduction to Wireless Communication • Why wireless communication? • History of mobile communication • Cellular concept • Frequency reuse • Base Station • Mobile Switching Centre
Wireless Communication INSTEAD, IT USES ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SUCH AS RADIO WAVES, MICROWAVES, INFRARED, OR SATELLITE SIGNALS. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION IS THE TRANSFER OF INFORMATION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE DEVICES WITHOUT USING PHYSICAL CABLES OR WIRES.
How many wireless technologies have you used today?
Mobile phone Wi-Fi Bluetooth earbuds Smartwatch UPI QR payment GPS navigation
Why Wireless Communication? Wired Communication Wireless Communication Requires cables No cables Installation cost is high Lower infrastructure cost for end users Difficult to move Mobility Time-consuming installation Quick deployment Cable damage possible No physical cable damage
Advantages  Mobility  Portability  Easy installation  Wide coverage  Lower maintenance  Internet access anywhere  Supports IoT devices  Enables smart cities Real-Life Examples  Video calls while traveling  Google Maps navigation  Online banking  Food delivery apps  Smartwatches  Drone communication Why Wireless Communication?
What is a Cell? A cell is a geographical area covered by one base station. Many cells together form a cellular network. Cellular Concept Why Divide into Cells? Suppose India had only one tower.  Huge transmission power required  Very expensive  Limited users  Poor signal quality Instead, the area is divided into many small cells.
Cellular Concept Types of Cells Cell Type Coverage Macro Cell 1–20 km Micro Cell 500 m–2 km Pico Cell Inside buildings Femto Cell Homes and offices
Frequency Reuse Why Frequency Reuse? •Radio spectrum is limited. •If every tower used a unique frequency, the spectrum would quickly be exhausted. •Instead, frequencies are reused in cells that are sufficiently far apart. Example •Imagine smart classroom. •Instead of giving every student a unique classroom, the same classroom can be used by different batches at different times. •Similarly, the same frequency can be reused in distant cells. Advantages •Efficient spectrum utilization •Supports more users •Reduces interference •Increases network capacity
Base Station (BTS) Definition •A Base Station (BTS) is a fixed wireless communication tower that connects mobile phones to the cellular network. Functions  Transmits and receives radio signals  Communicates with mobile devices  Allocates radio channels  Controls transmission power  Hands over calls to neighboring cells Real Example When your phone displays 5G or 4G, it is communicating with the nearest BTS.
Definition •The Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) is the central controller of a mobile network. Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) Functions  Call setup  Call routing  User authentication  Billing  Mobility management  Handover control Example Suppose you call your friend. Your phone BTS MSC Friend's BTS Friend's → → → → phone It connects:  Mobile users  Base stations  Other MSCs  Public telephone networks