Comprehensive Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks: Features, Challenges, and Applications : WSN all unit notes PPT

Unit-I
Introduction to Wireless Sensor
Networ
ks
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Mr.M.Raja,Assoc.Prof,CMRE

SENSORS
• Sensor
is
a component that detects and
measures a physical property and converts it
into a electric signal that can be read,
analysed and finally processed to controller.
OR
• A sensor is a device that detects and
measures physical, chemical, or biological
properties and converts them into signals
that can be read by an observer or an
electronic system

Key Features/ Char’s of Sensors:
• Input: A sensor detects specific physical
phenomena such as temp , pressure , light level
and humidity etc.
• Output: It also converts the detected Physical
phenomena into usable signal i.e. analog/ digital.
• Accuracy: The degree to which the sensor’s
output corresponds to the actual measured value.
• Sensitivity: The ability of sensor to detect the
small changes in measured quantity.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
GIN

Classification
of Sensors

Network and types:
• A group of devices connected each other to share
a required information is called a network.
Ex: LAN , WAN and PAN
--Basically any network type is typically associated
with the amount of area to be covered and the
amount of data that they can transmit per unit
time .
--The comparison of types of Network as shown
below

Comparison of LAN &
WAN

Sensor Networks
• A Collection of spatially distributed
autonomous sensors that monitor and
collect data about environment or physical
conditions like temp, pressure and light level
etc is called as a Sensor Network.
• Based on the environment of deployment we
have some types of sensor networks.

Key Characteristics of wsn’s:
• Wireless Communication: WSNs use wireless
communication protocols (e.g., Zigbee, Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi, LoRa) to transfer data between sensor nodes.
--This eliminates the need for wired connections,
making deployment flexible and easier to install
in hard-to-reach areas.
• Self organizing capability: Nodes in a WSN can
organize and configure themselves without manual
intervention, enabling the network to adapt to
changes such as node failure or relocation.

Key Characteristics of wsn’s:
• Scalability :WSNs are highly scalable and can be expanded
by adding more sensor nodes to cover a larger area or
enhance data collection.
--- They can scale from small, localized networks to large-scale
deployments.
• Energy Efficient: optimized for low power to increase the
network life time i.e. Many WSNs employ energy-saving
mechanisms such
communication protocols,
as
sle
ep
and
modes,
energy
low-power
harvesting
techniques (e.g., solar power).
• Decentralization: WSN’s operates without centralized
controller hence these will be considered as decentralized
networks

Constraints of WSN’s
• These constraints must be addressed to ensure efficient and
reliable network performance. Here are the key
unique constraints in WSNs
--Limited Power supply --Limited Bandwidth --Harsh Deployment
--Limited Processing Power --High Latency -- Physical Damage
--Limited Storage Capacity

Hardware Constraints:
• Limited Power supply : Sensor nodes are typically powered by
batteries with limited capacity, making energy efficiency a critical
concern.
-- Minimizing energy consumption is vital to prolong the
network’s operational life, as frequent battery
replacement or recharging is impractical.
• Limited Processing Power: sensors nodes generally have limited
computational operation capabilities which limits their ability
to perform complex data analysis.
• Limited storage capacity: Sensor nodes often have limited
memory and storage, which restricts the amount of data
they can store locally.
--Storing large amounts of sensor data for long periods or
performing large-scale data processing is not feasible

Operational Constraints:
• Limited Bandwidth: WSNs typically have low
communication bandwidth due to the constrained
resources of sensor nodes and the wireless medium.
--Large data transfers or high-frequency
communication may lead to network congestion
and inefficient use of resources.
• High Latency : Multi hop communication in sensor
networks causses delays i.e. Latency increases -
This happens because each data packet needs
to pass through multiple intermediate nodes
(hops) before reaching its destination

Deployment Constraints:
• Harsh Deployment: WSNs are often deployed in
outdoor (forests & underground) or industrial
environments, which can be unpredictable and harsh
(e.g., extreme temperatures, humidity, vibrations).
---Environmental factors can cause sensor nodes to
fail or degrade in performance.
• Physical Damage : Due to various aspects in the
environment like dust , fog and humidity and smoke
there is a possibility of components damage in the
sensor network.

Challenges of WSN’s
• Wireless
challenges
Sensor Networks (WSNs)
face several that impact their
performance and
efficiency-Some of the key challenges include:
-- Hardware Challenges
-- Security Challenges
-- Networking Challenges
-- Software Challenges
-- Maintenance Challenges

WSNs are vulnerable to
• Security
challenges:
attacks like
unauthorized
performed and
access.
issues
Debugging
rectified
to
should
enhance
eavesdropping, jamming, and
be
data
security and reliability.
• Hardware Challenges: Every Component have
its own specifications and will
operate accordingly. In similar way
sensors will face challenges like limited
i/p & o/p capability and Less
processing time with less storage
capacity too.

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• Network Challenges: Traditional IP-based
addressing is inefficient for WSNs due to the large
number of nodes and frequent changes.
-- N/w overloading creates Traffic. That traffic
congestion should overcome. For this N/W should be
Leased separately for reliable communication.
• Software Challenges: Every senor N/w is dynamic
and unpredictable. In order to handle
coordination b/w sensor nodes & Task
distribution Suitable software is required in the
background support.
--updating and monitoring the data also a software
challenge in WSN’sMr.M.Raja,Assoc.Prof,CMRE

08/06/2026 17
• Maintenance Challenges: several maintenance
challenges due to their distributed nature,
limited resources, and deployment in
potentially harsh or inaccessible environments.
• Here are some of the key maintenance challenges
faced by WSNs
-- Power Management and Battery Lifespan
-- Node Failures
-- Network Connectivity and Communication Issues
-- Remote Management and Troubleshooting
--Environmental and Physical Damage

Applications of WSN’s

Advantages of Sensor Networks:
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) offer several advantages
across various applications, from environmental monitoring
to industrial automation. Here are some key benefits:
• Cost-Effective Deployment:
--Eliminates the need for extensive wiring, reducing
infrastructure and installation costs.
--Suitable for remote and
hard-to-reach wired networks are
impractical.
areas where
• Flexibility & Scalability : Easy to expand by adding more
sensor nodes without major modifications.
--Can be deployed in various environments, including
urban, industrial, and natural settings.

Advantages
• Energy Efficiency: Many WSNs use low-power
sensors, extending battery life.
-- Energy harvesting techniques (solar, thermal, etc.)
can be integrated for prolonged operation.
• Self-Organization & Fault Tolerance:
Nodes can dynamically adjust their communication
paths if some nodes fail.
-- Improves reliability and robustness in
critical applications.
• Improved Data Collection & Decision Making: Provides
continuous and real-time monitoring of
environmental and industrial conditions.
--Enhances decision-making processes with accurate
and timely data.

• Remote Monitoring & Automation:Enables real-time
data collection and transmission for remote access.
• Versatile Applications: Used in diverse fields such as
healthcare (patient monitoring), agriculture (soil
moisture monitoring), military (battlefield surveillance),
and smart cities (traffic and pollution monitoring).
• Low Maintenance: Minimal human intervention is
needed once deployed.
----Self-healing mechanisms can reconfigure networks for
optimal performance.
Advantages

Elements of WSN:
A typical wireless sensor network can be divided
into two elements. They are: Network Architecture
& Sensor Node
• Network Architecture:The base station sends
commands to the sensor nodes and the sensor
node perform the task by collaborating with each
other..

as a gateway to other
the
networks through
internet. After receiving
the data from the sensor
nodes, a
performs
base
simple
station
data
processing and sends the
updated information to
the user using internet.
• If
each
sensor node is
station, it
connected to
the base is
known as
Single-hop
architecture.
network
Although
transmissionis possible,
the energy consumption
for communication will
be significantly higher
than data collection and
computation.
• A base station also acts long
distance

• To over come difficulties in single hop,Multi-hop network
architecture is usually used. Instead of one single link
between the sensor node and the base station, the data
is transmitted through one or more intermediate node

FLAT Architecture of WSN
• In flat architecture, the base station sends commands to
all the sensor nodes but the sensor node with matching
query will respond using its peer nodes via a multi-hop
path.

Hierarchical Architecture
• In hierarchical architecture, a group of sensor nodes are
formed as a cluster and the sensor nodes transmit data
to corresponding cluster heads. The cluster heads can
then relay the data to the base station.

Sensor Node:
• A Sensor
Node
in a WSN consists of four basic
components. They are: Power Supply,Sensing unit
Control unit and Communication unit as shown in below
fig

08/06/2026 28
• The sensor collects the analog data from the physical
world and an ADC converts this data to digital data. The
main processing unit, which is usually a microprocessor
or a microcontroller, performs an intelligent data
processing and manipulation.
• Communication system consists of radio system, usually
a short-range radio, for data transmission and reception.
As all the components are low-power devices, a small
battery like CR-2032, is used to power the entire system.
• Sensor node is also responsible for physical world data
collection, network analysis, data correlation and fusion
of data from other sensor with its own data.

Network Topologies in WSN
• We have already seen that a WSN can be either a single-
hop network or a multi-hop network. The following are a
few different network topologies that are used in WSNs.
Star Topology:
• In star topology, there is a single central node known as
hub or switch and every node in the network is
connected to this hub. Star topology is very easy to
implement, design and expand.
• As all the data flows through the hub, it plays an
important role in the network and a failure in the hub
can result in failure of entire network

Tree Topology: A tree topology is a hierarchical network
where there is a single root node at the top and this node
is connected to many nodes in the next level and
this continues
• The processing power and energy consumption is
highest at the root node and keeps on decreasing as we
go down the hierarchical order.

Mesh Topology: In mesh topology, apart from
transmitting its own data, each node also acts as a relay for
transmitting data of other connected nodes. Mesh
topologies are further divided into Fully Connected Mesh
and Partially Connected Mesh
• In fully connected mesh topology, each node is
connected to every other node while in partially
connected mesh topology, a node is connected one or
more neighboring nodes.

Types of WSN’s
• Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs)
• Underground Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
• Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
• Multimedia Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs)
• Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs)
• Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs)
• Body Area Sensor Networks (BASNs)

Terrestrial Wireless Sensor
Networks (TWSNs)
Deploys on Earth or Land
Most commonly used WSN’s
Thousands of nodes placed in structured
and unstructured manner
Communication via multi hop or single
hop wireless links can be done
Applications: Agriculture monitoring and
Environment monitoring

Underground Wireless
Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
Deploys below the earth surface to
monitor underground
Sensor nodes are in soil or in tunnels/caves
High signal attenuation in soil takes place
so that High energy consumption
Applications: 1.Soil moisture monitoring
for precise agriculture purpose
2. Pipelining infrastructure

08/06/2026 35
Underwater Wireless
Sensor Networks
Deploys in water environment
Underwater sensor nodes communicate
using acoustic signals
High energy consumption for data transmission
High latency due to slow propagation speed
of acoustic signals
Applications: Oceanographic data collection such
as temperature , pressure etc

Multimedia Wireless
Sensor Networks (MWSNs)
These capable of capturing and
processing multimedia data i.e. image video
and audio
These types of WSN’s uses Advanced
Data compression techniques
Supports real time monitoring and
data streaming
Applications: Smart surveillance and
security systems

Mobile WSN’s
 These consists of mobile nodes which
move independently
Mostly used in Robotics and Drones
Applications: Traffic monitoring systems,
military battle field monitoring and disaster
response applications.

Industrial WSN’s
Designed for factory automation,
predictive maintenance, and power grid
monitoring.
These are highly reliable.
These type of WSN’s requires Real time
data transmission.
Applications: Factory automation and
power distribution in industries

Body area networks
 These WSN’s consists of Wearable sensors
which monitor the physical parameters.
For these WSN’s less power is required .
Communication takes place in this
using Bluetooth and ZigBee.
These Ensures secure and real time transmission.
Applications: Health care sector , Patient
monitoring , sports performance tracking
and Fitness Devices

Unit-II
MANET’s –(Mobile Ad-hoc
Networks)

DEFINITION
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a
continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-
less network of mobile devices
connected without wires.
--Each device in a MANET is free to move
independently in any direction, and will therefore
change its links to other devices frequently.

DIAGRAM
• device in a MANET
Each
acts
user)
as
both
and
data
a
host(end a
router, to
other
forwarding
nodes

CHARACTERISTICS OF MANET
Infrastructure-less: No fixed routers, access
points, or wired connections.
Self-Organizing: Devices automatically form and
manage the network.
Dynamic Topology: The network changes
frequently due to node movement.
Multi-hop Communication: Nodes relay data to
others, extending network reach

CHARACTERISTICS OF MANET
Energy Constraints: Nodes operate
on battery power, affecting network life.
Decentralized Operation: No single control entity
i.e. nodes cooperate for routing.
High Mobility : Each device in a MANET is free to
move independently in any direction
Scalable: More number of nodes can be formed
i.e. expansion of network is easy

Architecture of MANET
MANETs do not have a fixed architecture but
are usually structured in the following way:
Flat Architecture: All nodes have
equal responsibilities, making routing more
complex
Hierarchical Architecture: Some nodes act
as cluster heads to manage routing.
Hybrid Architecture: A combination of flat
and hierarchical structures.

Types of MANET:
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs):
--Used in smart transportation systems. i.e.
Vehicles communicate with each other
Internet-Based MANET (iMANET):
--Connects mobile nodes to the Internet using
gateways.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGIEERING

Challenges in
MANET
• Scalability: As the number of nodes
increases, routing becomes complex.
• Security Threats: Vulnerable to attacks
like eavesdropping, black hole, and wormhole
attacks
• Limited Bandwidth: Wireless links have
lower capacity than wired networks.
• Power Constraints: Nodes rely on battery power
• Dynamic Topology: Frequent
disconnections affect stability.
• Quality of Service (QoS): Ensuring reliable
data transmission is challenging.

Security Issues in
MANET
• Black Hole Attack: Malicious nodes absorb all
data packets
• Wormhole Attack: Attackers tunnel
packets through a fake shortcut.
• Sybil Attack: A node assumes
multiple identities to disrupt the network.
• Eavesdropping: Unauthorized access
to sensitive information.

Applications of MANET
• Military Operations: Secure battlefield
communication i.e. an information
network between the soldiers, vehicles,
and military head quarters.
• Disaster Recovery: Quick deployment in
affected areas i.e. under
emergency/rescue operations for disaster
relief efforts- example fire, flood, or
earthquake.

Applications
• Healthcare: Ambulance and emergency
response coordination purpose mobile ad-
hoc networks will be used
• Smart Transportation: Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
communication to avoid accidents and
to navigate particular route etc.
• IoT and Smart Cities: MANETs are used in
sensor networks.

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MANET’s vs WSN’s

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) rely on several enabling
technologies that support their design, deployment,
communication, and functionality. These technologies help
improve energy efficiency, scalability, data processing, and
network reliability. Below are some key enabling technologies
for WSNs:
 Wireless Communication Technologies
 Energy Harvesting Technologies
 Embedded Systems and Microcontrollers
 Cloud Computing and Edge Computing
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
 Internet of Things (IoT) Integration
 Security Technologies
Enabling Technologies for WSN’s:-

Wireless Communication Technologies
WSNs use different wireless communication protocols to
transfer data between sensor nodes and the central
system.
• IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee, 6LoWPAN):
--Low-power, short-range communication standard for WSNs.
-- Used in applications like home automation, healthcare, and
industrial monitoring.
• Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE):
--Suitable for short-range wireless communication with low
energy consumption..
-- Used in wearable sensors and healthcare applications..
• Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11): Provides high data rates but consumes
more power, making it suitable for smart home and industrial
applications with an external power source.

Energy Harvesting Technologies
As sensor nodes often run on batteries, energy
harvesting technologies help extend the lifetime of
WSNs.
• Solar Energy Harvesting
---Converts sunlightinto power for WSNs
in outdoor applications (e.g., agriculture,
environmental monitoring).
• Vibration and Piezoelectric Harvesting
--- Generates energy from machine vibrations, making it
in industrial applications.
useful
• Thermal Energy Harvesting
---Converts heat differences (e.g., body heat, engine heat) into
electrical power for sensors in healthcare and industrial systems.

Embedded Systems and Microcontrollers
WSNs require low-power, high-performance computing devices
to process sensor data and manage communication.
 Microcontrollers (MCUs)
----Process sensor data and control network operations with low power
consumption.
---- Examples: ARM Cortex-M series, ATmega (Arduino), MSP430 (Texas
Instruments)
 System-on-Chip (SoC) Processors
-----Integrate CPU, memory, sensors, and communication interfaces into a
single chip for compact WSN nodes.
----- Used in IoT devices and smart systems.
 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
--- Provide high-speed processing for complex applications like image
processing and machine learning in
WSNs.

Cloud Computing and Edge Computing
Processing data from WSNs efficiently requires cloud and
edge computing technologies.
 Cloud Computing
--- Stores and processes sensor data on remote servers.
--- Used for large-scale WSN applications like smart cities and
environmental monitoring.
 Edge Computing
--- Processes data locally on the sensor nodes or
nearby gateways, reducing latency and bandwidth
usage.
--- Used in real-time industrial monitoring, healthcare, and
autonomous vehicles.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
AI and ML algorithms improve the accuracy, efficiency, and adaptability of
WSNs.
 Predictive Analytics
--- AI models analyze sensor data to predict failures, detect
anomalies, and optimize network operations.
 Data Fusion and compression
--- ML techniques reduce redundant data transmission, saving energy
and bandwidth.
 Pattern Recognition
--- Used in image processing, speech recognition, and medical
diagnosis applications.

Internet of Things (IoT) Integration
WSNs are a key component of IoT, enabling seamless connectivity
between smart devices and cloud platforms.
• IoT protocols like MQTT and CoAP allow efficient
data
transmission.
• Integration with IoT platforms (AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT,
Microsoft Azure IoT) enables large-scale monitoring and
automation.

Security Technologies
WSNs require security solutions to protect against attacks, data breaches,
and unauthorized access.
 Lightweight Encryption
--- Uses energy-efficient cryptographic techniques like AES, ECC
(Elliptic Curve Cryptography).
 Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
---Detects and prevents unauthorized access and network
anomalies.
 Blockchain for Secure Transactions
--- Provides tamper-proof data logging and decentralized security in
critical applications like healthcare and financial WSNs.

Unit-III
Routing Protocols

08/06/2026 61
Introduction

Introduction

08/06/2026 64

Classification of Routing Protocols

Proactive Routing Protocols

Reactive Routing Protocols

Hybrid Routing Protocols

Proactive-DSDV
• Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
Protocol.
Working:
 Each node maintains a routing table with
distances to all other nodes.
 Periodic updates are sent to neighbors to
keep
routing information up-to-date.
 Sequence numbers are
used loops.
to prevent routing

Proactive-DSDV

08/06/2026 71
Proactive-DSDV

08/06/2026 72
DSDV- Summary

08/06/2026 73
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:-
• Guarantees loop-free routes.
•Simple and easy to
implement. Disadvantages:-
• Frequent updates lead to high
overhead.
• Not efficient for highly
dynamic networks.

08/06/2026 74
Proactive-OLSR
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol works as shown
below.
Working:
 Each node periodically exchanges
topology information with its neighbors.
 Nodes select a set of "MultiPoint Relays (MPRs)" to
forward control messages, reducing redundancy.
 MPRs help in minimizing overhead and
increasing efficiency.

08/06/2026 75
Proactive-OLSR

08/06/2026 76
Proactive-OLSR

08/06/2026 77
Proactive-OLSR

08/06/2026 78
Advantages:-
• Low latency as routes are readily
available.
•Scales well for large
networks.. Disadvantages:-
• High control overhead due to
periodic updates..
• Inefficient for highly dynamic
networks..

08/06/2026 79
Reactive-AODV
Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Protocol functions
as shown below.
Working:-
 When a node needs a route, it broadcasts a
Route Request (RREQ).
 Intermediate nodes forward RREQ until it reaches
the destination.
 The destination sends back a Route Reply
(RREP), establishing a path.
 Routes are maintained as long as needed; they
are deleted after a timeout.

08/06/2026 80
Reactive-AODV

08/06/2026 81
Reactive-AODV

08/06/2026 82
Reactive-AODV Summary

08/06/2026 83
Advantages:-
• Efficient in dynamic networks due to on-
demand route discovery.
• Reduces unnecessary control messages.
Disadvantages:-
• High latency due to route discovery.
• Flooding of RREQ messages can cause congestion in
large networks.

08/06/2026 84
Reactive-DSR

08/06/2026 85
Reactive-DSR

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Reactive-DSR

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Reactive-DSR

08/06/2026 88
Reactive-DSR

08/06/2026 89
Reactive-DSR

08/06/2026 90
Advantages:-
• Reduces overhead by using cached routes.
• Does not require periodic updates which leads
to save bandwidth.
Disadvantages:-
• High overhead due to large packet
headers.
• Inefficient for large networks as
route
discovery
increases latency.

08/06/2026 91
Hybrid-ZRP
Routing Protocols.
• ZRP is Zone
combine
proactive
and reactive
These protocols
approaches to
optimize routing.
Working:
• The network is divided into zones.
• Proactive routing is used within a zone
• Reactive routing is used for nodes outside the
zone.

08/06/2026 92
Hybrid-ZRP

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Hybrid-ZRP

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Advantages:-
• Reduces route discovery overhead.
• Balances efficiency and scalability.
Disadvantages:-
• Increased complexity in zone configuration.
• Performance depends on optimal
zone selection.
radius

08/06/2026 95

08/06/2026 96
MAC Protocols & Classification
Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are
designed to efficiently manage channel access in
a decentralized and dynamic environment. Since
MANETs lack a fixed infrastructure,
protocols must handle mobility,
MAC
power
constraints, and interference effectively.

08/06/2026 97
Types of MAC Protocols for
MANETs
MAC protocols for MANETs can be
broadly classified into:
1. Contention-Based Protocols (Random
Access)
2. Schedule-Based Protocols
(TDMA/CDMA/FDMA)
3. Hybrid MAC Protocols
4. Directional MAC Protocols

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1.Contention-Based Protocols
These protocols allow nodes to compete for channel
access dynamically.
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance) :
 Used in IEEE 802.11-based networks.
 Nodes sense the channel before transmission.
 Implements RTS/CTS (Request to Send / Clear
to Send) mechanism to reduce collisions.
MACA (Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
 Uses RTS/CTS to avoid collisions but does not rely on
carrier sensing.

08/06/2026 99
B-MAC Protocol (Berkeley MAC)
B-MAC is a contention-based protocol designed for low-power,
energy-efficient wireless communication.
Features of B-MAC:
1.Low Power Listening (LPL)
 Nodes periodically wake up to check for preamble signals.
 If no signal is detected, they return to sleep, saving energy.
2. Adaptive Sensing & Carrier Sensing
 Uses clear channel assessment (CCA) to detect activity before
transmission.
 Reduces unnecessary retransmissions and collisions.
3. Configurable Duty Cycling
 Users can adjust the sleep and wake-up periods based
on application needs.
 Balances between latency and energy efficiency.

08/06/2026 100
Advantages of B-MAC
 Simple and lightweight.
 Highly configurable for different network conditions.
 Reduces idle listening, a major source of
energy drain.
Disadvantages of B-MAC
1.Long Preamble Overhead
 A long preamble before data transmission increases
delays.
 Inefficient for high traffic loads.

Comprehensive Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks: Features, Challenges, and Applications : WSN all unit notes PPT

Comprehensive Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks: Features, Challenges, and Applications : WSN all unit notes PPT

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Comprehensive Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks: Features, Challenges, and Applications : WSN all unit notes PPT