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Comprehensive Guide to Botanical Nomenclature: Ranks, Rules, and Principles

An in-depth presentation covering botanical nomenclature including ranks, typification, author citation, publication rules, synonyms, homonyms, autonyms, basionyms, and the principle of priority.

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Presented by Sameer Khan 2527CUKmr19 Department Of Botany Central University Of Kashmir Botanical Nomenclature: Ranks and Names
Ranks and Names Typification Author Citation Effective and Valid Publication Rejection of Names Principle of Priority and its Limitations Basionyms and Synonyms Homonyms Autonyms and Tautonyms References TABLE OF CONTENT
Botanical nomenclature is the scientific system of naming plants. It provides a universal and standardized naming method. Governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Helps avoid confusion caused by local/common names. Ensures stability and precision in taxonomy. Introduction
Hierarchy of Classification Major Taxonomic Ranks: Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species Species is the basic unit of classification. Taxonomic Ranks
Binomial Nomenclature:- Introduced by Carl Linnaeus. Rules:- Scientific names contain two words: Genus Specific epithet Written in italics. Genus starts with capital letter. Species name in lowercase. Example: Mangifera indica L. Scientific Names
According to the ICNafp, typification is the process of permanently associating the name of a plant taxon with a particular nomenclatural type to ensure correct identification and stability of plant names. Typification Types:- 1.Holotype:- The single specimen selected by the author as the main reference while describing a new species. It is the official reference specimen of that species.
2.Isotype:- A duplicate of the holotype collected at the same time and from the same place. 3.Lectotype:- A specimen selected from the original material when no holotype was designated or when the holotype is lost or destroyed. 4.Paratype:- Additional specimens cited by the author other than the holotype. 5.Neotype:- A new specimen selected as the type when all original material is lost or missing. 6.Syntype:- Any of the multiple specimens cited by the author when no holotype was designated.
7.Topotype:- A specimen collected later from the same locality as the original type specimen. It is not a true nomenclatural type. 8.Epitype:- A specimen selected to support or clarify the holotype, lectotype, or neotype when they are inadequate or unclear. Unique scanning code of specimen. Permanent registration number. Collector’s field number. Official main type specimen. Identity card of the specimen.
Author citation is the practice of writing the name of the author or authors along with the scientific name of a taxon, who first validly published that name. The name of a taxon is considered incomplete without the author’s name. Zea mays L. ---------- Corl Linnaeus. Solanum nigrum L. ---------- Corl Linnaeus. Author Citation (Corl Linnaeus) Born- 23 May 1707 Died- 10 Jan 1778 Corl Linnaeus----------L. Bentham ---------- Benth. Hooker ---------- Hook. de Candolle ---------- DC.
Use of Parentheses ( ) :- When a plant species is transferred from one genus to another, the original author’s name is written in parentheses. Example: Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana & A.K. Pandey (Falconer originally named the species, later it was transferred to another genus.) Use of “ex” :- When one author proposes a name and another author validly publishes it, ex is used. Example: Vicoa vestita Benth. ex Hook. (Bentham proposed the name, Hooker validly published it.) Use of “in” :- When a new name is published in the work or book of another author, in is used. Example: Andrographis beddomei C.B. Clarke in J.D. Hooker (Clarke described the species, but it was published in Hooker’s book.)
Use of “emend” :- When the original description of a taxon is later improved or modified without changing the type, emend. is used. Example: Myosotis L. emend. R. Br. (Linnaeus’s description was later revised by R. Brown.) Effective Publication A plant name is said to be effectively published when it is published in a proper scientific medium (printed or electronic) and becomes available to the public according to the rules of ICN. Publication should be in a book, journal, or approved electronic source. Just announcing a name in a meeting or writing it in a garden collection is not effective publication. The publication date is the date when the material becomes publicly available.
A plant name is validly published when it follows all rules of the ICN after being effectively published. Name must be effectively published. It should have a proper description/diagnosis (Latin earlier, now English or Latin allowed). A type specimen must be designated. (Without these conditions, the name is not accepted officially.) Valid Publication
1.Nomen nudum:-“Nomen nudum” means “naked name.” It is a scientific name published without a proper description or diagnosis. According to ICNafp, such names are not validly published. A proper description/diagnosis is necessary. If only the name is published without explanation, it is called nomen nudum. Examples:- Odina wodier Roxb. Erigeron asteroides Roxb. 2. Superfluous Names:- Sometimes a taxon already has a valid scientific name, but another unnecessary new name is later published for the same taxon. Such a name is called a superfluous name. Important Points A legitimate name already exists. The new name is unnecessary. Such names are rejected under ICN rules. Rejection Of Names
Example:- Persea himalayensis M. Gangop. (2006) is a superfluous name because the name Machilus odoratissimus Nees (1831) already existed. 3.Homonyms:- When the same scientific name (same spelling) is used for two different taxa, the names are called homonyms. ICN Rule The earliest published legitimate name is accepted. The later homonym is rejected. Example:- 1.Tapeinanthus Herb. (1837) → Family Amaryllidaceae 2.Tapeinanthus Boiss. ex Benth. (1848) → Family Lamiaceae The same generic name was used independently for two different families.
4. Tautonym:- A tautonym is a binomial in which the genus name and species epithet are identical. Important Points Tautonyms are not permitted in botanical nomenclature. Such names are not considered validly published. Examples:- Malus malus Helianthus helianthus Linaria linaria 5. Synonyms:- A single taxon may have two or more scientific names. Among them, one is treated as the accepted or correct name, while the others are called synonyms. Example:- For carrot: Daucus carota → accepted name D. abyssinicus D. aegyptiacus D. gingidium → synonyms
The old name is usually written in brackets with “syn.” Example:- Catharanthus roseus (syn. Vinca rosea) -:Types of Synonyms:- A. Homotypic / Nomenclatural Synonyms:- When different scientific names are based on the same type specimen, they are called homotypic synonyms. Important Points Same type specimen Different names Examples:- Adhatoda vasica A. zeylanica Justicia adhatoda All are based on the same type.
Usually represented by the symbol ≡ Example: Conyza cappa ≡Inula cappa ≡Duhaldea cappa B. Heterotypic / Taxonomic Synonyms:- When different scientific names are based on different type specimens, but later taxonomists consider them to belong to the same taxon, they are called heterotypic synonyms. Different type specimens Later treated as the same species/taxon Example:- Hibiscus vitifolius L. (1753) H. obtusifolius Willd. (1801) These were based on different types but later treated as the same taxon. Usually represented by the symbol =
6.Basionym:- A basionym is the original name of a taxon on which a new name (new combination or new rank) is based. When a species is transferred to another genus or its rank is changed, the old original name = basionym. It is the first validly published name. The specific epithet is retained in the new name. The original author’s name goes in parentheses. The basionym provides the priority and reference. Example:- Saussurea costus Falc. New name (combination): Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana & A.K. Pandey.
7.Autonyms:- An autonym is a name that is automatically created under the rules of the ICN when a taxon (species or genus) is divided into smaller groups such as subspecies or varieties Formed automatically (no separate publication required). Represents the typical/original part of the taxon. The epithet is repeated from the original name. Always has priority over other names at the same rank. Example:- Mangifera indica var. indica → Autonym Mangifera indica var. longipes → New variety
The earliest validly published name of a taxon has priority and is treated as the correct name. Earliest publication date decides priority. Later names → become synonyms. Applies to ranks below family. Ensures stability in nomenclature. Example:- Cannabis sativa L. (1753) Cannabis indica Lam. (1785) Cannabis ruderalis (1924) Principle of Priority Grewia multiflora (1804) Grewia disperma (1825) Grewia diplocarpa (1858)
The principle of priority, like the rule of typification, does not apply above the rank of family. It is restricted to taxa at the rank of family and below. Example:- At higher ranks like order or class, the rule of priority is not followed. Limitation of Principle of Priority
Plant Systematics (Arun K. pandey / Shruti Kasana Online Resource:- Standard educational websites Presentation Tool:- Canva (for preparing presentation slides) References
Presented by Sameer Khan Thank You