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Comprehensive Fundamentals of Communication: Types, Elements, and Overcoming Barriers

Explore the essentials of communication including its types, key elements, roles, distances, barriers, and strategies to overcome communication challenges effectively.

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Fundamental of Communication
1. What is Communication 2. Types of Communication 3. Elements of Communication 4. The Roles of Communication 5. Communication Distances 6. Barriers to Communication 7. Overcoming Communication Barriers
1. What is Communication? Communication is the process of sending and receiving information among people.
Communication Process SENDER RECEIVER Feedback receiver sender Noise Use of channel to transmit the message
What is Communication? The root word of Communication is the Latin word Communicare, which means “to make common to many, share” Therefore, Communication is the process of sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings with each other in commonly understandable ways.
What is Communication?  Communication is symbolic behaviour that occurs between two or more participating individuals  Communication is a social process involving the phases of encoding, sending, medium, receiving and decoding  Communication is the inter-change of information and ideas among all individuals in enterprise
2. Types of Communication 1. Intrapersonal (within oneself) 2. Interpersonal (between 2 persons) 3. Group/ Small Group (between small groups of people) 4. Public (speaker to audience) 5. Organizational (within a formal organization) 6. Mass Communication (large audience, mediated by audio/ visual means)
Intrapersonal Communication In intrapersonal communication, we are both sender and receiver, our thought and feelings constitute the message, and our brain acts as channel by processing those thoughts and feelings.
Interpersonal Communication  Interpersonal communication is communication with another person.  The message is the information provided, the channel is usually the sight and sound, and feedback is the response provided by each member.
Small Group Communication  Small group communication occurs when a small number of people come together for a purpose.  In small group, each individual has an equal share of participating, each can be easily heard and interact with all other members of the group.  Normally, less than 20 people involve.
Public Communication  When a group becomes too large for active participation by group members, then we have public communication.  Public should be in the same place & the channel is the same as group communication (sight and sound).  However, with louder voice and audio visual aids to cater for the large audience.  The opportunity for feedback is limited.
Organizational Communication  Generates process of interaction that constitutes the organization.  Everybody in the organization shares the same goal/ goals.
Mass Communication  When a source, typically an organization employs a technology (a must) as a medium to communicate with a large audience.
3. Elements of Communication
1. Source  The source is the person (or thing) attempting to share information.  The source can be a living or non-living entity.  Source generates data that one would like to communicate) and an ability to transmit this information, through a channel, to a receiver.
2. Message  The study of signs and symbols, and how meaning is created through them.  For example, a commencement speaker produces meaning through several criteria.  object (in this case, the speaker has an inherent meaning, maybe through being a local celebrity).  his or her image, acting as a symbol or representation of the meaning of the object (a well-dressed, professional and successful person).
3. Encoding  Encoding is the process of assembling the message (information, ideas and thoughts) into a representative design with the objective of ensuring that the receiver can comprehend it.  Communication is only established when it results in both the source and the receiver understanding the same information.
 People who are great communicators are great encoders.  They are also able to identify information that is redundant, irrelevant or even accidentally offensive, and eliminate it in advance through anticipation.
4. Channel  An encoded message is conveyed by the source through a channel.  There are numerous channel categories: verbal, non-verbal, personal, non-personal, etc.
 A channel could be the paper on which words are written, or the Internet acting in the client-server model that is allowing you to read these words right now.  A good communicator is one who understands which channels to use under different circumstances.  Unfortunately, there is no perfect channel. All channels have strengths and weaknesses (smartphones are great, for example, but a marriage proposal is best done in person).
5. Decoding  As we discussed in encoding, communication is only successful when it results in both the source and the receiver understanding the same information.  For this to happen, there can be no errors in processing.  The most common among these would be, for example, a first-grader sitting in on a lecture on differential equations, i.e. decoding is impossible if the decoder cannot even understand the message.
Communication code scheme
6. Receiver  Ultimately, the message is delivered to the receiver.  A good communicator takes the receivers preconceptions and frames of reference into consideration; how they will react, where common ground is shared, their sense of humor, their moral conduct, etc.  All of these things will affect how the receivers decode messages.
7. Feedback  A better word might be “reaction” or “responses.” The source judges its success based on the feedback it receives, so pay close attention.  Responses as the result of the communication process.  Maybe in the form verbal or non-verbal feedback. It is important to achieve effective communication.
4.The Roles of Communication Why we communicate?  Communication is a tool with which we exercise our influence on others, bring out changes in our and others’ attitudes, motivate the people around us and establish and maintain relationships with them.  Communication makes a major part of our active life and is a social activity.  This social activity is pursued verbally through speech, reading and writing or non-verbally through body language.
 1. We communicate to persuade  It means that we want someone to do something and this desire of ours is communicated.  The mother patting the child to stop crying, the advertiser displaying a model in a new T-Shirt and the politician (urging) his audience to vote for him are all having the same objective of persuading, while communicating it differently.
 2. We communicate in order to give or provide information  Science teacher demonstrating an experiment  Bank announcing a reduction in interest rates  Finance minister presenting the budget are all communicating to provide information.
 3. We communicate to seek information  A passer by asking you the way to the post-office, the student asking the teacher for some clarification or the investigating policeman making discreet enquiries are all seeking information by using this communication skill.
 4. We communicate to express our emotions like courage or fear, joy or sorrow, satisfaction or disappointment with appropriate gestures and words.  Some people have unlimited skill to emote, (i.e., to display excessive emotion) to suit the occasion. Our politicians are capable of emoting well, which by itself is a communication skill.
5.Communication Distances
6. Barriers to Communication  Low motivation and interest on certain topic.  Inappropriate language used.  Information overload / too much information.  Poor communication skills.  Electronic communication problems.
 The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.  Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions and some topics may be completely 'off-limits' or taboo (prohibited or restricted by social custom).  Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.  Differences in perception and viewpoint.
 Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.  Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the non-verbal cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less effective.
 Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.  Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions.  Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings.
7. Overcoming Communication Barriers  Understand the receiver.  Use two-way communication.  Use common vocabulary.  Elicit verbal and non-verbal feedback.  Enhance listening skills.
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