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2015-11-15: First Early Release
2015-12-14: Second Early Release
2016-01-21: Third Early Release
2016-03-01: Fourth Early Release
2016-04-20: Fifth Early Release
2016-05-13: Sixth Early Release
2016-05-31: Seventh Early Release
2016-09-23: Eighth Early Release
2016-10-31: Ninth Early Release
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978-1-4493-7464-8
[???]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-14-2048.jpg)
![Figure 1-6. Expand the demo project from the package explorer
If you haven’t already, expand the demo [boot] project and view the project](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-29-2048.jpg)
![A starter project for unit testing
Now that we understand the makeup of our Spring Boot application, let’s
create our first RESTful service by modifying DemoApplication.java. In
DemoApplication.java, modify the contents so that it looks like the
following example.
package com.example;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@SpringBootApplication
public class DemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
}
@RestController
public static class Hello {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hello")
public String hello(
@RequestParam(value = "name", defaultValue = "World")
return "Hello, " + name;
}
}
}
Annotates a class as a Spring Boot application
This starts the Spring Boot application](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-31-2048.jpg)
![as Pitsons affirmeth, who, although often mistaken in his locality,
may be believed herein, as professing himself familiarly acquainted
with him at Rome. But the matter is not much where he was born,
seeing, though cried up by men of his own profession for his many
books in verse and prose, he was reputed a dangerous enemy by
the state, for which he was imprisoned and executed March the 3d,
1595” (vol. iii. p. 187).
Robert Southwell was the third son of Richard Southwell, Esq., of
Horsham, St. Faith’s, Norfolk. The curious in genealogy, while
investigating family lines associated with the Southwell pedigree,
have found connected with it, in degrees more or less near, the
names of Paston, Sidney, Howard, Newton, and Percy Bysshe
Shelley. Of his early years there is but slight record, save that, when
still very young, he was sent to Douai to be educated. From Douai
he passed to Paris and thence to Rome, where, in 1578, before he
had yet reached the age of seventeen, he was received into the
order of the Society of Jesus. On completion of his novitiate and
termination of the courses of philosophy and theology, he was made
prefect of studies of the English College at Rome. Ordained priest in
1584, and, as appears from his letter addressed, February 20, 1585,
to the general of the order, seeking the “perilous” errand wherein his
future martyrdom seems rather to have been anticipated than
merely referred to as a simple possibility,[19] he left Rome on the 8th
of May, 1586, a missionary to his native land, or, in other words,
took up his line of march for the scaffold and for heaven. We have,
naturally enough, but scant record of the young priest’s journey to
and arrival in England; for, as the mere landing in England by a
Catholic priest was then a penal offence punishable with death,
Southwell’s return to his native country was surrounded as much as
possible by secrecy. Although yearning to visit his home and
embrace his family, he carefully abstained from going near them—of
doing that which, in his quaint phrase of the day, “maketh my
presence perilous.” But he was aware that his father was in danger
of losing, if he had not already lost, his faith; and these fears were
almost confirmed by the facts that he had formed a marriage with a](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-58-2048.jpg)
![adversaries have look’d for wars. As many of ours as are in chains
rejoice and are comforted in their prisons; and they that are at
liberty set not their heart upon it, nor expect it to be of long
continuance. All by the great goodness and mercy of God arm
themselves to suffer anything that can come, how hard soever it
may be, as it shall please our Lord; for whose greater glory, and the
salvation of their souls, they are more concerned than for any
temporal losses.”
3. “A little while ago, they apprehended two priests, who have
suffered such cruel usages in the prison of Bridewell as can scarce
be believed. What was given them to eat was so little in quantity,
and, withal, so filthy and nauseous, that the very sight was enough
to turn their stomachs. The labors to which they obliged them were
continual and immoderate, and no less in sickness than in health;
for, with hard blows and stripes, they forced them to accomplish
their task how weak soever they were. Their beds were dirty straw,
and their prison most filthy. Some are there hung up for whole days
by the hands, in such a manner that they can but just touch the
ground with the tips of their toes. This purgatory we are looking for
every hour, in which Topcliffe and Young, the two executioners of
the Catholics, exercise all kinds of torments. But come what pleaseth
God, we hope we shall be able to bear all in him that strengthens
us. I most humbly recommend myself to the holy sacrifices of your
reverence and of all our friends. (January 15, 1590.)”
PURSUIT AND ESCAPE.
In a work[20] published so lately as 1871, we catch a few fugitive
glances of Father Robert Southwell. Father Gerard spoke of him at
the time (1585) as “excelling in the art of helping and gaining souls,
being at once prudent, pious, meek, and exceedingly winning.”
A descent was made by the pursuivants upon a house in the
country, where the two fathers happened to be together, and but for
the devotion of the domestics the two missionaries would have been
captured. They escaped, however, and journeyed away together. The](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-60-2048.jpg)
![conveyed the information to Topcliffe, an implacable persecutor and
denouncer of the Catholics, who, with a band of his satellites,
surrounded the premises, broke open the house, arrested his
reverence, and carried him off in open day, exposed to the gaze of
the populace. Topcliffe carried Southwell to his own (Topcliffe’s)
dwelling, and there, in the course of ten weeks, tortured him with
such pitiless severity that the unhappy victim, complaining of it to his
judges, declared that death would have been preferable. A letter,
qualified by Grosart as “fawning, cruel, and abominable,” written by
this human bloodhound, Topcliffe, and addressed to no less a
personage than Queen Elizabeth, reports the capture and torture of
Southwell, and states, with details, how he proposes further to
torture him.
The letter is dated Westminster, June 22, 1592, and advises the
queen: “I have him here within my strong chamber in Westminster
churchyard (i.e. the gatehouse). I have made him assured for
starting or hurting of himself by putting upon his arms a pair of;[21]
and so to keep him either from view or conference with any but
Nicolas, the underkeeper of the gatehouse.... Upon this present
taking of him it is good forthwith to enforce him to answer truly and
directly; and so to prove his answers true in haste, to the end that
such as he be deeply concerned in his treachery may not have time
to start, or make shift to use any means in common prisons; either
to stand upon or against the wall will give warning. But if your
highness’ pleasure be to know anything in his heart, to stand against
the wall, his feet standing upon the ground, and his hands put as
high as he can reach against the wall (like a trick at Tremshemarn),
will enforce him to tell all; and the truth proven by the sequel....[22]
It may please your majesty to consider, I never did take so weighty a
man, if he be rightly considered.”[23]
The reader will here readily recognize a partial description of one
of the modes of torture then most common in use throughout the
reign of Elizabeth. It seems that it was “her highness’ pleasure” to
know something that was in this poor martyr’s heart, for Southwell
was afterwards again repeatedly tortured. The intimate personal](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-63-2048.jpg)
![thanks for his bad house, and her fair hand to kiss; after which it
was braved at. But my lord chamberlain, nobly and gravely
understanding that Rookwood was excommunicated for papistry,
called him before him, demanded of him how he durst presume to
attempt her real presence, he, unfit to accompany any Christian
person; forthwith said he was fitter for a pair of stocks; commanded
him out of the court, and yet to attend her council’s pleasure; and at
Norwich he was committed,”[24] etc. etc. In the beginning of the
letter Topcliffe “joys at her majesty’s gracious favor and affiance in
your lordship—next some comfort I received of her for myself that
must ever lie nearest my own heart.” Tender Topcliffe! But we must
have “no scandal about Queen Elizabeth,” and our most delicate
susceptibilities for the fair fame of the royal virgin may be quieted by
the certainty that the comfort nearest the human bloodhound’s “own
heart” was something substantial—a country house, an estate, or
the like.
Lodge says that this Topcliffe was respectably connected, but
that he could only find that he was distinguished as a most
implacable persecutor of Roman Catholics. In a letter of Sir Anthony
Standen, in which he praises the agreeable manners of the Earl of
Essex, he writes: “Contrary to our Topcliffian customs, he hath won
more with words than others could do with racks.” From another
letter of the period it appears that Topcliffzare in the quaint
language of the court signified to hunt a recusant.
But to return to Southwell. Transferred to a dungeon in the
Tower, “so noisome and filthy that, when he was brought out at the
end of the month, his clothes were covered with vermin,” his father
wrote to her majesty Queen Elizabeth the letter we have already
mentioned. This petition was to some extent regarded. A better
lodging was allowed him, and leave accorded his father to supply
him with “cloaths and other necessaries”; and amongst the rest,
with books which he asked for, which were only the Holy Bible and
the works of S. Bernard. “The selection of books,” says Mr. Grosart,
“the book of books, and the father of the fathers, for a poet is very
noteworthy; and through all his weary imprisonment ‘spiritual](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-65-2048.jpg)
![plunge his knife into the victim before they reached the ground in
their fall together. When a young priest named Edward Genings was
executed, in 1591, the butchery was superintended by Topcliffe, who
adjured the victim to submit and recant and he should be pardoned.
His reply was: “I know not in what I have offended my dear
anointed princess; if I had, I would willingly ask forgiveness. If she
be offended with me because I am a priest, and because I profess
my faith and will not turn minister against my conscience, I shall be,
I trust, excused and innocent before God. I must obey God, saith S.
Peter, rather than men.” At this Topcliffe was enraged, and bade the
hangman turn the ladder; scarcely giving him time to say a Pater
Noster. Cut down by his order before he was dead, the butchery
began, and, the hangman’s hand being already on his heart,
Genings was heard to say, “Sancte Gregori, ora pro me!”—which the
hangman hearing, he swore, “Zounds, see, his heart is in my hand,
and yet Gregory is in his mouth! O egregious papist!”[25]
We return to Father Southwell, who was drawn on a hurdle or
sled from Newgate to Tyburn, and resume the account of the S.
Omer’s MS.: “When he was come to the place, getting up into the
cart, he made the sign of the cross in the best manner that he could,
his hands being pinion’d, and began to speak to the people those
words of the apostle (Rom. xiv), ‘Whether we live, we live to the
Lord, or whether we die, we die to the Lord; therefore, whether we
live or die, we belong to the Lord.’ Here the sheriff would have
interrupted him, but he begged leave that he might go on, assuring
him that he would utter nothing that should give offence. Then he
spoke as follows: ‘I am come to this place to finish my course, and
to pass out of this miserable life; and I beg of my Lord Jesus Christ,
in whose most precious Passion and Blood I place my hope of
salvation, that he would have mercy on my soul. I confess I am a
Catholic priest of the Holy Roman Church, and a religious man of the
Society of Jesus; on which account I owe eternal thanks and praises
to my God and Saviour.’ Here he was interrupted by a minister telling
him that, if he understood what he had said in the sense of the
Council of Trent, it was damnable doctrine. But the minister was](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-70-2048.jpg)
![he assisted in restraining those who would have cut the rope while
he was still in life.”
Father Southwell’s reverend and Protestant biographer declares,
in concluding his relation of the execution: “I must regard our
worthy as a ‘martyr’ in the deepest and grandest sense—a good
man, and full of the Holy Ghost. I should blush for my Protestantism
if I did not hold in honor, yea reverence, his stainless and beautiful
memory.
‘Through this desert, day by day,
Wandered not his steps astray,
Treading still the royal way.’
—Paradisus Animæ.
“So perished Father Southwell, at thirty-three years of age, and
so, unhappily, have perished many of the wise and virtuous of the
earth. Conscious of suffering in the supposed best of causes, he
seems to have met death without terror—to have received the crown
of martyrdom not only with resignation, but with joy.”[26]
It is matter of regret that there exists no authentic portrait of
Southwell. His biographer is of opinion that a genuine likeness of
him would have shown an intellectual, etherealized face, and fancies
that he might have sat for the portrait of the Prior in The Lady of
Garaye:
“Tender his words, and eloquently wise;
Mild the pure fervor of his watchful eyes;
Meek with serenity and constant prayer,
The luminous forehead, high and broad and bare.
The thin mouth, though not passionless, yet still
With a sweet calm that speaks an angel’s will.
Resolving service to his God’s behest,
And ever musing how to serve him best,
Not old, nor young; with manhood’s gentlest grace,
Pale to transparency the pensive face,
Pale not with sickness but with studious thought,
The body tasked, the fine mind overwrought;
With something faint and fragile in the whole,
As though ‘twere but a lamp to hold a soul.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-72-2048.jpg)
![with flowers, and holding in hand an overflowing anacreontic cup.
Serious, indeed, his poems might well be, for they were all
composed during the intervals of thirteen bodily rackings in a gloomy
prison that opened only upon the scaffold. And yet we look in vain
among them for expressions of the reproaches or repining such a
fate might well engender, and we search with but scant result for
record or trace of his own sufferings in the lines traced with fingers
yet bent and smarting with the rack. The vanity of all earthly things,
the trials of life, the folly and wickedness of the world, the
uncertainty of life, and the consolations and glories of religion, are
the constantly returning subjects of his productions, and, however
treated, they always reflect the benignity and elevation of the poet’s
character.
Certain it is that Southwell was largely read by the generation
that immediately succeeded him. Many years ago, Ellis[27] said: “The
very few copies of his works which are now known to exist are the
remnant of at least seventeen different editions, of which eleven
were printed between 1593 and 1600”; and at a later period, Drake,
in his Shakespeare and his Times, says:[28] “Both the poetry and the
prose of Southwell possess the most decided merit; the former,
which is almost entirely restricted to moral and religious subjects,
flows in a vein of great harmony, perspicuity, and elegance, and
breathes a fascination resulting from the subject and the pathetic
mode of treating it which fixes and deeply interests the reader.”
A valuable tribute of admiration to Southwell’s poetic talent is
that of Ben Jonson, who said: “that Southwell was hanged; yet so
he (Jonson) had written that piece of his, ‘The Burning Babe,’ he
would have been content to destroy many of his.”[29] Our readers,
we are sure, will thank us for giving it here, although we strongly
suspect that Mr. Grosart will not approve of its modern orthography.
As I in hoary winter’s night stood shivering in the snow,
Surprised I was with sudden heat, which made my heart to glow;
And lifting up a fearful eye to view what fire was near,
A pretty Babe all burning bright did in the air appear,
Who, scorched with excessive heat, such floods of tears did shed,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-76-2048.jpg)
![As though his floods should quench his flames which with his tears were
fed;
Alas! quoth he, but newly born, in fiery heats I frye,
Yet none approach to warm their hearts or feel my fire but I!
My faultless breast the furnace is, the fuel wounding thorns,
Love is the fire, and sighs the smoke, the ashes shame and scornes;
The fuel Justice layeth on, and Mercy blows the coals,
The metal in this furnace wrought are men’s defiled souls,
For which, as now, on fire I am, to work them to their good,
So will I melt into a bath to washe them in my blood:
With this he vanished out of sight, and swiftly shrunk away,
And straight I called unto mind that it was Christmas day.
Our limits will permit but slight citation from the body of
Southwell’s poetry. He is most widely known by his chief poem “S.
Peter’s Complaint,” consisting of one hundred and thirty-six stanzas
(six-line). But his most attractive pieces are his shorter poems
—“Times go by Turns,” “Content and Rich,”[30] “Life is but Loss,”
“Look Home,” “Love’s servile Lot,” and the whole series on our
Saviour and his Mother; and, making some allowance for the
enthusiasm of our editor, no true lover of poetry who reads these
productions of Southwell will seriously dissent from Mr. Grosart’s
estimate of them. “The hastiest reader will come on ‘thinking’ and
‘feeling’ that are as musical as Apollo’s lute, and as fresh as a spring
budding spray; and the wording of all (excepting over-alliteration
and inversion occasionally), is throughout of the ‘pure well of English
undefiled.’ When you take some of the Myrtæ and Mæoniæ pieces,
and read and re-read them, you are struck with their condensation,
their concinnity, their polish, their élan, their memorableness.
Holiness is in them not as scent on love-locks, but as fragrance in
the great Gardener’s flowers of fragrance. His tears are pure and
white as the ‘dew of the morning.’ His smiles—for he has humor,
even wit, that must have lurked in the burdened eyes and corners o’
mouth—are sunny as sunshine. As a whole, his poetry is healthy and
strong, and, I think, has been more potential in our literature than
appears on the surface. I do not think it would be hard to show that
others of whom more is heard drew light from him, as well early as](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/27793004-250521041947-c16251a1/75/Cloud-Native-Java-Designing-Resilient-Systems-With-Spring-Boot-Spring-Cloud-And-Cloud-Foundry-1st-Edition-Long-77-2048.jpg)
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- 7. 2. Consumer-driven ContractTesting 3. Spring Cloud Contracts 4. Continuous Integration 5. Functional Testing 4. Behavior-driven Testing 7. 5. REST APIs 1. Leonard Richardson’s Maturity Model 2. Simple REST APIs with Spring MVC 3. Content Negotiation 1. Reading and Writing Binary Data 2. Using Google Protocol Buffers 4. Error Handling 5. Hypermedia 1. Media Type and Schema 6. API Versioning 7. Documenting REST APIs 8. The Client Side 1. REST Clients for Ad-Hoc Exploration and Interaction 2. The RestTemplate 8. 6. Managing Data 1. Modeling Data 1. RDBMS 2. NoSQL 2. Spring Data 1. Structure of a Spring Data Application 2. Domain Class 3. Repositories 4. Organizing Java Packages for Domain Data 3. Auto-configuration 4. Bootstrapping Datasource Dependencies 1. Datasource Connections 5. JDBC Template 6. Spring Data Examples 7. Spring Data JPA 8. Spring Data MongoDB 9. Spring Data Neo4j 10. Spring Data Redis
- 8. 1. Caching 11. NextSteps 9. 7. Data Integration 1. Distributed Transactions 2. The Saga Pattern 3. Batch workloads with Spring Batch 4. Scheduling 5. Isolating Failures and Graceful Degradation 6. Task Management 7. Process-Centric Integration with Workflow 8. Event Driven Architectures with Spring Integration 1. Messaging Endpoints 2. From Simple Components, Complex Systems 9. Message Brokers, Bridges, the Competing Consumer Pattern and Event-Sourcing 10. Spring Cloud Stream 1. A Stream Producer 2. A Stream Consumer 11. Spring Cloud Data flow 1. Streams 2. Tasks 12. Next Steps 10. 8. Using Spring Boot with Java EE 1. Compatibility and Stability 2. Dependency Injection with JSR 330 (and JSR 250) 3. Building REST APIs with JAX-RS (Jersey) 4. JTA and XA Transaction Management 1. Resource-Local Transactons with Spring’s PlatformTransactionManager 2. Global Transactions with the Java Transaction API (JTA) 5. Deployment in a Java EE Environment 6. Final Word 11. 9. Service Brokers 1. Cloud Foundry 2. Services Marketplace 1. Creating Services 2. Binding Applications
- 9. 3. Cloud FoundryService Brokers 3. Cloud Controller 4. Service Broker API 5. Implementing a Service Broker with Spring Boot 1. Amazon S3 Service Broker 2. The Service Catalog 3. Service Instances 4. Service Bindings 6. Deploying the Service Broker 1. Releasing with BOSH 2. Releasing with Cloud Foundry 3. Consuming Service Instances 4. Extending Spring Boot 12. 10. The Forklifted Application 1. The Contract 2. Migrating Application Environments 1. the Out-of-the-Box Buildpacks 2. Customizing Buildpacks 3. Containerized Applications 3. Soft-Touch Refactoring to get your application into the cloud 1. Talking to Backing Services 2. Achieving Service Parity with Spring 4. Next Steps 13. 11. The Observable System 1. The New Deal 2. Visibility and Transparency 14. 12. Push vs. Pull Observability and Resolution 1. Capturing an Application’s Present Status with Actuator 2. Metrics 3. Identifying Your Service with the /info Endpoint 4. Health Checks 5. Application Logging 6. Distributed Tracing 1. Finding Clues with Spring Cloud Sleuth 2. How Much Data is Enough? 3. OpenZipkin: a Picture is worth a Thousand Traces 4. The OpenTracing Initiative
- 10. 7. Dashboards 1. MonitoringPotentially Risky Service Calls with the Hystrix Dashboard 2. Codecentric’s Spring Boot Admin 3. Ordina Microservices Dashboard 8. Remediation 9. Next Steps 15. 13. The Application Centric Cloud 1. Portable Applications 2. Cattle 3. Containerized Workloads 1. Scheduler 2. Service Discovery 4. The Application Framework 1. Spring Boot 2. Spring Cloud 16. 14. Continuous Delivery 1. Start Here 2. Every Build is a Release Candidate 3. Version Control Everything 17. 15. Edge Services 1. Greetings 2. A Simple Edge Service 3. Netflix Feign 4. Reactive Programming 5. Proxies with Netflix Zuul 1. A Custom Zuul Filter 6. Security on the Edge 1. OAuth 2. Building an OAuth Authorization Server 3. Building an Implicit OAuth Client with Angular.js 4. Building a Social OAuth Authorization Server 18. 16. Routing 1. Locational Decoupling with Service Registration and Discovery 2. The DiscoveryClient Abstraction 3. Cloud Foundry Route Services 4. Next Steps
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- 12. Cloud Native Java FirstEdition Designing Resilient Systems with Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, and Cloud Foundry Josh Long & Kenny Bastani
- 13. Cloud Native Java byJosh Long, Kenny Bastani Copyright © 2016 Josh Long, Kenny Bastani. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Brian Foster Developmental Editor: Nan Barber Month Year: First Edition
- 14. Revision History forthe First Edition 2015-11-15: First Early Release 2015-12-14: Second Early Release 2016-01-21: Third Early Release 2016-03-01: Fourth Early Release 2016-04-20: Fifth Early Release 2016-05-13: Sixth Early Release 2016-05-31: Seventh Early Release 2016-09-23: Eighth Early Release 2016-10-31: Ninth Early Release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449370787 for release details. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Cloud Native Java, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights. 978-1-4493-7464-8 [???]
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- 22. Chapter 1. Bootcamp:Introducing Spring Boot Spring Boot provides a way to create production-ready Spring applications with minimal setup time. The primary goals behind the creation of the Spring Boot project are central to the idea that users should be able to get up and running quickly with Spring. Spring Boot also takes an opinionated view of the Spring platform and third-party libraries. An opinionated view means that Spring Boot lays out a framework of abstractions that are common to all Spring projects. This opinionated view provides the plumbing that all projects need but without getting in the way of the developer. By doing this, Spring Boot makes it simple to swap components when project requirements change. This chapter will introduce you to building Spring Boot applications. The topics we will go over are: The Spring Tool Suite Spring Initializr Starter Projects The Spring Guides Auto-configuration
- 23. Getting Started withthe Spring Tool Suite The Spring Tool Suite (STS) is an Eclipse distribution that is customized for developing Spring applications. STS is a freely available IDE under the terms of the Eclipse Public License. While there are many IDE options available for developing your Spring applications, STS provides a set of features that are tailored for Spring-based development.
- 24. Installing Spring ToolSuite Let’s get started with downloading and installing the Spring Tool Suite, available from http://www.spring.io. Go to https://spring.io/tools/sts Choose Download STS Download, extract, and run STS After you have downloaded, extracted, and have run the STS program, you will be prompted to choose a workspace location. Figure 1-1. Choose your desired workspace location Choose your desired workspace location and click OK. If you plan to use the same workspace location each time you run STS, click on the option "Use this as the default and do not ask again“. After you have provided a workspace location and clicked OK, the STS IDE will load for the first time.
- 25. Figure 1-2. TheSTS dashboard Your first Spring Boot application Let’s now use STS to create our first Spring Boot application. We’re going to create a simple Hello World web service using the Spring Boot starter project for web. To create a new Spring Boot application using a Spring Boot Starter project, choose from the menu File > New > Spring Boot Starter Project.
- 26. Figure 1-3. Createa new Spring Boot Starter Project After choosing to create a new Spring Boot Starter Project, you will be presented with a dialog to configure your new Spring Boot application.
- 27. Figure 1-4. Configureyour new Spring Boot Starter Project You can configure your options, but for the purposes of this simple walkthrough, let’s use the defaults and click Next. After clicking Next, you will be provided with a set of Spring Boot Starter projects that you can choose for your new Spring Boot application. For our first application we’re going to choose the Spring Boot Starter Web project.
- 28. Figure 1-5. Chooseyour Spring Boot Start Project From the list of sections, choose Web to expand its list of options. Now from the Web section, choose the option Web and click Finish. After you click Finish, your Spring Boot application with the Spring Boot Starter Web project dependency will be created. Now that your project has been created and imported into the STS IDE, you will notice that a new project is available in your package explorer area.
- 29. Figure 1-6. Expandthe demo project from the package explorer If you haven’t already, expand the demo [boot] project and view the project
- 30. contents as shownin the screenshot above. From the expanded project files, navigate to src/main/java/com/example/DemoApplication.java. Figure 1-7. Navigate to DemoApplication.java This is your main application class for your new Spring Boot application. STS has configured this project as a Spring Boot starter project with the spring-boot-starter-web dependency. If you navigate to your pom.xml file in your Package Explorer you will find that the following dependencies have been added. <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> The starter project for Web
- 31. A starter projectfor unit testing Now that we understand the makeup of our Spring Boot application, let’s create our first RESTful service by modifying DemoApplication.java. In DemoApplication.java, modify the contents so that it looks like the following example. package com.example; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; @SpringBootApplication public class DemoApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args); } @RestController public static class Hello { @RequestMapping(value = "/hello") public String hello( @RequestParam(value = "name", defaultValue = "World") return "Hello, " + name; } } } Annotates a class as a Spring Boot application This starts the Spring Boot application
- 32. Annotates a classas a REST controller This maps a URL route to a controller method This method has a query string parameter with a default value Now that we have our code for a basic RESTful web service, let’s go ahead and run the application. Run the application from the Run > Run menu. Figure 1-8. Run the Spring Boot application After choosing the Run option from the menu, you’ll be presented with a Save and Launch dialog. Choose the DemoApplication.java option and click OK.
- 33. Figure 1-9. ChooseDemoApplication.java and launch the application Your Spring Boot application will now start up. If you look at your STS console, you should see the iconic Spring Boot ASCII art and the version of Spring Boot as it starts up. The log output of the Spring Boot application can
- 34. be seen here.You’ll see that an embedded Tomcat server is being started up and launched on the default port of 8080. You can access your Spring Boot web service from http://localhost:8080. Figure 1-10. See the Spring Boot log output in the STS console Now let’s issue a curl request to our new web service from the command line. Tip If you do not have curl installed, you can install it from http://curl.haxx.se/download.html. We will be using curl extensively throughout the book to test our Spring Boot web applications. From a command line interface, issue the following curl request: curl -X GET -i http://localhost:8080/hello You will see the following output.
- 35. HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server:Apache-Coyote/1.1 Content-Type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 12 Date: Fri, 30 Oct 2015 09:29:40 GMT Hello, World Now try appending a query string for name at the end of your request URL. curl -X GET -i http://localhost:8080/hello?name=Kenny HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1 Content-Type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 12 Date: Fri, 30 Oct 2015 09:32:20 GMT Hello, Kenny Congratulations! You’ve just created your first Spring Boot application as a RESTful service.
- 36. Spring Boot Starters SpringBoot uses Starter Projects to help developers compose the ingredients that are needed for their applications. If we were to create a Spring application from scratch, we would need to worry about including a reference to each of the project dependencies for each of the features we need from the Spring ecosystem of libraries. Further, we’d have to define compatible versions for each of these dependencies, which can often cause problems due to transitive dependencies having a versioning conflict. Spring Boot provides an easy way to declaratively choose a set of specific starters that we need for our applications. Let’s take a look at what a Spring Boot application’s pom.xml file might look like for a Maven project that needs to use the following Spring projects. Spring Data JPA Spring MVC Here we would like to create a Spring Boot application that uses Spring Data’s repository-based data management capabilities for a relational database. We’ll also need to create a REST controller interface to expose an API for managing data over HTTP. We’ll create a pom.xml that looks like Example 1-1. Example 1-1. A example Maven project’s pom.xml for a Spring Boot application <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" ...> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <!-- Project Metadata --> <groupId>com.example</groupId> <artifactId>demo</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
- 37. <packaging>jar</packaging> <!-- Spring BootStarter Parent BOM --> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>1.3.2.RELEASE</version> <relativePath/> </parent> ... <!-- Spring Boot Starter Dependencies --> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies> </project> The Spring Boot release version for all referenced starters The starter that includes Spring Data JPA The starter that includes Spring MVC We can see in Example 1-1 that we have our basic pom.xml that includes the starters we need for Spring Data JPA and Spring MVC. Notice that we do not need to provide a version for each of these dependencies. Because we are referencing a parent release for Spring Boot starters, one that has a specified version, all transitive dependencies for the Spring Boot starters we need will be automatically described in the spring-boot-starter-parent.
- 38. Getting Started withthe Spring Initializr Spring Initializr is an open source project and tool in the Spring ecosystem that helps you create ready-to-go project templates as Spring Boot applications. Spring Boot is an opinionated framework that reduces the resistance of on-boarding new applications by giving developers an easy way to compose the various modules provided by the Spring Framework project and other ecosystem projects, such as Spring Data, Spring Security, Spring Cloud, and others. When building microservices, it is essential that the friction of on-boarding new applications is reduced to a minimum. If I am a lead developer who has been tasked with the creation of a new microservice, either by decomposing functionality from an existing monolith, or as a green field project, the amount of time spent to support the new application as a part of the existing architecture can be quite costly if a process is not in place to minimize it. Let’s assume that we are a developer tasked with creating a new microservice in an online banking application that will be decomposed from an existing service. In Figure 1-11 we can see what our current architecture looks like for the application. There are a few components here that we should go over. Each hexagon is a Spring Boot application that already exists as a part of our online banking application. We see that we have an Online Banking Web application to the left, in blue. This application will be the user interface for our online banking application and depends on a data service, which is called the Customer Service.
- 39. Figure 1-11. SpringBoot services for online banking We also see in Figure 1-11 that we have two other Spring Boot applications, the Configuration Server and the Discovery Service. These two services were recently added by the platform team in a push to start building cloud native applications. The platform services will help our new microservice communicate with other services and vice versa. We also will be able to source the configurations for the new microservice in the environment that it is deployed to. This means that we will not store configurations for different environments in the source code of the new service, they will instead be sourced from the environment. The last component of the diagram is a MySQL database, named the Customer DB. We can see that the Customer Service has a dependency on the Customer DB and is using a JDBC connection. We also see that there are a set of tables that have been added to the Customer DB. We see in the list of tables we have: Account, Customer, and User. Over time, the Customer Service has served as the full backend for our application. The development teams working on these different features are starting to collide and there is increased coordination that is delaying the frequency of releases. We can consider the Customer Service to be a monolithic application which needs to be split into separate services to help improve the release velocity for developers.
- 40. Figure 1-12. Decomposingthe User table into a new microservice In Figure 1-12 we can see the updated architecture, which illustrates a new service, called the User Service, which has decomposed a part of the Customer Service into a separate application. When choosing which functionality to decompose into a new microservice, it’s often a process of concerted analysis in order to make the right decision. We see here that the User table was migrated to a new User DB and out of the Customer DB. We can assume that features requiring changes to functionality that depend on the User table make it a good candidate to move into a new microservice. Now let’s go through the motions of using Spring Initializr to create a new project template for our new User Service from Figure 1-12.
- 41. Generating Spring Bootapplications Let’s take a deeper look at what dependencies from the Spring Boot starter projects we’ll need to create the User Service from Figure 1-12. Table 1-1. Spring Boot Starters for the User Service Spring Project Starter Projects Spring Data JPA JPA Spring Data REST REST Repositories Spring Security Security Spring Cloud Netflix Eureka Discovery, Config Client Spring Framework (MVC) Web H2 Embedded SQL DB H2 MySQL JDBC Driver MySQL In Table 1-1 we can see the starter projects that we will need for our new User Service application. We’ll use Spring Initializr to generate this project. The Spring team has an instance of the Spring Initializr hosted on Pivotal Web Services, and the website can be found at http://start.spring.io.
- 42. Figure 1-13. TheSpring Initializr website In Figure 1-13 we can see the web interface of Spring Initializr. We can use this website to generate a working Spring Boot application configured with the starter projects that we would like to select. There are a wide variety of starter projects for Spring Boot, but we can use the Dependencies section to search for the starters we need from Table 1-1. In the text box, we’ll type each of the starter project names and add them to the list of our dependencies, as shown in Figure 1-14.
- 43. Figure 1-14. Selectingstarter dependencies We’ll also be sure to select the type of project we would like, which can be either Maven or Gradle. We’ll choose Maven for this application. Also, we’ll need to choose the version of Spring Boot we would like to target, in this case we’ll choose Spring Boot 1.3.2 release. Finally, we’ll rename the artifact from demo to user-service. Now we are ready to generate the project. We can go ahead and click the Generate Project button and our project will be downloaded as a compressed file named user-service.zip. After downloading the project, uncompress and extract the contents to a location on your machine. Now let’s take a look at the project structure of the Spring Boot application that was generated. Example 1-2. Contents of the generated Spring Boot application
- 44. . ├── mvnw ├── mvnw.cmd ├──pom.xml └── src ├── main │ ├── java │ │ └── com │ │ └── example │ │ └── UserServiceApplication.java │ └── resources │ ├── application.properties │ ├── static │ └── templates └── test └── java └── com └── example └── UserServiceApplicationTests.java In Example 1-2 we can see the directory structure of our generated User Service application. The Spring Initializr will provide a wrapper, either Maven or Gradle, as a part of the contents of the generated project. You can use this wrapper to build and run the project. For Maven, we can start up the application using the Maven wrapped command ./mvnw <command> from the command line. The following command will run a clean installation of the Maven project, downloading and caching the dependencies from the pom.xml in the process. $ ./mvnw clean install To run the Spring Boot application from the command line, we can use the provided Spring Boot Maven plugin, which is referenced in the pom.xml. To use this plugin, we can run the following command. $ ./mvnw spring-boot:run After running the command, the Spring Boot application will start up and can be accessed as a web application from http://localhost:8080. Now let’s take a look at the pom.xml to see how our application dependencies have been automatically configured using Spring Initializr.
- 45. Example 1-3. Thepom.xml dependencies of the User Service <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-config</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-rest</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <!-- We can target an embedded H2 SQL DB for tests --> <dependency> <groupId>com.h2database</groupId> <artifactId>h2</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies>
- 46. In Example 1-3we can see each of the dependencies that were added as Spring Boot starter projects by the Spring Initializr. Each of these starter projects will help us go forward to customize the application as we refactor the functionality related to user management of the Customer Service into our new User Service. If we take a closer look at these dependencies, we can see that there are two database libraries which are not starter projects: h2 and mysql-connector- java. Later in the book, in Chapter 6, we’ll explore how to use two different data sources to run our unit tests against an embedded SQL database, while still using an external MySQL JDBC connection when running the application from a different profile. Now that we’ve explored how to generate Spring Boot applications using starter projects with Spring Initializr, let’s explore a useful resource from Spring that will help us understand how to assemble functionality from the starter projects in our application. For this we can use a set of sample projects and tutorials that are a part of the Spring Guides project.
- 47. The Spring Guides Whengetting started with Spring Boot and the many projects in the Spring ecosystem, it can be very useful to see working samples and tutorials to help you understand best practices and how to put the tools to use for your own use cases. For this purpose, the Spring community has a comprehensive set of contributed guides. The Spring Guides are a collection of sample applications that are focused on demonstrating a specific feature of a Spring project. These guides are mostly contributed from the engineers on the Spring team, but are also contributed by active members of the open source community who are focused on Spring. Each Spring guide takes the same approach to providing a comprehensive yet consumable guide that you should be able to get through within 15-30 minutes. These guides are one of the most useful resources when getting started with Spring Boot. To get started with the Spring Guides, head over to https://spring.io/guides.
- 48. Figure 1-15. TheSpring Guides website As we can see from Figure 1-15, the Spring Guides website provides a collection of maintained examples that target a specific use case. Let’s explore guides related to Spring Boot.
- 49. Figure 1-16. Exploringthe Spring Guides In Figure 1-16 I’ve entered the search term spring boot, which will narrow down the list of guides to those that focus on Spring Boot. As a part of each Spring Guide, we’ll find the following familiar features. Getting started Table of contents What you’ll build What you’ll need How to complete this guide Walkthrough Summary Get the code
- 50. Link to GitHubrepository Let’s now choose one of the basic Spring Boot guides: Building an Application with Spring Boot.
- 51. Figure 1-17. Buildingan Application with Spring Boot guide In Figure 1-17 we see the basic anatomy of a Spring Guide. Each guide is structured in a familiar way to help you move through the content as effectively as possible. At the top of each guide, we’ll see a brief introduction of the problem that the guide solves. You’ll also be presented with a set of requirements for the guide, such as the length of the guide, the tools used. To the right of the page, you’ll find a section to download the sample as a compressed ZIP file. Similar to the Spring Initializr, you’ll be provided with a working Spring Boot application that is the subject of the guide. You’ll also find a table of contents, just under the download section, which will help you navigate the contents of the guide. Tip Throughout this book you’ll find situations or scenarios that you may need an expanded companion guide to help you get a better understanding of the
- 52. content. It’s recommendedin this case that you take a look at the Spring Guides and find a guide that best suits your needs.
- 53. Auto-Configuration When using SpringBoot you’ll often find that dependencies that you’ve added from the list of starter projects are automatically configured as Spring beans. Spring Boot uses a technique called Auto-Configuration to bootstrap dependencies using default configuration properties. When adding a dependency to the classpath of a Spring application, the dependency may use auto-configuration by default, and will be initialized using default properties if you have not chosen to configure it manually. Earlier in this chapter we generated a User Service from Spring Initializr. In the generated project we chose two database libraries, which were added to the classpath of the application. Example 1-4. Dependency section of a pom.xml with two database libraries <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.h2database</groupId> <artifactId>h2</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency> The snippet from Example 1-4 describes a Maven pom.xml that contains dependency references for the Spring Data JPA starter project as well as two database libraries: h2 and mysql-connector-java. We have not specified a specific configuration for a DataSource, so Spring Boot will auto-configure a javax.sql.DataSource based on the embedded H2 database. It does this because spring-boot-starter-data-jpa includes a transitive dependency
- 54. for spring-jdbc whichin turn activates certain conditions in Spring Boot’s org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceAutoConfiguration This auto-configuration contains nested auto-configuration, JdbcTemplateConfiguration. Example 1-5. JdbcTemplateConfiguration class @Configuration @Conditional(DataSourceAutoConfiguration.DataSourceAvailableCondition protected static class JdbcTemplateConfiguration { @Autowired(required = false) private DataSource dataSource; @Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean(JdbcOperations.class) public JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate() { return new JdbcTemplate(this.dataSource); } @Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean(NamedParameterJdbcOperations.class public NamedParameterJdbcTemplate namedParameterJdbcTemplate return new NamedParameterJdbcTemplate(this.dataSource } } The @Conditional annotation scans for a DataSourceAvailableCondition class The @ConditionalOnMissingBean annotation initializes the JdbcTemplate bean if absent In Example 1-5 we see the contents of the JdbcTemplateConfiguration class, which will be used to automatically configure JdbcTemplate using the configured DataSource bean. As a part of the parent DataSourceAutoConfiguration class, the DataSource bean is configured in much the same way. Depending on whether or not a dependency on the
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- 56. to torture andthe rack. From the high social position of his family, the fame of his literary accomplishments, his admirable and saintly bearing as a missionary priest in England, for six long years carrying his life in his hand while ministering to a scattered flock, obliged to move from place to place in disguise as though he were a malefactor, and finally, from the wonderful fortitude and constancy with which he was said to have suffered torture, his case was very generally known in London, and deeply commiserated even by many Protestants. So deep and widespread, indeed, was this sympathy that, when it was determined by the officers of the crown to try and condemn him on one and the same day, and execute him the next morning, they withheld from the public all announcement of his execution, meanwhile giving notice of the hanging of a famous highwayman in another place in order to draw off the concourse of spectators. But it availed not, for there were many who kept so close a watch upon the movements at Newgate, to which prison he had been removed a few days before his trial, that, when Southwell was brought out to be drawn on a sled or hurdle to the place of execution at Tyburn, he was followed by great numbers of people, and among them many persons of distinction, who witnessed the carrying out of his dreadful sentence, which was that he should be “hung, bowelled, and quartered.” That our readers may understand that our qualification of Southwell’s execution as a judicial murder is not the result of mere personal sympathy or of religious prejudice, we will here record the judgment of several Protestant authorities, who speak out concerning it in a manner not to be misunderstood. In the valuable Cyclopædia of English Literature, by Chambers, we read concerning Southwell that, after having ministered secretly but zealously to the scattered adherents of his creed, “without, as far as is known, doing anything to disturb the peace of society, he was apprehended and committed to a dungeon in the Tower, so noisome and filthy that, when he was brought out for examination, his clothes were covered with vermin. Upon this his father, a man of good family, presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth, begging that, if his son had committed
- 57. anything for which,by the laws, he had deserved death, he might suffer death; if not, as he was a gentleman, he begged her majesty would be pleased to order him to be treated as a gentleman. Southwell after this was somewhat better lodged, but an imprisonment of three years, with ten inflictions of the rack, wore out his patience, and he entreated to be brought to trial. Cecil is said to have made the brutal remark that, ‘if he was in so much haste to be hanged, he should quickly have his desire.’ Being at the trial found guilty, upon his own confession, of being a Romish priest, he was condemned to death, and executed at Tyburn accordingly, with all the horrible circumstances dictated by the old treason laws of England. Throughout all these scenes he behaved with a mild fortitude which nothing but a highly regulated mind and satisfied conscience could have prompted.” Cleveland (Compendium of English Literature, p. 88), after stating the circumstances of Southwell’s imprisonment, trial, and execution, remarks: “The whole proceeding should cover the authors of it with everlasting infamy. It is a foul stain upon the garments of the maiden queen that she can never wipe off. There was not a particle of evidence at his trial that this pious and accomplished poet meditated any evil designs against the government. He did what he had a perfect right to do; ay, what it was his duty to do, if he conscientiously thought he was right—endeavor to make converts to his faith, so far as he could without interfering with the right of others. If there be anything to be execrated, it is persecution for opinion’s sake.” Allibone, in his Dictionary of English Literature, says that Southwell, “to the disgrace of the English government, suffered as a martyr at Tyburn, February 21, 1595, after three years’ imprisonment in the Tower, during which it is asserted he was ten times subjected to the torture. He was a good poet, a good prose writer, and a better Christian than his brutal persecutors.” Old Fuller, in his Worthies of England, as might be expected, views Southwell with a stern English Protestant eye, and thus dismisses him: “Robert Southwell was born in this county (Norfolk),
- 58. as Pitsons affirmeth,who, although often mistaken in his locality, may be believed herein, as professing himself familiarly acquainted with him at Rome. But the matter is not much where he was born, seeing, though cried up by men of his own profession for his many books in verse and prose, he was reputed a dangerous enemy by the state, for which he was imprisoned and executed March the 3d, 1595” (vol. iii. p. 187). Robert Southwell was the third son of Richard Southwell, Esq., of Horsham, St. Faith’s, Norfolk. The curious in genealogy, while investigating family lines associated with the Southwell pedigree, have found connected with it, in degrees more or less near, the names of Paston, Sidney, Howard, Newton, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Of his early years there is but slight record, save that, when still very young, he was sent to Douai to be educated. From Douai he passed to Paris and thence to Rome, where, in 1578, before he had yet reached the age of seventeen, he was received into the order of the Society of Jesus. On completion of his novitiate and termination of the courses of philosophy and theology, he was made prefect of studies of the English College at Rome. Ordained priest in 1584, and, as appears from his letter addressed, February 20, 1585, to the general of the order, seeking the “perilous” errand wherein his future martyrdom seems rather to have been anticipated than merely referred to as a simple possibility,[19] he left Rome on the 8th of May, 1586, a missionary to his native land, or, in other words, took up his line of march for the scaffold and for heaven. We have, naturally enough, but scant record of the young priest’s journey to and arrival in England; for, as the mere landing in England by a Catholic priest was then a penal offence punishable with death, Southwell’s return to his native country was surrounded as much as possible by secrecy. Although yearning to visit his home and embrace his family, he carefully abstained from going near them—of doing that which, in his quaint phrase of the day, “maketh my presence perilous.” But he was aware that his father was in danger of losing, if he had not already lost, his faith; and these fears were almost confirmed by the facts that he had formed a marriage with a
- 59. lady of thecourt, and that his wealth gave him entrance to court circles which were necessarily violently Protestant. Deeply solicitous for his father’s spiritual condition, he therefore addressed him a letter of admonition and advice, not less remarkable for its tone of affection than for its energy and eloquence. We cite it in another place. HUNTED DOWN. At a time when, as Mr. Grosart says, “it was a crime to be a Catholic: it was proof of high treason to be a priest: it was to invite ‘hunting’ as of a wild beast to be a Jesuit,” we cannot reasonably look for many recorded traces of Father Southwell’s presence and journeyings to and fro while in England. He could only move in disguise or under the darkness of night; he was liable to be thrown into prison anywhere on the merest suspicion of any irresponsible accuser. The few Catholics who were ready to give him shelter and hospitality did so with the halter around their necks; for confiscation and death were the penalty, as they well knew, for “harboring” a priest. It is nevertheless certain that his refuge in London was the mansion of the Countess of Arundel, whose husband, Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, was imprisoned in the Tower, and died there, the noblest victim to the jealous and suspicious tyranny of Elizabeth, non sine veneni suspicione, as his epitaph still testifies. Hundreds of Southwell’s letters to his superiors still exist, but they are all from necessity written in such general terms and in so guarded a manner as to afford but little historical information. Here is one of them, as given by Bishop Challoner in his Memoirs of Missionary Priests: 1. “As yet we are alive and well, being unworthy, it seems, of prisons. We have oftener sent, than received, letters from your parts, tho’ they are not sent without difficulty; and some, we know, have been lost.” 2. “The condition of Catholic recusants here is the same as usual, deplorable and full of fears and dangers, more especially since our
- 60. adversaries have look’dfor wars. As many of ours as are in chains rejoice and are comforted in their prisons; and they that are at liberty set not their heart upon it, nor expect it to be of long continuance. All by the great goodness and mercy of God arm themselves to suffer anything that can come, how hard soever it may be, as it shall please our Lord; for whose greater glory, and the salvation of their souls, they are more concerned than for any temporal losses.” 3. “A little while ago, they apprehended two priests, who have suffered such cruel usages in the prison of Bridewell as can scarce be believed. What was given them to eat was so little in quantity, and, withal, so filthy and nauseous, that the very sight was enough to turn their stomachs. The labors to which they obliged them were continual and immoderate, and no less in sickness than in health; for, with hard blows and stripes, they forced them to accomplish their task how weak soever they were. Their beds were dirty straw, and their prison most filthy. Some are there hung up for whole days by the hands, in such a manner that they can but just touch the ground with the tips of their toes. This purgatory we are looking for every hour, in which Topcliffe and Young, the two executioners of the Catholics, exercise all kinds of torments. But come what pleaseth God, we hope we shall be able to bear all in him that strengthens us. I most humbly recommend myself to the holy sacrifices of your reverence and of all our friends. (January 15, 1590.)” PURSUIT AND ESCAPE. In a work[20] published so lately as 1871, we catch a few fugitive glances of Father Robert Southwell. Father Gerard spoke of him at the time (1585) as “excelling in the art of helping and gaining souls, being at once prudent, pious, meek, and exceedingly winning.” A descent was made by the pursuivants upon a house in the country, where the two fathers happened to be together, and but for the devotion of the domestics the two missionaries would have been captured. They escaped, however, and journeyed away together. The
- 61. peculiar danger theywere then subjected to was that arising from intercourse with the gentry. Father Gerard tells of a gentleman who violently suspected him, and adds: “After a day or so he quite abandoned all mistrust, as I spoke of hunting and falconry with all the details that none but a practised person could command.” He concludes: “For many make sad blunders in attempting this, as Father Southwell, who was afterwards my companion in many journeys, was wont to complain. He frequently got me to instruct him in the technical terms of sport, and used to complain of his bad memory for such things; for on many occasions when he fell in with Protestant gentlemen he found it necessary to speak of these matters, which are the sole topics of their conversations, save when they talk obscenity or break out into blasphemies and abuse of the saints or the Catholic faith.” With danger of possible arrest at every house and on every road, followed by swift and barbarous execution, Father Southwell for six long years carried his life in his hand. PROTESTANT OPINION. “Granted,” says his Protestant biographer (Grosart, xlix.), “that in our Southwell’s years 1588 is included, and that the shadow of the coming of the Armada lay across England from the very moment of his arrival; granted that, in the teeth of their instructions, there were priests and members of the Society of Jesus who deemed they did God service by ‘plotting’ for the restoration of the old ‘faith and worship’ after a worldly sort; granted that politically and civilly the nation was, in a sense, in the throes of since-achieved liberties; granted that Mary, all too sadly, even tremendously, earned her epithet of ‘Bloody’; granted that the very mysticism, not to say mystery, of the ‘higher’ sovereignty claimed for him who wore the tiara, acted as darkness does with sounds the most innocent; granted nearly all that Protestantism claims in its apology as defence —it must be regarded as a stigma on the statesmanship and a stain on the Christianity of the reformed Church of England, as well as a
- 62. sorrow to allright-minded and right-hearted, that the ‘convictions’ of those who could not in conscience ‘change’ at the bidding of Henry VIII., Elizabeth, or James were not respected; that ‘opinion,’ or, if you will, ‘error,’ was put down (or attempted to be put down) by force, and that the headsman’s axe and hangman’s rope were the only instrumentalities thought of. The State Trials remain to bring a blush to every lover of his country for the brutal and ‘hard’ mockery of justice in the higher courts of law whenever a priest was concerned—as later with the Puritans and Nonconformists.” FALSE BRETHREN AND THE MAN-HUNTER. With malignant pursuit that never slackened, and that old peril of S. Paul, “false brethren,” Southwell’s arrest was, of course, a mere question of time. His day came at last, after six years of labor and danger in the field. The circumstances are as follows, from Turnbull, verified by other authorities. There was resident at Uxenden, near Harrow on the Hill, in Middlesex, a Catholic family by the name of Bellamy, occasionally visited by Southwell for the purpose of religious instruction. One of the daughters, Ann, had in her early youth exhibited marks of the most vivid and unshakable piety; but having been committed to the gatehouse of Westminster, her faith gradually departed, and along with it her virtue: for, having formed an intrigue with the keeper of the prison, she subsequently married him, and by this step forfeited all claim which she had by law or favor upon her father. In order, therefore, to obtain some fortune, she resolved to take advantage of the act of 27 Elizabeth, which made the harboring of a priest treason, with confiscation of the offender’s goods. Accordingly she sent a messenger to Southwell, urging him to meet her on a certain day and hour at her father’s house; whither he, either in ignorance of what had happened, or under the impression that she sought his spiritual assistance through motives of penitence, went at the appointed time. In the meanwhile, having apprised her husband of this, as also the place of concealment in her father’s house and the mode of access, he
- 63. conveyed the informationto Topcliffe, an implacable persecutor and denouncer of the Catholics, who, with a band of his satellites, surrounded the premises, broke open the house, arrested his reverence, and carried him off in open day, exposed to the gaze of the populace. Topcliffe carried Southwell to his own (Topcliffe’s) dwelling, and there, in the course of ten weeks, tortured him with such pitiless severity that the unhappy victim, complaining of it to his judges, declared that death would have been preferable. A letter, qualified by Grosart as “fawning, cruel, and abominable,” written by this human bloodhound, Topcliffe, and addressed to no less a personage than Queen Elizabeth, reports the capture and torture of Southwell, and states, with details, how he proposes further to torture him. The letter is dated Westminster, June 22, 1592, and advises the queen: “I have him here within my strong chamber in Westminster churchyard (i.e. the gatehouse). I have made him assured for starting or hurting of himself by putting upon his arms a pair of;[21] and so to keep him either from view or conference with any but Nicolas, the underkeeper of the gatehouse.... Upon this present taking of him it is good forthwith to enforce him to answer truly and directly; and so to prove his answers true in haste, to the end that such as he be deeply concerned in his treachery may not have time to start, or make shift to use any means in common prisons; either to stand upon or against the wall will give warning. But if your highness’ pleasure be to know anything in his heart, to stand against the wall, his feet standing upon the ground, and his hands put as high as he can reach against the wall (like a trick at Tremshemarn), will enforce him to tell all; and the truth proven by the sequel....[22] It may please your majesty to consider, I never did take so weighty a man, if he be rightly considered.”[23] The reader will here readily recognize a partial description of one of the modes of torture then most common in use throughout the reign of Elizabeth. It seems that it was “her highness’ pleasure” to know something that was in this poor martyr’s heart, for Southwell was afterwards again repeatedly tortured. The intimate personal
- 64. relations existing betweenthe virgin queen and this man Topcliffe, whose very name was a stench in the nostrils of Protestants of respectable behavior, were maintained long after the Southwell capture, as we learn from the best authority. The cruelty of Elizabeth was only surpassed by her mendacity, as her mendacity was only exceeded by her mean parsimony, and when she travelled or made progress from one country to another it was always at the expense of her good and loyal subjects. Eventually the announcement of a visit from their good queen, received outwardly with such declarations as might naturally follow the promise of the call of a special envoy from heaven, was in reality looked upon as the coming of a terrible calamity. It was at that time considered at the English court—where, as we all know, all the civil and religious virtues had taken refuge—an excellent jest to so direct the course of the queen’s progress as to make her visits fall at the residences of well-known Catholic gentlemen. It is only necessary to say that the anniversary of all such events yet lives in the traditions of the descendants of such families as that of a day of horror. The royal retinue treated the house like a captured place, and it was well for the proprietor if confiscation or death, or both, were not the sole reward of his generous hospitality. Mr. Topcliffe gives us valuable information on this point. On the 30th of August, 1578, he writes to the Earl of Shrewsbury: “The next good news (not in account the highest), her majesty hath served God with great zeal and comfortable examples; for by her council the two notorious papists, young Rookwood (the master of Ewston Hall, where her majesty did lie upon Sunday now a fortnight), and one Downs, a gentleman, were both committed, the one to the town prison at Norwich, the other to the county prison there, for obstinate papistry; and seven more gentlemen of worship were committed to several houses in Norwich as prisoners; two of the Lovells, another Downs, one Benings, one Parry, and two others.... Her majesty, by some means I know not, was lodged at his (Rookwood’s) house, Ewston, far unmeet for her highness, but fitter for the blackguard; nevertheless her excellent majesty gave to Rookwood ordinary
- 65. thanks for hisbad house, and her fair hand to kiss; after which it was braved at. But my lord chamberlain, nobly and gravely understanding that Rookwood was excommunicated for papistry, called him before him, demanded of him how he durst presume to attempt her real presence, he, unfit to accompany any Christian person; forthwith said he was fitter for a pair of stocks; commanded him out of the court, and yet to attend her council’s pleasure; and at Norwich he was committed,”[24] etc. etc. In the beginning of the letter Topcliffe “joys at her majesty’s gracious favor and affiance in your lordship—next some comfort I received of her for myself that must ever lie nearest my own heart.” Tender Topcliffe! But we must have “no scandal about Queen Elizabeth,” and our most delicate susceptibilities for the fair fame of the royal virgin may be quieted by the certainty that the comfort nearest the human bloodhound’s “own heart” was something substantial—a country house, an estate, or the like. Lodge says that this Topcliffe was respectably connected, but that he could only find that he was distinguished as a most implacable persecutor of Roman Catholics. In a letter of Sir Anthony Standen, in which he praises the agreeable manners of the Earl of Essex, he writes: “Contrary to our Topcliffian customs, he hath won more with words than others could do with racks.” From another letter of the period it appears that Topcliffzare in the quaint language of the court signified to hunt a recusant. But to return to Southwell. Transferred to a dungeon in the Tower, “so noisome and filthy that, when he was brought out at the end of the month, his clothes were covered with vermin,” his father wrote to her majesty Queen Elizabeth the letter we have already mentioned. This petition was to some extent regarded. A better lodging was allowed him, and leave accorded his father to supply him with “cloaths and other necessaries”; and amongst the rest, with books which he asked for, which were only the Holy Bible and the works of S. Bernard. “The selection of books,” says Mr. Grosart, “the book of books, and the father of the fathers, for a poet is very noteworthy; and through all his weary imprisonment ‘spiritual
- 66. things,’ not civilor earthly, were his theme when he discoursed to his sister Mary (Mrs. Bannister) or others permitted occasionally to visit him.” TRIAL AND EXECUTION. We adopt mainly the relation of Southwell’s trial and execution as it is given by Bishop Challoner, supported by a Latin MS. preserved in the archives of the English College of S. Omer’s: “After Father Southwell had been kept close prisoner for three years in the Tower, he sent an epistle to Cecil, Lord Treasurer, humbly entreating his lordship that he might either be brought upon his trial to answer for himself, or at least that his friends might have leave to come and see him. The treasurer answered that, if he was in so much haste to be hanged, he should quickly have his desire. Shortly after this orders were given that he should be removed from the Tower to Newgate, where he was put down into the dungeon called Limbo, and there kept for three days. “On the 22d of February, without any previous warning to prepare for his trial, he was taken out of his dark lodging and hurried to Westminster, to hold up his hand there at the bar. The first news of this step towards his martyrdom filled his heart with a joy which he could not conceal. The judges before whom he was to appear were Lord Chief-Justice Popham, Justice Owen, Baron Evans, and Sergeant Daniel. As soon as Father Southwell was brought in, the lord chief-justice made a long and vehement speech against the Jesuits and seminary priests, as the authors and contrivers of all the plots and treasons which, he pretended, had been hatched during that reign. Then was read the bill of indictment against Father Southwell, drawn up by Cook, the queen’s solicitor.” THEIR FAITH WAS THEIR GUILT. It would be well to remark here that Protestants nowadays frequently contend that the missionary priests judicially murdered
- 67. during the reignof Elizabeth were not executed on account of their religion, but because they were stirrers up of sedition and traitors, and were in every case so proven to be upon their respective trials. The good people who set up such pretext are sadly in ignorance of the history of that dark period. So far from asserting the slightest pretence of guilt on the part of such acts accused of as commonly constitute sedition and high treason, the statute of Elizabeth under which they were sent to the gallows only made it necessary to show that they were Englishmen and Catholic priests, and were arrested in England. The statute, in fact, enacted substantially that, “if any Jesuit, seminary priest, or deacon, or religious or ecclesiastical person whatever, born within the realm, shall come into, be, or remain in any part of this realm, every such offence shall be taken and adjudged to be high treason.” The indictment against Southwell was “drawn up by Cook, the queen’s solicitor,” says the S. Omer MS. Now, “Cook, the queen’s solicitor” here referred to was no less a personage than the great Coke. Here is the indictment presented by him in Southwell’s case, from which it will be seen that the prisoner was charged only with the crimes of, first, being a priest of English birth; second, of having remained in the county of Middlesex: “The jury present, on the part of our sovereign lady the queen, that Robert Southwell, late of London, clerk, born within this kingdom of England; to wit, since the feast of S. John the Baptist, in the first year of the reign of her majesty, and before the first day of May, in the thirty- second year of the reign of our lady the queen aforesaid, made and ordained priest by authority derived and pretended from the See of Rome; not having the fear of God before his eyes, and slighting the laws and statutes of this realm of England, without any regard to the penalty therein contained, on the 20th day of June, the thirty-fourth year of the reign of our lady the queen, at Uxenden, in the county of Middlesex, traitorously, and as a false traitor to our lady the queen, was and remained, contrary to the form of the statute in such case set forth and provided, and contrary to the peace of our said lady the queen, her crown, and dignities.” The grand jury having found the bill, Father Southwell was ordered to come up to the bar. He readily obeyed, and, bowing
- 68. down his head,made a low reverence to his judges; then modestly held up his hand according to custom, and, being asked whether he was guilty or not guilty, he answered, “I confess that I was born in England, a subject to the queen’s majesty, and that, by authority derived from God, I have been promoted to the sacred order of priesthood in the Roman Church, for which I return most hearty thanks to his divine Majesty. I confess, also, that I was at Uxenden, in Middlesex, at that time, when, being sent for thither by trick and deceit, I fell into your hands, as is well known; but that I never entertained any designs or plots against the queen or kingdom, I call God to witness, the revenger of perjury; neither had I any other design in returning home to my native country than to administer the sacraments according to the rite of the Catholic Church to such as desired them.” Here the judge interrupted him, and told him that he was to let all that alone, and plead directly guilty or not guilty. Upon which he said, he was not guilty of any treason whatsoever. And being asked by what he would be tried, he said, “By God and by you.” The judge told him he was to answer, “By God and his country,” which, at first, he refused, alleging that the laws of his country were disagreeable to the law of God, and that he was unwilling these poor harmless men of the jury, whom they obliged to represent the country, should have any share in their guilt, or any hand in his death. “But,” said he, “if through your iniquity it must be so, and I cannot help it, be it as you will; I am ready to be judged by God and my country.” When the twelve were to be sworn, he challenged none of them, saying that they were all equally strangers to him, and therefore charity did not allow him to except against any one of them more than another. After Coke had presented the case to the jury, they went aside to consult about the verdict, and in a short time brought him in guilty. He was asked if he had anything more to say for himself why sentence should not be pronounced against him? He said: “Nothing; but from my heart I beg of Almighty God to forgive all who have been any ways accessory to my death.” The judge having pronounced sentence according to the usual form, Father Southwell
- 69. made a verylow bow, returning him most hearty thanks as for an unspeakable favor. The judge offered him the help of a minister to prepare him to die. Father Southwell desired he would not trouble him upon that head; that the grace of God would be more than sufficient for him. And so, being sent back to Newgate through the streets, lined with people, he discovered, all the way, the overflowing joy of his heart in his eyes, in his whole countenance, and in every gesture and motion of his body. He was again put down into limbo, at his return to Newgate, where he spent the following night, the last of his life, in prayer, full of the thoughts of the journey he was to take the next day, through the gate of martyrdom, into a happy eternity; to enjoy for ever the sovereign object of his love. We have seen by what device and with what ill success the officials directing the execution sought, on the next morning, to draw away the crowd from Tyburn where Father Southwell was to be “hung, bowelled, and quartered.” EXECUTIONS UNDER ELIZABETH. The modern reader generally, and very naturally, supposes that this sentence, horrible as it is in its simplest form, would be carried out as stated, that is to say, that, when the condemned man was hung until dead, his body was then butchered as described. This probably was the intention of the law, and the latter two of the three incidents of the executions were intended more as indignities to the remains of a criminal supposed to be guilty of the greatest of human crimes than as any part of the means of procuring death. But under the reign of Elizabeth the cruelty and bestiality of the mode in which the horrible sentence was carried out had reached its height. As a general thing, the victim was butchered alive. According to the whim or the bloodthirstiness of the executioner, the condemned man was allowed to hang a short time, or he was scarcely swung off before he was cut down and the hangman was—as he is described in a well-known phrase—“grabbling among his entrails.” Sometimes the executioner would spring upon the body as it was swung off, and
- 70. plunge his knifeinto the victim before they reached the ground in their fall together. When a young priest named Edward Genings was executed, in 1591, the butchery was superintended by Topcliffe, who adjured the victim to submit and recant and he should be pardoned. His reply was: “I know not in what I have offended my dear anointed princess; if I had, I would willingly ask forgiveness. If she be offended with me because I am a priest, and because I profess my faith and will not turn minister against my conscience, I shall be, I trust, excused and innocent before God. I must obey God, saith S. Peter, rather than men.” At this Topcliffe was enraged, and bade the hangman turn the ladder; scarcely giving him time to say a Pater Noster. Cut down by his order before he was dead, the butchery began, and, the hangman’s hand being already on his heart, Genings was heard to say, “Sancte Gregori, ora pro me!”—which the hangman hearing, he swore, “Zounds, see, his heart is in my hand, and yet Gregory is in his mouth! O egregious papist!”[25] We return to Father Southwell, who was drawn on a hurdle or sled from Newgate to Tyburn, and resume the account of the S. Omer’s MS.: “When he was come to the place, getting up into the cart, he made the sign of the cross in the best manner that he could, his hands being pinion’d, and began to speak to the people those words of the apostle (Rom. xiv), ‘Whether we live, we live to the Lord, or whether we die, we die to the Lord; therefore, whether we live or die, we belong to the Lord.’ Here the sheriff would have interrupted him, but he begged leave that he might go on, assuring him that he would utter nothing that should give offence. Then he spoke as follows: ‘I am come to this place to finish my course, and to pass out of this miserable life; and I beg of my Lord Jesus Christ, in whose most precious Passion and Blood I place my hope of salvation, that he would have mercy on my soul. I confess I am a Catholic priest of the Holy Roman Church, and a religious man of the Society of Jesus; on which account I owe eternal thanks and praises to my God and Saviour.’ Here he was interrupted by a minister telling him that, if he understood what he had said in the sense of the Council of Trent, it was damnable doctrine. But the minister was
- 71. silenc’d by thestanders-by, and Mr. Southwell went on, saying: ‘Sir, I beg of you not to be troublesome to me for this short time that I have to live: I am a Catholic, and in whatever manner you may please to interpret my words, I hope for my salvation by the merits of Our Lord Jesus Christ; and as to the queen, I never attempted, nor contrived, or imagined any evil against her, but have always prayed for her to Our Lord, and for this short time of my life still pray, that, in his infinite mercy, he would be pleased to give her all such gifts and graces which he sees, in his divine wisdom, to be most expedient for the welfare both of her soul and body, in this life and in the next. I recommend in like manner, to the same mercy of God, my poor country, and I implore the divine bounty to favor it with his light and the knowledge of his truth, to the greater advancement of the salvation of souls, and the eternal glory of his divine Majesty. In fine, I beg of the almighty and everlasting God, that this my death may be for my own and for my country’s good, and the comfort of the Catholics my brethren.’ “Having finished these words, and looking for the cart to be immediately drove away, he again blessed himself, and, with his eyes raised to heaven, repeated with great calmness of mind and countenance, ‘Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit,’ with other short ejaculations, till the cart was drawn off. The unskilful hangman had not applied the noose of the rope to the proper place, so that he several times made the sign of the cross whilst he was hanging, and was some time before he was strangled, which some perceiving, drew him by the legs to put an end to his pain, and when the executioner was for cutting the rope before he was dead, the gentlemen and people that were present cried out three several times, ‘Hold, hold!’ for the behavior of the servant of God was so edifying in these his last moments, that even the Protestants who were present at the execution were much affected with the sight.” After he was dead he was cut down and the remainder of the sentence carried out. Turnbull relates that “Lord Mountjoy (Charles Blount), who happened to be present, was so struck by the martyr’s constancy that he exclaimed, ‘May my soul be with this man’s!’ and
- 72. he assisted inrestraining those who would have cut the rope while he was still in life.” Father Southwell’s reverend and Protestant biographer declares, in concluding his relation of the execution: “I must regard our worthy as a ‘martyr’ in the deepest and grandest sense—a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost. I should blush for my Protestantism if I did not hold in honor, yea reverence, his stainless and beautiful memory. ‘Through this desert, day by day, Wandered not his steps astray, Treading still the royal way.’ —Paradisus Animæ. “So perished Father Southwell, at thirty-three years of age, and so, unhappily, have perished many of the wise and virtuous of the earth. Conscious of suffering in the supposed best of causes, he seems to have met death without terror—to have received the crown of martyrdom not only with resignation, but with joy.”[26] It is matter of regret that there exists no authentic portrait of Southwell. His biographer is of opinion that a genuine likeness of him would have shown an intellectual, etherealized face, and fancies that he might have sat for the portrait of the Prior in The Lady of Garaye: “Tender his words, and eloquently wise; Mild the pure fervor of his watchful eyes; Meek with serenity and constant prayer, The luminous forehead, high and broad and bare. The thin mouth, though not passionless, yet still With a sweet calm that speaks an angel’s will. Resolving service to his God’s behest, And ever musing how to serve him best, Not old, nor young; with manhood’s gentlest grace, Pale to transparency the pensive face, Pale not with sickness but with studious thought, The body tasked, the fine mind overwrought; With something faint and fragile in the whole, As though ‘twere but a lamp to hold a soul.”
- 73. PART SECOND.—POET. And here,first, a few words on the prose writings of Southwell. We have already referred to the remarkable letter of admonition by him addressed to his father. It is a severe test to put the prose of any cultivated language to that of comparison with the productions of the same tongue nearly three centuries later. And yet this letter will support such comparison surprisingly well both as to substance and style. The reader will bear in mind the peculiar circumstances under which Southwell addressed this LETTER TO HIS FATHER. “I am not of so unnatural a kind, of so wild an education, or so unchristian a spirit, as not to remember the root out of which I have branched, or to forget my secondary maker and author of my being. It is not the carelessness of a cold affection, nor the want of a due and reverent respect, that has made me such a stranger to my native home, and so backward in defraying the debt of a thankful mind, but only the iniquity of these days that maketh my presence perilous, and the discharge of my duties an occasion of danger. I was loath to enforce an unwilling courtesy upon any, or by seeming officious to become offensive; deeming it better to let time digest the fear that my return into the realm had bred in my kindred than abruptly to intrude myself, and to purchase their danger, whose good-will I so highly esteem. I never doubted but what the belief, which to all my friends by descent and pedigree is, in a manner, hereditary, framed in them a right persuasion of my present calling, not suffering them to measure their censures of me by the ugly terms and odious epithets wherewith heresy hath sought to discredit my functions, but rather by the reverence of so worthy a sacrament and the sacred usages of all former ages. Yet, because I might easily perceive by apparent conjectures that many were more willing to hear of me than from me, and readier to praise than to use my endeavors, I have hitherto bridled my desire to see them by the care and jealousy of their safety; and banished myself from the scene of my cradle in my own country. I have lived like a foreigner, finding among strangers that which, in my nearest blood, I presumed not to seek.”
- 74. Then, regretting thathe has been barred from affording to his dearest friends that which hath been eagerly sought and beneficially attained by mere strangers, he exclaims passionately: “Who hath more interest in the grape than he who planted the vine? Who more right to the crop than he who sowed the corn? or where can the child owe so great service as to him to whom he is indebted for his very life and being? With young Tobias I have travelled far, and brought home a freight of spiritual sustenance to enrich you, and medicinable receipts against your ghostly maladies. I have with Esau, after long toil in pursuing a long and painful chase, returned with the full prey you were wont to love, desiring thereby to ensure your blessing. I have, in this general famine of all true and Christian food, with Joseph prepared abundance of the mead of angels for the repast of your soul. And now my desire is that my drugs may cure you, my prey delight you, and my provisions feed you, by whom I have been cured, enlightened, and fed myself; that your courtesies may, in part, be counterveiled, and my duty, in some sort, performed. “Despise not, good sire, the youth of your son, neither deem your God measureth his endowments by number of years. Hoary senses are often couched under youthful locks, and some are riper in the spring than others in the autumn of their age. God chose not Esau himself, nor his eldest son, but young David, to conquer Goliath and to rule his people; not the most aged person, but David, the most innocent youth, delivered Susannah from the iniquity of the judges. Christ, at twelve years of age, was found in the temple questioning with the greatest doctors. A true Elias can conceive that a little cloud may cast a large and abundant shower; and the Scripture teacheth us that God unveileth to little ones that which he concealeth from the wisest sages. His truth is not abashed by the minority of the speaker; for out of the mouths of infants and sucklings he can perfect his praises.... The full of your spring-tide is now fallen, and the stream of your life waneth to a low ebb; your tired bark beginneth to leak, and grateth oft upon the gravel of the grave; therefore it is high time for you to strike sail and put into harbor, lest, remaining in the scope of the winds and waves of this wicked time, some unexpected gust should dash you upon the rock of eternal ruin.” The entire letter is given in both Walter and Turnbull’s Memoirs of Southwell, and has been extravagantly praised as being the composition of Sir Walter Raleigh, among whose Remains it is frequently reprinted. Mr. Grosart, a Protestant clergyman, says of it:
- 75. “I know nothingcomparable with the mingled affection and prophetlike fidelity, the wise instruction, correction, reproof, the full rich scripturalness and quaint applications, the devoutness, the insistence, the pathos of this letter.” The edition of Sir Walter Raleigh’s Remains, published in London in 1675, was the subject of an article in the Retrospective Review for 1820, in which the reviewer remarks: “‘The Dutiful Advice of a Loving Son to his Aged Father’ is supposed to be a libel on Sir Walter, written by his enemies. It will be seen, however, that it bears a strong resemblance to his style, although the metaphor is more profuse and ornamental, and seems to be rather engrafted on his thoughts than to spring up with them. That this piece should be dictated by personal hostility is strange. It contains exhortations that might with the greatest propriety be directed to any man. “It is possible that it might be written by another in imitation of Sir Walter Raleigh’s ‘Advice to his Son’; yet if he was an enemy, he was of a most uncommon description. As the advice, however, is worth quoting for its own merit, and is written with great force and beauty, we shall give our readers an opportunity of judging for themselves.” This letter is Southwell’s earliest dated prose, and was followed by a variety of treatises, epistles, and pamphlets, printed on the “private press” at his own house in London. Besides these, there remain several English and a large number of Latin prose writings still in manuscript. “Mary Magdalene’s Funerall Teares,” although prose in form, is in fact far more fervid and impassioned than the greater part of his poetry. SOUTHWELL’S POETRY. To the readers of poetry for its merely sensuous qualities of flowing measure, attractive imagery, and brilliant description, the poems of Southwell possess but few attractions. Their subjects are all religious, or, at least, serious; and, in reading him, we must totally forget the traditional pagan poet pictured to us as crowned
- 76. with flowers, andholding in hand an overflowing anacreontic cup. Serious, indeed, his poems might well be, for they were all composed during the intervals of thirteen bodily rackings in a gloomy prison that opened only upon the scaffold. And yet we look in vain among them for expressions of the reproaches or repining such a fate might well engender, and we search with but scant result for record or trace of his own sufferings in the lines traced with fingers yet bent and smarting with the rack. The vanity of all earthly things, the trials of life, the folly and wickedness of the world, the uncertainty of life, and the consolations and glories of religion, are the constantly returning subjects of his productions, and, however treated, they always reflect the benignity and elevation of the poet’s character. Certain it is that Southwell was largely read by the generation that immediately succeeded him. Many years ago, Ellis[27] said: “The very few copies of his works which are now known to exist are the remnant of at least seventeen different editions, of which eleven were printed between 1593 and 1600”; and at a later period, Drake, in his Shakespeare and his Times, says:[28] “Both the poetry and the prose of Southwell possess the most decided merit; the former, which is almost entirely restricted to moral and religious subjects, flows in a vein of great harmony, perspicuity, and elegance, and breathes a fascination resulting from the subject and the pathetic mode of treating it which fixes and deeply interests the reader.” A valuable tribute of admiration to Southwell’s poetic talent is that of Ben Jonson, who said: “that Southwell was hanged; yet so he (Jonson) had written that piece of his, ‘The Burning Babe,’ he would have been content to destroy many of his.”[29] Our readers, we are sure, will thank us for giving it here, although we strongly suspect that Mr. Grosart will not approve of its modern orthography. As I in hoary winter’s night stood shivering in the snow, Surprised I was with sudden heat, which made my heart to glow; And lifting up a fearful eye to view what fire was near, A pretty Babe all burning bright did in the air appear, Who, scorched with excessive heat, such floods of tears did shed,
- 77. As though hisfloods should quench his flames which with his tears were fed; Alas! quoth he, but newly born, in fiery heats I frye, Yet none approach to warm their hearts or feel my fire but I! My faultless breast the furnace is, the fuel wounding thorns, Love is the fire, and sighs the smoke, the ashes shame and scornes; The fuel Justice layeth on, and Mercy blows the coals, The metal in this furnace wrought are men’s defiled souls, For which, as now, on fire I am, to work them to their good, So will I melt into a bath to washe them in my blood: With this he vanished out of sight, and swiftly shrunk away, And straight I called unto mind that it was Christmas day. Our limits will permit but slight citation from the body of Southwell’s poetry. He is most widely known by his chief poem “S. Peter’s Complaint,” consisting of one hundred and thirty-six stanzas (six-line). But his most attractive pieces are his shorter poems —“Times go by Turns,” “Content and Rich,”[30] “Life is but Loss,” “Look Home,” “Love’s servile Lot,” and the whole series on our Saviour and his Mother; and, making some allowance for the enthusiasm of our editor, no true lover of poetry who reads these productions of Southwell will seriously dissent from Mr. Grosart’s estimate of them. “The hastiest reader will come on ‘thinking’ and ‘feeling’ that are as musical as Apollo’s lute, and as fresh as a spring budding spray; and the wording of all (excepting over-alliteration and inversion occasionally), is throughout of the ‘pure well of English undefiled.’ When you take some of the Myrtæ and Mæoniæ pieces, and read and re-read them, you are struck with their condensation, their concinnity, their polish, their élan, their memorableness. Holiness is in them not as scent on love-locks, but as fragrance in the great Gardener’s flowers of fragrance. His tears are pure and white as the ‘dew of the morning.’ His smiles—for he has humor, even wit, that must have lurked in the burdened eyes and corners o’ mouth—are sunny as sunshine. As a whole, his poetry is healthy and strong, and, I think, has been more potential in our literature than appears on the surface. I do not think it would be hard to show that others of whom more is heard drew light from him, as well early as
- 78. more recent, fromBurns to Thomas Hood. For example, limiting as to the latter, I believe every reader who will compare the two deliberately will see in the ‘Vale of Tears’ the source of the latter’s immortal ‘Haunted House’—dim, faint, weak beside it, as the earth- hid bulb compared with the lovely blossom of hyacinth or tulip or lily, nevertheless really carrying in it the original of the mightier after- poem.” Our warmest tribute of praise can render but scant justice to the intelligence, the industry, the erudition, the keen poetic sense, and the enthusiasm which the editor of the volume before us has devoted to what has evidently been to him a labor of love. Mr. Grosart is well known in the literary world as the editor of Crashawe and of Vaughan, as also of the forthcoming editions of Marvell, Donne, and Sidney. His laboriously corrected version of our martyr- poet’s legacy has, it may be said, restored Southwell to us, so obscured had he become by mistakes, misprints, and false readings. Indeed Mr. Grosart’s somewhat jealous love of his subject betrays him into apparently harsh judgment on the efforts of others, when, for instance, he declares himself “vexed by the travesties on editing and mere carelessness of Walter earlier (1817) and Turnbull later (1856) in their so-called editions of the poems of Father Southwell,” adding: “Turnbull said contemptuously, ‘I refrain from criticism on Mr. Walter’s text’—severe but not undeserved, only his own is scarcely one whit better, and in places worse.” There is one passage at the close of Mr. Grosart’s interesting preface which has a special interest for us as Americans. We mean his reference to the verdict pronounced on Father Southwell’s poetry by Prof. James Russell Lowell in his charming book My Study Windows. “It seems to me,” says Mr. Grosart, “harsh to brutality on the man (meet follower of him ‘the first true gentleman that ever breathed’); while on the poetry it rests on self-evidently the most superficial acquaintance and the hastiest generalization. To pronounce ‘S. Peter’s Complaint’ a ‘drawl’ of thirty pages of ‘maudlin repentance, in which the distinctions between the north and northeast sides of a (sic) sentimentality are worthy of Duns Scotus,’
- 79. shows about asmuch knowledge—that is, ignorance—of the poem as of the schoolman, and as another remark does of S. Peter; for, with admitted tedium, S. Peter’s complaint sounds depths of penitence and remorse, and utters out emotion that flames into passion very unforgettably, while there are felicities of metaphor, daintinesses of word-painting, brilliancies of inner-portraiture, scarcely to be matched in contemporary verse. The ‘paraphrase’ of David (to wit, ‘David’s Peccavi’) is a single short piece, and the ‘punning’ conceit, ‘fears are my feres,’ is common to some of England’s finest wits, and in the meaning of ‘fere’ not at all to be pronounced against. If we on this side of the Atlantic valued less the opinion of such a unique genius as Prof. Lowell’s, if we did not take him to our innermost love, we should less grieve over such a vulgar affront offered to a venerable name as his whole paragraph to Southwell. I shall indulge the hope of our edition reaching the ‘Study,’ and persuading to a real ‘study’ of these poems, and, if so, I do not despair of a voluntary reversal of the first judgment.” ARIS WILMOTT pronounced Southwell to be the Goldsmith of our early poets; and ‘Content and Rich,’ and, ‘Dyer’s phansie turned to a Sinner’s Complaint’ warrant the great praise. But beneath the manner recalling Goldsmith, there is a purity and richness of thought, a naturalness, a fineness of expression, a harmony of versification, and occasionally a tide-flow of high-toned feeling, not to be met with in him. “Nor will Prof. Lowell deem his (I fear) hasty (mis)judgment’s reconsideration too much to count on, after the present Archbishop of Dublin’s well-weighed words in his notes to his Household Book of English Poetry (1868): “‘Hallam thinks that Southwell has been of late praised at least as much as he deserves. This may be so; yet, taking into account the finished beauty of such poems as this (“Lewd Love is Loss”) and No. 2 (“Times go by Turns”) of this collection, poems which, as far as they go, leave nothing
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