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Climate-Resilient Coastal Protection of Northern Java: Integrated Hard and Nature-Based Solutions

Comprehensive strategy for protecting Northern Java's coast through the Giant Sea Wall, hybrid infrastructure, and ecosystem restoration to mitigate economic, environmental, and social risks from climate change and land subsidence.

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Climate-Resilient Protection of the Northern Coast of Java Through Integrated Hard Infrastructure and Hybrid (Nature-Based) Solutions North Java Coastal Management Authority (BOPPJ) "Building and Protecting the North Coast Civilization of Java as a Resilient, Livable, Competitive, and Sustainable Area" 29 April 2026
CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL – NOT FOR PUBLICATION OR DISSEMINATION WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION FROM BOPPJ 2 The development of the Giant Sea Wall (GSW) along the Northern Coast of Java functions as a macro-fiscal risk mitigation instrument, reducing potential GDP losses, containing the growth of disaster- related expenditures, and safeguarding the national tax base and core economic activities The Management of The North Coast Java Requires Intervention in Facing Very Large Risks for the Next 30 Years • The Northern Coast of Java contributing approximately 27.5% of national GDP (±USD 368 billion) and hosts the country’s highest concentration of industrial estates, Special Economic Zones (SEZs), ports, and strategic logistics hubs. • Coastal environmental degradation (tidal flooding, land subsidence of 1–20 cm/year) poses direct and systemic risks to the national production base, supply chains, and export performance. • Around 17 million coastal residents are already affected by tidal flooding and land subsidence, leading to rising fiscal pressures related to disaster response, emergency infrastructure provision, and expansion of social protection and safety- net programs. • Food security risks are increasing due to potential impacts on ±115,000 Ha of rice fields (5–10%) and ±20,900 Ha of aquaculture ponds (±15%), with downstream effects on food prices and subsidy requirements. • Without integrated coastal protection intervention, these impacts will compound over time, progressively eroding GDP, state revenues, and fiscal space (APBN) in the medium to long term.
CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL – NOT FOR PUBLICATION OR DISSEMINATION WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION FROM BOPPJ 3 Urgency of Sea Wall Development along the Northern Coast of Java Land Subsidence Protection of National Assets The developmentofthe Sea Wall is expected to protect industrial areas, Special EconomicZones (SEZs), ports, urban agglomerations, airports,roads,utilities,and other strategicassets. Risks and Impacts of Hydrometeorological Disasters and Climate Change Contributes to sea level rise, extreme waves and tidal surgers. Water Scarcity/Water Crisis Water demand in the North Coast of Java region up to 2030: - Domestic use: ±130 m³/second - Industrial use: 36–48.5 m³/second Potential Economic Losses The North Coast of Java contributes 27.53% to Indonesia’s GDP,equivalent to approximatelyUSD368.37 billion (BPS,2025). Therefore, the North Coast of Java must be protected from environmental degradation. Improvement of Fishermens’s Economy Creatingnew economic opportunities bytransitioning traditionalfishermen into modern fishermen. 1. Enhancing transportation connectivity. 2. Reducing the vulnerability of urban areas (flooding, land subsidence, sanitation, etc.). 3. Development of public housing. Socio-Economic Improvement of the Community Approximately6.9 million people livingin povertyalong the North Coast of Java are expected to be absorbed into the workforce. Population Affected by Flooding, Tidal Inundation, and Land Subsidence Approximately17 million people livingin the coastal areas of the North Coast of Java are affected, representingabout 26.96% of the total populationin the region. Ensuring Sustainable Food Production 1. Protection of agriculturalland from seawater intrusion. 2. Investment in agricultural modernization(irrigationand crop diversification)becomes more feasible. Urban Revitalization The rate of land subsidence alongthe North Coast of Java reaches 1–20 cm per year.
PRESIDENT INSTRUCTIONS 4 Prabowo Subianto President of the Republik of Indonesia Focus: Integrated solutions. The Giant Sea Wall (GSW) are integrated with roads and coastal reservoirs for raw water, sanitation, and environmental resilience. For Jakarta Bay (and Semarang), the GSW including the function of a highwayand a railway base transportation. ± USD 1 Billion/Year (Jakarta Bay). Construction period of around 8 years for Jakarta Bay. Accelerating the preparation of the Masterplan and strengthening coordination. The Northern Coast of Java program lasts 15-20 years with a total cost of up to USD 100 billion. Covering areas from Serang-Banten to Gresik- East Java and including the measured development of reclaimed islands. Initial construction work at Jakarta Bay and Semarang. Emphasis on public communication, socio-environmental mitigation, involvement of the best consultants, relocation of fishermen that improve welfare and preserve ecology. The President has designated the Protection and Development of the Northern Coast of Java as a National Strategic Program
CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL – NOT FOR PUBLICATION OR DISSEMINATION WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION FROM BOPPJ 5 BOPPJ’sOPERATING TERRITORY MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS/ LOCAL GOVERNMENT OPERATING TERRITORY UPSTREAM MIDDLE CATCHMENT DOWNSTREAM COASTAL AREA GRAVITATION POLDER Reservoir Flood Canal Polder System Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration Evaporation Sea Retention Pond Pumping System Coastal Area 2.000 m +MSL Groundwater Infiltration Precipitation Evaporation Rainfall runoff from upstream areas is conveyed by gravity and regulated through reservoirs and canals in the middle catchment, then managed in downstream and coastal areas through polder systems, retention basins, and pumping stations before being discharged into the sea. Integrated upstream-to-downstream watershed management is essential for effective flood risk management across the hydrological system. Hidrologic Cycle – Upstream to Downstream of North Java
CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL – NOT FOR PUBLICATION OR DISSEMINATION WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION FROM BOPPJ 6 Coastal Resilience Solutions: Hard Structures & Nature-Based Approaches 1. Coastal Dike 2. Hybrid (with mangrove) 3. Sea Dike SEA LAND breakwater LAND SEA Jakarta Bay SemarangBay
CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL – NOT FOR PUBLICATION OR DISSEMINATION WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION FROM BOPPJ 7 THANK YOU We believe this discussions can become a reference for integrating coastal protection and blue carbon finance, and we welcome you all to collaborate across science, finance, and community development.