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Chapter-7-Elections.pdf/9th class new ncert social science //Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325

Chapter 7: Elections Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 An in-depth study of India's democratic electoral process — its systems, laws, institutions, and challenges. Why do Elections Matter? Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Direct Elections Citizens vote directly — held every 5 years for: Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Local Bodies Indirect Elections Citizens elect representatives who then choose leaders — for: President Vice President Rajya Sabha Elections are the most important process for exercising democratic rights. Our vote is the principal means by which we exercise our democratic right. Elected representatives remain accountable to the people through periodic elections. India's Election Machinery Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Eligible Voters Across thousands of constituencies nationwide Key Stakeholders ECI, Political Parties, Civil Society, Media, and Voters Foundational Laws RPA 1950 and RPA 1951 govern all electoral processes Elections must be conducted in a free, fair, and transparent manner. The Constitution and parliamentary laws define the functions and powers of all stakeholders involved. Electoral Systems in India Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) Plurality System Candidate with the most votes wins — even if below 50% Used for: Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha Proportional Representation (PR) Voters vote for a party; seats allotted proportionally Used for: Rajya Sabha, President, Vice President Single Transferable Vote (STV) Voters rank preferences in order Used for: Vidhan Parishad elections in 6 states Feature FPTP Majority System Proportional Representation How Voting Works Candidate with most votes wins (even below 50%) Candidate must get >50%; if not, top two compete again Voters vote for a party; seats allotted proportionally Used In India For Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha — Rajya Sabha, President, Vice President Bicameral States: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh have both Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad. Laws Governing Elections Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Representation of the People Act, 1950 Allocation of seats and delimitation of constituencies Preparation of electoral rolls Ensures voting rights for all citizens above 18 Representation of the People Act, 1951 Nomination of candidates and election campaigns Voting procedures and resolution of disputes Defines and penalises electoral offences Electoral Offences under RPA 1951 Bribery — gifts/promises to influence voting Appealing on basis of religion, caste, race, or language Using government personnel (judges, police, armed forces) to assist candidates Delimitation Commission Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | F

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Chapter 7: Elections Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 An in-depth study of India's democratic electoral process — its systems, laws, institutions, and challenges.
Why do Elections Matter? Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Direct Elections Citizens vote directly — held every 5 years for: Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Local Bodies Indirect Elections Citizens elect representatives who then choose leaders — for: President Vice President Rajya Sabha Elections are the most important process for exercising democratic rights. Our vote is the principal means by which we exercise our democratic right. Elected representatives remain accountable to the people through periodic elections.
India's Election Machinery Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 96.8 Cr Eligible Voters Across thousands of constituencies nationwide 5 Key Stakeholders ECI, Political Parties, Civil Society, Media, and Voters 2 Foundational Laws RPA 1950 and RPA 1951 govern all electoral processes Elections must be conducted in a free, fair, and transparent manner. The Constitution and parliamentary laws define the functions and powers of all stakeholders involved.
Electoral Systems in India Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) Plurality System Candidate with the most votes wins — even if below 50% Used for: Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha Proportional Representation (PR) Voters vote for a party; seats allotted proportionally Used for: Rajya Sabha, President, Vice President Single Transferable Vote (STV) Voters rank preferences in order Used for: Vidhan Parishad elections in 6 states Feature FPTP Majority System Proportional Representation How Voting Works Candidate with most votes wins (even below 50%) Candidate must get >50%; if not, top two compete again Voters vote for a party; seats allotted proportionally Used In India For Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha — Rajya Sabha, President, Vice President Bicameral States: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh have both Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad.
Laws Governing Elections Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Representation of the People Act, 1950 Allocation of seats and delimitation of constituencies Preparation of electoral rolls Ensures voting rights for all citizens above 18 Representation of the People Act, 1951 Nomination of candidates and election campaigns Voting procedures and resolution of disputes Defines and penalises electoral offences Electoral Offences under RPA 1951 Bribery — gifts/promises to influence voting Appealing on basis of religion, caste, race, or language Using government personnel (judges, police, armed forces) to assist candidates
Delimitation Commission Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 What is Delimitation? The process of determining the number of seats and fixing territorial boundaries for Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha constituencies. Why is it Important? Ensures equal representation — the ratio of seats to population is as close to equal as possible. Without delimitation, one MP might represent 5 lakh people while another represents 25 lakh. Constitutional Basis Article 82 of the Constitution mandates the Delimitation Commission after every census. Four Delimitation Commissions India has had Delimitation Commissions in 1952, 1963, 1973, and 2002. Constituency boundaries change over time based on shifts in population density.
Election Commission of India (ECI) Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Established 25 January 1950 — Autonomous permanent constitutional body Constitutional Basis Governed by Articles 324–329 of the Indian Constitution Elections Conducted Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Vidhan Sabha, Vidhan Parishad, President, and Vice President State-Level Structure Supervised by the Chief Electoral Officer appointed by ECI; District Magistrates, SDMs, and Tahsildars serve as Returning Officers
Functions of the ECI Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Creates Electoral Roll Sends enumerators to every household; conducts Special Intensive Revision (SIR) to update and verify rolls Decides Election Schedule Considers weather, agricultural cycle, exam schedules, and festivals Registers Political Parties & Allocates Symbols Classifies parties as national, state/regional, or registered-unrecognised Dispute Resolution Acts as a quasi-judicial body for party recognition and symbol disputes
ECI's Digital & Inclusive Initiatives Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Suvidha App For candidates — nomination forms, permissions for rallies and meetings cVIGIL App Citizens can report Model Code of Conduct violations instantly Voter Helpline App Registration, transposition, verification, and election news Saksham App Customised services for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) ETPBS Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System for service voters Home Voting Extended to senior citizens above 85 years and PwDs (40%+ disability) — first introduced in 2024 General Elections
Political Parties & Their Role Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Organise Public Opinion Parties campaign on specific issues and present their agenda through rallies, manifestos, and media platforms Offer Meaningful Choices Enable voters to make informed decisions by presenting diverse viewpoints reflecting India's diversity of language, culture, and religion Form Government & Opposition Winning party forms the government; opposition ensures accountability through debates and parliamentary committees India has a multi-party system — reflecting the country's extraordinary diversity of languages, cultures, religions, and regions.
Recognition of Political Parties Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 National Party — Any One Condition Secures ≥6% valid votes in 4+ states in General Election + wins 4 Lok Sabha seats Wins at least 2% of Lok Sabha seats from at least 3 states Recognised as State Party in at least 4 states State Party — Any One Condition Secures ≥6% valid votes in state Legislative Assembly + wins at least 2 seats Wins at least 3% of seats or at least 3 seats in the Legislative Assembly Secures ≥8% of valid votes polled in the state Registered Unrecognised Parties (RUPP) Parties that have not secured enough votes or have never contested elections since registration
Anti-Defection Law Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 What is Defection? Abandoning or switching from the political party under whose banner the candidate was elected. The Law Anti-Defection Law passed in 1985 through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act. Consequences If a member voluntarily gives up party membership or votes against the party's whip → can be disqualified from the House. The Speaker or Chairman decides disqualification cases. Historical Context Era of alliances began in 1967 First coalition government (Janata Party) formed in 1977 Purpose: Prevent defection and provide stability to the elected government
Challenges to Free & Fair Elections Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 Key Challenges Conducting elections for 96.8 crore voters across diverse regions Misinformation and fake news Voter intimidation and suppression Influence of money power ECI's Counter-Measures RPA 1950 and 1951 — solid legal framework Model Code of Conduct (MCC) EVMs and VVPAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail) Voters' awareness campaigns cVIGIL App for real-time reporting of violations With constant vigilance and active citizen participation, elections can become more representative and trustworthy.
Key Takeaways Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 1 Vote — It's a Right and a Duty Casting a vote is a constitutional right as well as a duty of every citizen 2 Elections are the Soul of Democracy They give every citizen an equal voice in government formation 3 Strong Institutions Safeguard Democracy RPA 1950 & 1951, Delimitation Commission, and ECI ensure free, fair, and transparent elections 4 National Voters' Day 25 January every year — pledge to vote fearlessly without bias or inducement
Sources Prepared by K Sandeep Swamy (MSc, B.Ed) | For online classes contact: 9491878325 iest107.pdf — NCERT-style Social Science Textbook, Chapter 7: Elections