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AIR TRANSPORTATION

The document discusses various aspects of commercial airline travel, including: - Types of airline flights such as nonstop, direct, and connecting flights. - Components of an airplane like the fuselage, wings, engines, horizontal and vertical stabilizers, and control surfaces. - Types of airline seats and how their size is measured by pitch (legroom between rows) and width (distance between armrests). - Pros and cons of different seating locations on a plane from the front to the back of coach class.

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• – is the broad term used to describe the industry that builds and flies aircraft. • It is usually subdivided into – (aircraft flown by a nation’s air force and other branches of its military) and the one we’re concerned with, • – The industry that flies the public from place to place.
• – A flight must start and end within the borders of the same country. • – A flight starts in one country and ends in another.
• – is one on which a traveler goes from “POINT A” to “POINT B” on the same aircraft, with no stop in between
• – is one on which a traveler goes from “POINT A” to “POINT B” on the same aircraft but that aircraft stops at an airport in between. NO CHANGEOF PLANES
• – is one in which the traveler, to get to his or her destination must change planes once, twice, or even more times. CHANGE OF PLANES
• – is one where the traveler flies from “POINT A” to “POINT B”, then travels by ground transportation (e.g. Car Rentals, Rail etc.)
• – is the most common. Travelers flies from “POINT A” to “POINT B”, stays a while and then returns from B to A. Again, it can be nonstop, direct, or connecting.
• – means that the traveler just goes from“POINT A” to “POINT B”.
• – is one where the traveler has two or more extended stopovers and returns to the originating city.
• An aircraft is a vehicle which is able to fly by being supported by the air, or in general, the atmosphere of a planet.
• The fuselage is that portion of the aircraft that usually contains the crew and payload, either passengers, cargo, or weapons. Most fuselages are long, cylindrical tubes or sometimes rectangular box shapes. All of the other major components of the aircraft are attached to the fuselage. Empennage is another term sometimes used to refer to the aft portion of the fuselage plus the horizontal and vertical tails
• The wing is the most important part of an aircraft since it produces the lift that allows a plane to fly. The wing is made up of two halves, left and right, when viewed from behind. • These halves are connected to each other by means of the fuselage. • A wing produces lift because of its special shape, a shape called an airfoil.
• The other key component that makes an airplane go is its engine, or engines. Aircraft use several different kinds of engines, but they can all be classified in two major categories. • Early aircraft from the Wright Flyer until World War II used propeller-driven piston engines, and these are still common today on light general aviation planes. Many aircraft house the engine(s) within the fuselage itself.
• If an aircraft consists of only a wing or a wing and fuselage, it is inherently unstable. Stability is defined as the tendency of an aircraft to return to its initial state following a disturbance from that state. • The horizontal stabilizer, also known as the horizontal tail, performs this function when an aircraft is disturbed in pitch.
• In other words, if some disturbance forces the nose up or down, the horizontal stabilizer produces a counteracting force to push the nose in the opposite direction and restore equilibrium. When in equilibrium, we say that an aircraft is in its trim condition. The horizontal tail is essentially a miniature wing since it is also made up of an airfoil cross-section.
• The tail produces a force similar to lift that balances out the lift of the wing to keep the plane in equilibrium. • To do so, the tail usually needs to produce a force pointed downward, a quantity called down force.
•The vertical stabilizer, or vertical tail, functions in the same way as the horizontal tail, except that it provides stability for a disturbance in yaw. •Yaw is the side-to-side motion of the nose, so if a disturbance causes the nose to deflect to one side, the vertical tail produces a counteracting force that pushes the nose in the opposite direction to restore equilibrium.
• The vertical tail is also made of an airfoil cross-section and produces forces just like a wing or horizontal tail. • The difference is that a wing or horizontal tail produces lift or down force, forces that are pointed up or down from the aircraft. Meanwhile the vertical tail produces a force pointed to one side of the aircraft. This force is called side-force
• The elevator is located on the horizontal stabilizer. It can be deflected up or down to produce a change in the down force produced by the horizontal tail. • The angle of deflection is considered positive when the trailing edge of the elevator is deflected upward. Such a deflection increases the down force produced by the horizontal tail causing the nose to pitch upward.
• The rudder is located on the vertical stabilizer. • It can be deflected to either side to produce a change in the side- force produced by the vertical tail. The angle of deflection is usually considered positive when the trailing edge of the rudder is deflected towards the right wing. Such a deflection creates a side-force to the left which causes the nose to yaw to the right.
• Ailerons are located on the tips of each wing. They are deflected in opposite directions (one goes trailing edge up, the other trailing edge down) to produce a change in the lift produced by each wing. •On the wing with the aileron deflected downward, the lift increases whereas the lift decreases on the other wing whose aileron is deflected upward. The wing with more lift rolls upward causing the aircraft to go into a bank.
• Flaps are usually located along the trailing edge of both the left and right wing, typically inboard of the ailerons and close to the fuselage. • Flaps are similar to ailerons in that they affect the amount of lift created by the wings. However, flaps only deflect downward to increase the lift produced by both wings simultaneously. Flaps are most often used during takeoff and landing to increase the lift the wings generate at a given speed.
• Sometimes these two terms are used synonymously, but most of the time the term cockpit is applied to a compartment at the front of the fuselage where the pilots and flight crew sit. • This compartment contains the control yolks (or sticks) and equipment the crew use to send commands to the control surfaces and engines as well as to monitor the operation of the vehicle. Meanwhile, a cabin is typically a compartment within the fuselage where passengers are seated.
• The landing gear is used during takeoff, landing, and to taxi on the ground. • Most planes today use what is called a tricycle landing gear arrangement. • This system has two large main gear units located near the middle of the plane and a single smaller nose gear unit near the nose of the aircraft.
• The above diagram illustrates a "trim tab" located on the elevator. These control tabs may be located on other surfaces as well, such as a rudder control tab or a balance tab on the aileron. • Nonetheless, the purpose of all these tabs is the same. In the previous section, we discussed that the horizontal stabilizer and elevator are used to provide stability and control in pitch.
• In order to keep a plane in a steady, level orientation, the elevator usually has to be deflected by some small amount. • Since it would be very tiring for a pilot to physically hold the control stick in position to keep the elevator at that deflection angle for an entire flight, the elevator is fitted with a small "tab" that creates that elevator deflection automatically.
• The trim tab can be thought of almost as a "mini-elevator." By deflecting the tab up or down, it increases or decreases the down force created by the elevator and forces the elevator to a certain position. • The pilot can set the deflection of the trim tab which will cause the elevator to remain at the deflection required to remain trimmed
• Airline seats are chairs on an airliner in which passengers are accommodated for the duration of the journey. • Such seats are usually arranged in rows running across the airplane's fuselage. • A diagram of such seats in an aircraft is called an aircraft seat map.
you will be among the first passengers to leave the plane; less turbulence; quieter closeness to the washrooms- people passing by your seat.
when flying with a child, so your spouse and you can "lock" the kid in between; when flying in a group. least privacy on board
motion sickness has less effect too far from the washrooms; view is impaired by the wing.
you can board the plane first to take more room in the overhead storage bins. more noise from airplane engines, more turbulence.
BULKHEAD ROW seats there is no row in front of you, so if you are flying with children, they will not bother people in front of you; there are no people reclining into your lap too close to watch a movie if it projected on a screen; less legroom
nice view (unless it is the one over the wing!); more private space colder area; less room for elbows and legs
more leg and elbow room; easier access getting up people pass by your seat all the time; a passenger sitting by the window can ask you to let him get out.
• When evaluating the size (and comfort) of a seat, the main terms used are pitch and width.
• It is a common misunderstanding that "pitch" is the same as "legroom". is an indication of legroom, referring to the space between a point on one seat and the same point on the seat in front of it.
• It is usually given in inches. For many carriers, the pitch in Economy class is 30 to 32 inches (76 to 81 cm). • More seat pitch can mean more legroom, but it is also affected by the thickness of the seat back. •Airlines have claimed that a reduction of seat pitch can be compensated for by a thinner seat-back design
• WRONG SEAT PITCH• RIGHT SEAT PITCH
• Seat width is the distance from the armrest to armrest, in Economy class this is typically around 43 centimeters (17 in).
• There are 3 Classes of Airline Seats 1. FIRST CLASS SEATS 2. PLATINUMOR THE BUSINESS CLASS SEATS 3. ECONOMY CLASS SEATS
Legend Good seat Lavatory Baby bassinet Beware Galley Video Monitor Bad seat Closet Power port Legend LEGEND:
• Is the most luxurious class of accommodation on a train, passenger ship, airplane, or other conveyance. • It is usually much more expensive than business class and economy class, and offers the best amenities.
• Is (also known as executive class or upper class) is a high quality second-tier travel class available on some commercial airlines and rail lines. •Its level of accommodation is higher than economy class and domestic first class but lower than international first class.
• Two Types of Economy Class Seats 1. PREMIUM ECONOMY CLASS 2. ECONOMY CLASS
• Is Premium Economy, slightly better Economy Class seating (greater distance between rows of seats; the seats themselves may or may not be wider than regular economy class)
• Is (also known as coach class or travel class), basic accommodation, commonly purchased by leisure travelers
AIR TRANSPORTATION