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CERVICAL CANCER created by KIRAN KARETHA

Detailed presentation on cervical cancer covering its types, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, staging, and management including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and palliative care.

Health & Medicine◦
Related topics:
Cervical Cancer Insights•
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CERVICAL CANCER PRESENTED BY MS. KIRAN K. KARETHA M.SC (N), MSN (CCN)
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Most cases are associated with persistent infection by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Early detection through screening and HPV vaccination can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.
DEFINITION Cervical cancer is a malignant growth arising from the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It usually develops slowly from precancerous lesions caused by high-risk HPV.
TYPES 1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Most common type (about 70–80% of cases). Arises from the squamous epithelial cells lining the outer cervix (ectocervix). Strongly associated with HPV infection.
CONTI.. 2. Adenocarcinoma Accounts for about 20-25% of cases. Develops from the glandular cells lining the cervical canal (endocervix). Incidence is increasing in younger women.
CONTI.. 3. Adeno-squamous Carcinoma Contains both squamous and glandular cancer cells. Less common than the above two types. May be more aggressive.
CAUSES AND RF Human papilloma virus Early sexual activity Multiple sexual partners Unprotected sexual intercourse Smoking Weakened immune system Other sexually transmitted disease
STAGES Stage I – Cancer Confined to the Cervix IA: Microscopic disease only IA1: Stromal invasion < 3 mm IA2: Stromal invasion 3–5 mm IB: Invasive cancer ≥ 5 mm depth, limited to cervix IB1: Tumor < 2 cm IB2: Tumor 2–< 4 cm IB3: Tumor ≥ 4 cm
CONTI.. Stage II – Beyond Cervix, Not to Pelvic Wall IIA: Upper two-thirds of vagina involved, no parametrial invasion IIA1: Tumor < 4 cm IIA2: Tumor ≥ 4 cm IIB: Parametrial invasion present
CONTI.. Stage III – Spread to Lower Vagina, Pelvic Wall, or Lymph Nodes IIIA: Lower one-third of vagina involved IIIB: Pelvic wall involvement and/or hydronephrosis IIIC1: Pelvic lymph node metastasis IIIC2: Para-aortic lymph node metastasis
CONTI.. Stage IV – Advanced Disease IVA: Invasion of bladder or rectum IVB: Distant metastasis (lung, liver, bone, etc.)
SUMMARY OF STAGES Stage I: In cervix only Stage II: Beyond cervix Stage III: Pelvic wall, lower vagina, or lymph nodes involved Stage IV: Bladder/rectum invasion or distant spread
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Early Stage Cervical cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages. It is often detected through routine screening. Asymptomatic (no symptoms) Abnormal Pap smear results
LATE STAGE Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding Bleeding between menstrual periods Bleeding after sexual intercourse (postcoital bleeding) Postmenopausal bleeding Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
CONTI.. Vaginal Discharge Persistent watery discharge Foul-smelling discharge Blood-stained vaginal discharge
CONTI.. Pelvic Symptoms Pelvic pain Lower abdominal pain Backache Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia)
CONTI.. Urinary Symptoms Frequent urination Painful urination (dysuria) Blood in urine (hematuria)
CONTI.. Bowel Symptoms Constipation Rectal bleeding Pain during defecation
CONTI.. General Symptoms Fatigue and weakness Loss of appetite Unexplained weight loss Anemia
CONTI.. Advanced Disease Symptoms Swelling of one or both legs (lymphedema) Severe pelvic pain Kidney problems due to ureteral obstruction Symptoms related to metastasis (spread to distant organs)
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION History and Physical Examination Assessment of symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, postcoital bleeding, pelvic pain, and vaginal discharge. Pelvic examination to detect cervical abnormalities.
CONTI.. Pap Smear Test A Pap smear (Papanicolaou test) is a screening test used to detect precancerous and cancerous changes in the cells of the cervix. It helps in the early detection and prevention of cervical cancer.
CONTI.. HPV Testing HPV testing is a screening test used to detect the presence of high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types that can cause cervical cancer.
CONTI.. Biopsy Confirms the diagnosis by microscopic examination of cervical tissue. Colposcopy Examination of the cervix using a magnifying instrument (colposcope) to identify abnormal areas.
CONTI.. Imaging Studies MRI: Evaluates local tumor extent. CT Scan: Detects lymph node involvement and distant spread. PET Scan: Identifies metastatic disease.
MANAGEMENT OF CERVICAL CANCER Management depends on the stage of the disease, patient's age, fertility wishes, and overall health. 1. Surgical Management Used mainly for early-stage cervical cancer. Types of Surgery Conization (Cone Biopsy): Removal of a cone- shaped portion of the cervix.
CONTI.. Simple Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus and cervix. Radical Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus, cervix, upper vagina, and surrounding tissues. Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection: Removal of pelvic lymph nodes to assess spread.
CONTI.. Radiation Therapy Uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. Immunotherapy Helps the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells. Example: Pembrolizumab
CONTI.. Chemotherapy Drugs used to destroy cancer cells or enhance the effects of radiation. Common Drugs Cisplatin Carboplatin Paclitaxel Topotecan
CONTI.. Palliative Care Used in advanced or metastatic disease to improve quality of life. Pain management Nutritional support Psychological support Symptom relief
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