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Cattle production

This document provides information about beef cattle production in the Philippines. It begins with definitions of beef cattle and the main stages of beef production. It then discusses that the beef cattle industry in the Philippines is underdeveloped. It makes up only 5.9% of total cattle, while 94.1% are raised in backyard farms. The main problems facing backyard and commercial beef producers are then outlined, including issues with credit access, marketing, production challenges, and infrastructure. The document concludes by describing the beef production systems used in the Philippines, including ranching, feedlot operations, and backyard raising.

Science◦
Margie Lumanggaya-Bibat, MSA MLBibat2020 1
Definition Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production. The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef. In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. MLBibat2020 2
The beef cattle industry is one of the least develop among the livestock and poultry industries in the country. As of January 2020, cattle inventory has only increased at a rate of 3% per year. The total cattle inventory, 94.1 percent were raised in backyard farms while the remaining 5.9 percent were from commercial farms. Per capita annual consumption of beef from 2006 to 2018 was 3.15 kg. 3 MLBibat2020
PROBLEMS OF THE BEEF INDUSTRY BACKYARD Cattle raising: Credit livestock loan program are characterized by stringent lending policies and procedure, especially those pertaining to collateral requirements, interest rates and repayment period. Marketing inadequate market information system; poor transport facilities in rural areas; high cost of transport and handling and low farm gate prices due to extended and costly marketing channels. MLBibat2020 44 MLBibat2020 4
PROBLEMS OF THE BEEF INDUSTRY Production farmers are not very receptive to new and/or recommended production technologies. inefficient utilization of crop residues and farm byproducts and low quality forage feed on cut-and-carry system of feeding. animals used for draft purposes subsist mainly on poor quality roughages during peak of farm operations when good quality feeds are necessary for energy replenishment. MLBibat2020 5 MLBibat2020 5
PROBLEMS OF THE BEEF INDUSTRY COMMERCIAL Cattle raising: Credit shortage of long term financing program for cattle ranching; high equity requirements for medium to large ranches. Marketing low farm gate prices which discourage commercial raisers to improve production; inaccessibility of ranches (lack of farm-to-market roads) and inadequate market information system. MLBibat2020 66 MLBibat2020 6
PROBLEMS OF THE BEEF INDUSTRY Production lack of quality breeding stock due to inefficient cattle breeding management and marginal quality of existing stock; low yield and quality of native pasture species; inadequate government incentive program on improving production; pasture tenure, squatters and peace and order problems; MLBibat2020 7 MLBibat2020 7
From 2018 to 2020, average annual growth rate of backyard farm was 1.4 per year. The top three regions, in terms of inventory, were Ilocos Region, Central Visayas and CALABARZON. 8 MLBibat2020
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES Ranching or Extensive system  Cow-calf operation Aims: to produce stockers and feeders  the initial and most fundamental step in the beef enterprise is the production of the claves and raising it to weaning age. MLBibat2020 9
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES Ranching or Extensive system  Purebreed Program or Breeder Farm Operation Aims: to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other ranchers.  highly specialized from of beef production MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 10
Cow-calf operation  mainly family owned and operated  involve keeping mature cattle to produce calves to sell to other producers.  2 classification: 1.commercial cow-calf producer 2.seedstock breeders 11 MLBibat2020
Components of Cow-calf operation pasture ground a few facilities for calving Feeds and mineral supplements feed storage and handling creep feeding supplies and equipment calf processing and loading facilities office cattle 14 MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 12
Pasture ground MLBibat2020 13 MLBibat2020 13
New facilities for calving MLBibat2020 14 MLBibat2020 14
Feeds MLBibat2020 • Grains Salt • Silage • Supplements MLBibat2020 15
Feed storage and handling MLBibat2020 16 MLBibat2020 16
Creep feeding MLBibat2020  can be used to offset declining forage quality and quantity.  can cause over- development of the udder or fatty udders, resulting in lowered lifetime milk production of replacements going into the cowherd. MLBibat2020 17
Supplies and equipment MLBibat2020 Feed bunks Livestock Water trough Portable Hay Feeders MLBibat2020 18
Calf processing and loading facilities MLBibat2020 19 Loading Facilities Calf processing MLBibat2020 19
Office MLBibat2020 20 MLBibat2020 20
Cattle MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 21
Cattle Cycle • Cow-calf: Beef cows will produce calves that are born and raised on cow-calf farms and ranches. • Weaning: Calves are separated from their mothers between 6 to 8 months of age. • Livestock Markets: after weaning many calves leave the farm or ranch where they were born to be sold at the market at 6 to 12 months of age. • Stockers and Backgrounders: between 6 to 12 months of age, cattle will spend time grazing pastures. Here, they gain weight and convert forage and grass into lean protein. 22 MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 22
Cattle Cycle • Feedyard: Cattle will spend 4 to 6 months at a feedyard being fed a balance diet of grain and roughage(hay). Monitored by cowboys, veterinarians and nutritionist. • Packing Plant: Cattle will sent to a packer/processing facility to be harvested and processed. • Grocery Store: The stores displays and offers packages of meat consumers. • Plate: Consumers prepare and enjoy eating meat as a part of healthy diet. MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 23
BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES Feedlot Fattening Operation (Intensive system)  Objective: to add weight to the animal and increase it’s value.  Important to the livestock industry of the Philippines for three main reasons: 1. It provides the farmer with extra income 2. It gives him a year-round work and allow the use of cheap, plentiful farm by products such as corn stovers, hay, silage, rice straw, copra meal, rice bran and sugarcane top which might otherwise be wasted. 3. It helps to meet the urgent demand for high-protein foods in the Filipino diet. 24 MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 24
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BACKYARD CATTLE RAISING Backyard Sector – 92% of the total cattle population Backyard cattle raising is characterized by the ff: a. 1 or 2 heads of either fattening or breeding cattle is raised on a farmer’s space time. b. Farmers usually tethers animal to graze around the home lot and then supplements this with farm wastes like rice straw or corn stover/stalks when back in pain. c. Others practice soiling and supplementing with ipil-ipil (leucaena leucocephala), as a source of protein, and rice bran, corn bran, or cops meal at 1-2 kg/animal and, d. In Batangs, force feeding (supa or supak) of feed mixture of common practice among backyard cattle raisers. 26 MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 26
INSTRUCTION FOR MODULE 1 & 2 • Module 1  Look for a government program on one of the following topics listed below. Prepare a video presentation and discuss the government program/s. 1. Research and Development Agenda 2. Breeding Program 3. Introduction of improved management and practices 4. Assisted reproduction or Embryo Transfer 5. Program on Native Animals 6. Innovations 7. Feed Cost Reduction 8. Animal Health 9. Climate Change 10. Dairy Roadmap 11. Farm to Market Linkage 12. Related Policies MLBibat2020 27 Note: You may include in your discussion the beneficiaries of government program/s and how they implement it.
INSTRUCTION FOR MODULE 1 & 2 • Module 2 Visit a local beef cow herd, collect data on the size of the herd, system of production used, and available feeds. Talk with local beef cow herd operators to find out how they care for the cows and calves at calving time and up to weaning. Make a PowerPoint presentation on practices they used in the area and recommend any improvements that you feel are needed. Survey beef cow herd operators in the community to determine the system of production used locally. Find out why the farmers use these systems. Prepare and present oral reports on a phase of beef cow- calf herd operations that interest you. Observe and assist in the castration, dehorning, vaccination, and identification marking of calves. MLBibat2020 28
SIZE OF THE HERD SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION USED AVAILABLE FEEDS Minimum of 15 heads ito Ranching or Extensive system/Feedlot Fattening Operation Grass /Grain 30 heads Ranching or Extensive Grass GRASS-FED Sources Grasses: bluegrass, ryegrass, bermudagrass, fescue, Timothy grass, foxtail, sorghum, bromegrass, orchardgrass, quackgrass, and canarygrass—are commonly planted in pastures and almost always play a fundamental role in the diet of grass-fed cows. Non-grass plants:legumes like alfalfa, vetch, sainfoin, and birdsfoot trefoil as well as red, white, and crimson clover GRAIN-Fed Sources Concentrates: corn gluten, distillers grains, soybean hulls, citrus pulp, molasses, beet pulp, and other ingredients. higher-calorie, fat/oil-based components: cottonseed meal or linseed meal together with grow-supporting vitamin/mineral combinations. MODULE 2 SLA #1
Your PowerPoint presentation content must include the following observation: • Care and Management of cow-calf during calving time. • Briefly discuss the practices they used. At least 50 words • Make a recommendation if there is a need for improvements on the practices they used. Example of Care & management of cow-calf: Of the operations that regularly observed heifers during calving, 27% checked one time/day and 39% observed heifers three or more times a day. On operations that regularly observe cows during calving, 40% checked once daily and 28% checked three or more times/day. Health management is an important part of ensuring calves get a strong start. Separating pairs from pregnant cows can assist in checking new calves and can reduce pathogen MLBibat2020 30 MODULE 2 SLA #2
Survey beef cow herd operators in the community to determine the system of production used locally. Find out why the farmers use these systems.  This activity determines the system of production used. 1. Cow-calf 2. backgrounding 3. feedlot fattening MLBibat2020 31 MODULE 2 SLA #3 MLBibat2020 31
Prepare and present oral reports on a phase of beef cow- calf herd operations that interest you.  Here is the link that may redirect you to understand beef cow-calf herd operations. https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/mp184/Chapter 2.pdf MLBibat2020 32 MODULE 2 SLA #4 32
Observe and assist in the castration, dehorning, vaccination, and identification marking of calves.  Here is the link that may help you https://youtu.be/aVWwlbwMWXE https://youtu.be/g5DQjCvepiY https://youtu.be/iSQBTbDrSs8 MLBibat2020 33 MODULE 2 SLA #5 33
Please be reminded that the submission of your SLA is on the 5th day of September(Friday). You may submit SLA on my university email margie.bibat@urs.edu.ph MLBibat2020 34
REFERENCES  Ken Root, March 29, 2018, USDA: No consolidation in cow-calf operations for five years, Retrieved from https://www.iowaagribusinessradionetwork.com/usda-no-consolidation- in-cow-calf-operations-for-five-years/  CAERT, Inc., Types of Beef Cattle Operations—Part One, Retrived from www.pdf.com  Green Emphire PH Licensure Examination in Agriculture  Deke Alkire, Jun. 1, 2011, Cattle Handling Facilities, Retrieved from https://www.noble.org/news/publications/ag-news-and-views/2011/june/cattle- handling-facilities/ • Kansas Foundation for Agriculture, Beef Life Cycle – Kansas Foundation for Agriculture, Retrieved from https://ksagclassroom.org/education-center/resources/beef-life-cycle/ • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coopfe.com%2FNews%2F CFE-News-Folder%2FShortage-in-Dried-Distillers-Grains- (DDGs)&psig=AOvVaw2XVbIlema9YRBOEjzT1xfQ&ust=1599061138507000&source=imag es&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCLCY05OlyOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAV 35 MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 35
REFERENCES • Department of Agriculture, Inauguration of Cattle Production, Breeding, and Training Center in Isabela, Retrieved from https://www.da.gov.ph/gallery/inauguration-of-cattle-production-breeding-and- training-center-in-isabela/ • USAID, FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION HANDBOOK, Retrieved from http://www.uvas.edu.pk/doc/advisory_services/handbook/FeedlotManagement .pdf • Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines, Cattle Situation Report, April-June 2020, Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/livestock-poultry- iprs/cattle • http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~gking/Ag_2350/beef.htm • Tech Insider, Nov 1, 2017, Did You Know These Products Are Made From Cows?, retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGwoOihpBOY&pbjreload=101 • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbp.ph%2Fdevel opmental-banking%2Fmicro-small-and-medium-enterprises%2Fsustainable- agribusiness-financing-program- safp%2F&psig=AOvVaw2dZrHJmg7XBJ1_DYpYou2h&ust=1599049123456000& source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCNju7q74x- sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK 36 MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 36
REFERENCES • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhoards.com%2Farticle-16846- corn-silage-doesnt-bring-protein-to-the- table.html&psig=AOvVaw3Z856LkhxoURP2uv3ZmUbZ&ust=1599061535424000&source= images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCKDvtIWnyOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alibaba.com%2Fproduct- detail%2FCattle-Feed- Salt_50030526351.html&psig=AOvVaw34OfQFZXZUL8KtPaN1qan5&ust=1599062488647 000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCJDU4ZGqyOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABB K • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fonpasture.com%2F2018%2F05 %2F28%2Fdoes-creep-feeding-calves-in-pasture- pay%2F&psig=AOvVaw15D0iSgIqr0HqKxMePZTTW&ust=1599063345185000&source=im ages&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCICviK-tyOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAY • https://johneveson.photoshelter.com/gallery- image/Beef/G0000LlnkmzbuPIc/I0000HKry34GYVMc • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvectortoons.com%2Fproducts% 2Fa-joyful-cow-and-an-office-work-cubicle- background&psig=AOvVaw1nC_GUutnBUaWs2ZILC8E6&ust=1599067104311000&source =images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCND70qu7yOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAY MLBibat2020 37 MLBibat2020 37
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