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Carbohydrates - part 2.pptx D- Pharm and B-Pharm

This presentation provides a clear and easy-to-understand overview of the classification of carbohydrates. It covers the major classes of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with their definitions, structures, examples, and biological importance. The slides are designed with colorful illustrations and simple diagrams, making them useful for D.Pharm, B.Pharm, B.Sc., Nursing, and Life Science students. This presentation is also helpful for teachers, competitive exam preparation, and quick revision. Topics Covered: Introduction to carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Reducing and non-reducing sugars Examples and important functions Easy-to-understand diagrams and illustrations

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D-PHARM 2nd YEAR Presented by Pragati K. Mahajan
1. Define polysaccharides. 2. Classify polysaccharides. 3. Draw the structure of Starch. Pragati K. Mahajan
Definition :Polysaccharide (or simply glycans) consist of repeated units of monosaccharides or their derivatives, held together by glycosidic bonds. • They are primarily concerned with two important functions- structure and storage of energy. General formula Cn (H2 o) n Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
STARCH • Starch is the carbohydrate reserve of plants which is the most important dietary source for higher animals, including man • Starch is a homopolymer composed of D-glucose units held by a- glycosidic bonds. • lt is known as glucosan or glucan. • Starch consists of two polysaccharide components • Water soluble Amylose (15-20%) Water insoluble Amylopectin (80-85%). Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
. Chemical properties of carbohydrates  TAUTOMERIZATION OR ENOLIZATION  OXIDATION REACTION  REDUCTION REACTION  OSAZONE FORMATION  DEHYDRATION Pragati K. Mahajan
Chemical properties of carbohydrates Tautomerization or Enolization The process of shifting a hydrogen atom from one carbon atom to another to produce enediols is known as tautomerization or enolizations. Pragati K. Mahajan
Chemical properties of carbohydrates OXIDATION REACTION • Depending on the oxidizing agent used, the terminal aldehyde (or keto) or the terminal alcohol or both the groups may be oxidized. • Sugars give acid on oxidation. • Different oxidizing agents give different products. • For example, oxidation of glucose: • with bromine, gives Gluconic acid, • with platinum, gives Glucuronic acid, • with nitric acid, gives Glucosaccharic/Glucaric acid. Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Chemical properties of carbohydrates Reduction Reaction When treated with reducing agents such as sodium amalgam, the aldehyde or keto group of monosaccharide is reduced to corresponding alcohol, as indicated by the general formula, CHO converts to CH2OH. The important monosaccharides and their corresponding alcohols are given below. D-Glucose → D-Sorbitol D-Galactose → D-Dulcitol D-Mannose → D-Mannitol D-Fructose → D-Mannitol + D-Sorbitol D-Ribose → D-Ribitol Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Chemical properties of carbohydrates Osazone Formation 1. When reducing sugar (glucose) is treated with phenyl hydrazine, it gives reaction product (glucose) phenyl hydrazine. 2. Two molecules of phenyl hydrazine are heated again with (glucose) phenyl hydrazone, and give products like ammonia, aniline, osazone (glucosazone). Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Chemical properties of carbohydrates Dehydration • Carbohydrates undergo a dehydration reaction to give furfural or its derivatives. • Concentrated sulphuric acid is used as a dehydrating agent. • Molisch test is used for identification of carbohydrates based on dehydration reaction. Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Qualitative tests of carbohydrates Pragati K. Mahajan
 Molisch Test  Fehling’s Test  Benedict’s Test  Seliwanoff’s Test  Rapid furfural Test.  Osazone Test  Iodine Test. Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Biochemical test Glucose Fructose Maltose Lactose Sucrose Molisch Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Benedict Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative Barfoed Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Seliwanoff Negative Positive Negative Negative Positive Inversion - - - - Positive Osazone Needle shaped crystals Needle shaped crystals Sun flower shaped crystals Powder puff shaped crystals Negative Pragati K. Mahajan
BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES Energy: Main source of energy for the body. Energy Storage: Stored as glycogen for immediate energy needs. Cell Membrane: Helps in the structure of cell membranes. Cell Functions: Supports cell growth, recognition, and adhesion. Structural Role: Forms structural materials like cellulose in plants. Specific Functions: Carbohydrates in DNA/RNA help in genetic information transfer. Fat Synthesis: Excess glucose is converted into fat (lipogenesis). Dietary Fibre: Prevents constipation and promotes healthy digestion. Pragati K. Mahajan
DISORDERS DUE TO ABNORMAL METABOLISM OF CARBOHYRATES  Glycosuria  Diabetes Mellitus  Galactosemia  Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD)  Fructose Intolerance  Lactose Intolerance Pragati K. Mahajan
Glycosuria Presence of glucose in urine. Cause: Blood glucose level exceeds renal threshold. Common Causes: Diabetes mellitus, Renal glycosuria Symptoms: Frequent urination, Increased thirst Diagnosis: Urine glucose test, Blood glucose test Treatment: Control blood sugar, Treat underlying disease Pragati K. Mahajan
Diabetes Mellitus • Metabolic disorder causing persistent hyperglycemia. • Types: Type 1 (IDDM) : Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β- cells (insulin deficiency) • Type 2(NIDDM) : Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency • Cause: Insulin deficiency or insulin resistance • Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Weight loss • Complications:-Kidney damage, Eye damage, Nerve damage • Treatment:- Insulin, Oral antidiabetic drugs, Diet and exercise Pragati K. Mahajan
Diabetes Mellitus Pragati K. Mahajan
Galactosemia Inherited disorder of galactose metabolism. Cause: Deficiency of Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) (most common) Symptoms: Vomiting, Jaundice, Cataracts, Poor growth Diagnosis: Newborn screening, Enzyme assay Treatment: Lactose-free and galactose-free diet Pragati K. Mahajan
Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD) Group of inherited disorders affecting glycogen metabolism. Cause: Deficiency of enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis or breakdown. Affected Organs: Liver, Muscles ,Heart , Kidneys Common Types: Type I – Von Gierke disease Type II – Pompe disease Type III – Cori (Limit dextrinosis) Type IV – Andersen (Amylopectinosis) Type V – McArdle disease Symptoms: Hypoglycemia, Enlarged liver, Muscle weakness Treatment: Frequent meals, Cornstarch therapy, Enzyme replacement Pragati K. Mahajan
Fructose Intolerance Inability to metabolize fructose properly. Cause: Deficiency of Aldolase B Symptoms: Vomiting, Sweating, Hypoglycemia ,Liver damage Diagnosis: Genetic testing, Enzyme analysis Treatment: Avoid fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol Pragati K. Mahajan
Lactose Intolerance Inability to digest lactose. Cause: Deficiency of Lactase enzyme Symptoms: Bloating, Diarrhea, Flatulence, Abdominal cramps Diagnosis: Hydrogen breath test ,Lactose tolerance test Treatment: Lactose-free diet, Lactase enzyme supplements Pragati K. Mahajan
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