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Uploaded byPragati Mahajan
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Carbohydrates- part 1. D-pharm and B-Pharm

This presentation provides a clear and easy-to-understand overview of the classification of carbohydrates. It covers the major classes of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with their definitions, structures, examples, and biological importance. The slides are designed with colorful illustrations and simple diagrams, making them useful for D.Pharm, B.Pharm, B.Sc., Nursing, and Life Science students. This presentation is also helpful for teachers, competitive exam preparation, and quick revision. Topics Covered: Introduction to carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Reducing and non-reducing sugars Examples and important functions Easy-to-understand diagrams and illustrations

Health & Medicine◦
D-PHARM 2nd YEAR Presented by Pragati K. Mahajan
1. Define Carbohydrates . 2. Classify Carbohydrates. 3. Draw the structure of various carbohydrates. Pragati K. Mahajan
Definition • Carbohydrates may be defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the compounds which produce them on hydrolysis. • Carbohydrates are essential biomolecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen & are known as hydrates of carbon. Pragati K. Mahajan
Let’s understand definition Compounds which produce them on hydrolysis means: Some carbohydrates do not directly contain an aldehyde or ketone group, but when they are broken down by hydrolysis (reaction with water), they produce simple sugars that do contain those groups. Example Sucrose is a carbohydrate but does not have a free aldehyde or ketone group. When hydrolyzed, it breaks into: Glucose (an aldehyde sugar) Fructose (a ketone sugar) Pragati K. Mahajan
Introduction • These are the biomolecules or compound in which carbon, water and oxygen are present in fixed ratio • Carbohydrates are often called “saccharides” or described as “saccharine” substances because many of them have a sweet taste. • The word comes from the Latin word saccharum, which means sugar. C + H2O =1:2:1
Carbohydrates are most abundant organic molecules in the nature. They Basically consists of Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
They are simply called as “ Hydrates of Carbon ” . The most imp. Carbohydrate found in plant is “Starch” Where as in case of animals it is “ Glycogen ” Pragati K. Mahajan
Their general formula is Cn (H2 o) n Where n is number of carbon atoms Ex. If number of carbon atoms Cn (H2 o) n if n=1 then HCHO i.e. formaldehyde if n=6 then C6H12O6 i.e. Glucose Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Mono saccharides (1 sugar unit) These are simplest form of carbohydrates which are not further hydrolyzed into simpler units and therefore also called as “simple sugars” . Their general formula is Cn(H2O)n Where n is number of carbon atoms Pragati K. Mahajan
Mono saccharides ( Only 1 unit) They can be further divided by two ways based on a) Functional group b) No. of carbon atoms a) Functional group 1) Aldoses : Aldehyde ( - CHO) group Ex. Glucose 2) Ketoses : Ketone (- C = o) group Ex. Fructose Pragati K. Mahajan
b) No. of carbon atoms No. of carbon Generic name Aldoses Ketoses 3 Trioses Aldotriose e.g. glyceraldehyde Ketotriose e.g. Dihydroxyacetone 4 Tetroses Aldotetrose e.g. Erythrose Ketotetrose e.g. Erythrulose 5 Pentoses Aldopentoses e.g Arabinose, Xylose, Ribose Ketopentoses e.g. Xylulose, Ribulose 6 Hexoses Aldohexose e.g. Glucose, Galactose, Mannose Ketohexose e.g. Fructose 7 Heptoses Aldoheptose: Glucoheptose Ketoheptose e.g Sedoheptulose Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Straight chain Ring structure D-Glucose Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
1. Identify chiral carbon or Asymmetric carbon. 2. Classify Isomerism. 3. Determine the isomers of given carbohydrate compound. 4. Describe the process of Mutarotation. Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Structural isomerism Definition : The compounds having Same molecular formulae but differ from each other by having different structures. Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
1. Define Disaccharides. 2. Classify Disaccharides. 3. Draw the structure of Maltose, lactose, Sucrose. Pragati K. Mahajan
Di saccharides (2 sugar units) Disaccharide consists of two monosaccharide units ( similar or dissimilar) held together by a glycosidic hond. Their basic formula is Cn (H2 o) n-1 Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
 Maltose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose. Two molecules of glucose are linked through  (1→4) glycosidic bond Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
⦿ Lactose is a disaccharide derived from the condensation of galactose and glucose ⦿ Equimolar mixture of glucose and galactose is obtained by hydrolysis of β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.. ⦿ Like maltose, it also has reducing properties as it has one aldehyde free. Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
Pragati K. Mahajan
To Be Continue…… Part 2