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C6 His ch 5 - Chronology and records.pptx

class 6 history C6 His ch 5 - Chronology and records.pptx

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Chapter 5: Chronology and Records C6 History
Meaning and Importance  History is the study of the past, which tells us the story of people and the events that occurred in a distant time.  History is a systematic record of events that have been placed chronologically. (number wise)
Importance  It is a window into the past.  It helps us learn how things evolved and transformed over time  It gives us an understanding of the present  It leads us to make better choices for the future.  Example- nothing good happens because of war; democracy is a better choice of government than dictatorship
Time periods in History
Dates in History  Dates help in maintaining proper records of the past.  The term circa or ca, in short, is generally used in historical writings when the dates of events are not known for sure and have been approximately mentioned.  We follow the Georgian calendar (US state), which comes from Europe, followed by Christianity.  The birth of Jesus Christ is considered the most important event in history.  The Indian national calendar is based on the Saka Era. Chaitra is the first month of this calendar.
CE and BCE  The first year after the birth of Christ will be year 1, and therefore, we are in the year 2026.  A period of 100 years is known as a century. A period of 1000 years millennium  We use CE and BCE to show the difference in time between the events, such as after the birth of Christ and before the birth of Christ.  CE stands for common era, BCE stands for before the birth of Christ.  In earlier years, after the birth of Christ were referred to as AD Anno Domini, which means “in the year of our Lord” in Latin.
Timeline A timeline arranges various events of the past according to the order of their occurrence.
Sources of History  Broadly divided into 1)Archaeological and 2)Literary sources. 1)Archaeological Sources  Archaeology is the study of material remains of the past, like monuments, tools, pots, etc.  The place where these remains are dug out is known as an excavation or archaeological site.
1.1)Monuments and building ruins  They provide a standing testimony of the period of study, like temples, stupas, forts and palaces.  They inform us about the period in which they were built and the scientific knowledge of the people of that period.  They are like treasure and symbol of pride of their civilization.  They act as evidences of history and enhance tourism. Example: Ajanta caves in Aurangabad, Maharashtra are full of sculptures and paintings.
1.2)Inscriptions  They were written on rocks, pillars, walls of important buildings and even metal sheets.  The study of Inscriptions is called Epigraphy.  It is an important source of Indian history which can’t be altered or manipulated.  Ashokan inscriptions were issued in different languages making them accessible to a large audience. 1.3)Coins  The study of coins is known as Numismatics.  Coins of Indian origin were made of gold, silver and copper.  Coins were sometimes issued to celebrate an important event.
Historical Artefacts  Artefacts are objects made by human beings used in the past. Ex: Tools and pots, bones, toys, clothes etc.  They show the sign of human existence and modification with time.
Literary Sources  Divided into religious and secular texts.  Religious Test – based on religious culture and themes.  Example: Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and great epics like Ramayana, Mahabharata. Secular Literature: Tells us about the social and economic lives of the kings and people. Ex: Plays and poems of Kalidasa. Oral history: Stories we have heard from our elders, passed through generations in the form of stories, fables, ballads (long poem/song), and common folklore.
The Earliest Societies  Human evolution from ape-like ancestors to modern humans.  Homo sapiens lived millions of years ago.  Earliest evidence from Africa, where fossils date back to 6 to 2 million years ago.
Stone Age Meaning  The prehistoric period, when humans mainly used stone tools, is called the Stone Age. Divisions of the Stone Age  Palaeolithic Age (Old Stone Age)  Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age)  Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
1)Palaeolithic Age (Old Stone Age)  Time Period - Around 5,00,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE Features  Humans were hunter-gatherers.  Lived in caves and under trees.  Moved from place to place in search of food.  Used crude stone tools. Discovery of Fire  Fire was discovered accidentally.  Sparks from rubbing stones caused fire.  Uses of fire: Light, Warmth, Cooking food, Protection from wild animals
Early Cave Paintings Features  Found in caves from the Stone Age.  Show hunting, dancing, and rituals.  Used to express ideas and experiences. Bhimbetka Cave Paintings  Bhimbetka Rock Shelters are the oldest cave paintings in India. They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They have around 243 rock shelters. Materials Used  Natural colours from rocks, plants, and charcoal.
2) Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age)  Time Period - 10,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE Features  Transition period between the Old and New Stone Age.  Tools became smaller and sharper.  Tiny tools called Microliths were used.  Tools were attached to sticks and bones. Uses of Microliths - Hunting animals, Digging the ground
3)Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)  Time Period - 8,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Features  Beginning of agriculture.  Domestication of animals.  Permanent settlements developed.  Humans changed from food gatherers to food producers. Neolithic Revolution  The term used by Gordon Childe refers to the shift from hunting and gathering to farming and settled life. Importance - Growth of villages, Storage of surplus grains and Beginning of civilizations.
The beginning of crop production  From hunter-gatherers to food producers  The climate became warmer compared to the Stone Age. It created an ideal environment for crops to grow.  Because of an increase in population, hunting and food gathering were not enough.  The growing demand for food was fulfilled by farming.  People were required to have permanent structures to live in, resulting in the growth of civilization.
Neolithic Sites Mehrgarh  Earliest evidence of farming and herding.  Wheat, barley, and cotton were grown.  Mud-brick houses.  Domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats.  Pottery, bead-making, and metalwork developed. Burzahom  First Neolithic site discovered in Kashmir.  Dates back to about 3000 BCE.