Inheritance allows classes to extend existing classes to reuse their properties and behaviors. The extended class is called a subclass, while the class being extended is called the superclass. Subclasses inherit all public and protected members of the superclass. Subclasses can override or extend the superclass's methods and properties. The Point and Circle classes demonstrate inheritance, where Circle extends Point to inherit its x and y coordinates but adds its own radius property. Circle overrides toString() to include radius in the output.

1. Chapter 04:
Object Oriented Programming
- Inheritance -

2. public class Employee { public class Part extends Employee {
private String name; private float perHour;
private float noOfHours;
public Employee(String
name){this.name=name;} public Part(String name, float perHour, float
public Employee(){name="No Name";} noOfHours){ super(name); this.perHour=perHour;
this.noOfHours=noOfHours;}
public String toString(){return name;}
} public Part(float perHour)
{this.perHour=perHour;}
public class Full extends Employee { public String toString(){return
private float salary; super.toString()+"t"+perHour+"t"+noOfHours;}
public void inrcnoOfHours(float x)
public Full(String name, float salary){ {noOfHours += x;}
super(name); public float paid(){return perHour * noOfHours;}}
this.salary=salary;} public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
public Full(float salary){this.salary=salary;} Full fe1= new Full("Ahmad", 1000f);
Full fe2= new Full(2000f);
public String toString(){return System.out.println(fe1+"n"+fe2);
super.toString()+"t"+salary;} Part pe3=new Part("Rami",20f,50f);
public void inrcSalary(float x){salary += x;} Part pe4=new Part(35f);
} pe3.inrcnoOfHours(50);
System.out.println(pe3+"n"+pe4);}}

3. public class Employee{
private String name;
public Employee(String
name){this.name=name;}
public Employee(){name="No Name";}
public class Full extends Employee {
private float salary; public void setName(String
name){this.name=name;}
public Full(String name, float salary){
super(name); public String toString(){return name;}
this.salary=salary;} {
public Full(float salary){this.salary=salary;}
public void setName(String name){
super.setName("*"+name+"*");}
public String toString(){return
super.toString()+
"t"+salary;}
public void inrcSalary(float x){salary += x;}
{

4. Inheritance
• Software reusability
• Create new class from existing class
– Absorb existing class’s data and behaviors
– Enhance with new capabilities
• A class that is derived from another class is called a subclass
(also a derived, extended , or child class).
• The class from which the subclass is derived is called
a superclass (also a base class or a parent class).
• Subclass extends superclass
• Subclass
– More specialized group of objects
– Behaviors inherited from superclass
» Can customize
• Each subclass can become the superclass for future subclasses.

5. Inheritance (cont.)
• Class hierarchy
– Direct superclass
• Inherited explicitly (one level up hierarchy)
– Indirect superclass
• Inherited two or more levels up hierarchy
– Single inheritance
• Inherits from one superclass
– Multiple inheritance
• Inherits from multiple superclasses
– Java does not support multiple inheritance

6. Inheritance (cont.)
• “is-a” vs. “has-a”
– “is-a”
• Inheritance
• subclass object treated as superclass object
• Example: Car is a vehicle
– Vehicle properties/behaviors also car properties/behaviors
– “has-a”
• Composition
• Object contains one or more objects of other classes as
members
• Example: Car has wheels

7. Superclasses and Subclasses
– Superclass typically represents larger set of
objects than subclasses
• Example:
– superclass: Vehicle
» Cars, trucks, boats, bicycles, …
– subclass: Car
» Smaller, more-specific subset of vehicles

8. Inheritance Hierarchy
• Inheritance relationships: tree-like hierarchy structure
CommunityMember
Employee Student Alumnus
Faculty Staff
Administrator Teacher
Inheritance hierarchy for university CommunityMembers

9. Inheritance Hierarchy
Shape
TwoDimensionalShape ThreeDimensionalShape
Circle Square Triangle Sphere Cube Tetrahedron
Inheritance hierarchy for Shapes.

10. protected Members
• protected access
– Intermediate level of protection between
public and private
– protected members accessible to
• superclass members
• subclass members
• Class members in the same package
– Subclass access superclass member
• Keyword super and a dot (.)

11. Relationship between Superclasses and Subclasses
• Using protected instance variables
– Advantages
• subclasses can modify values directly
• Slight increase in performance
– Avoid set/get function call overhead
– Disadvantages
• No validity checking
– subclass can assign illegal value
• Implementation dependent
– subclass methods more likely dependent on superclass
implementation
– superclass implementation changes may result in subclass
modifications

12. What You Can Do in a Subclass
• A subclass inherits all of the public and protected members of its
parent, no matter what package the subclass is in.
• If the subclass is in the same package as its parent, it also inherits
the package-access members of the parent.
• You can use the inherited members as is, replace them, hide them,
or supplement them with new members.
• The inherited fields can be used directly, just like any other fields.
• You can declare a field in the subclass with the same name as the
one in the superclass, thus hiding it (not recommended).
• You can declare new fields in the subclass that are not in the
superclass.

13. What You Can Do in a Subclass (cont.)
• The inherited methods can be used directly as they are.
• You can write a new instance method in the subclass that has the
same signature as the one in the superclass, thus overriding it.
• You can write a new static method in the subclass that has the
same signature as the one in the superclass, thus hiding it.
• You can declare new methods in the subclass that are not in the
superclass.
• You can write a subclass constructor that invokes the constructor of
the superclass, either implicitly or by using the keyword super.

14. Example
Point/circle inheritance hierarchy
• Point
– x-y coordinate pair
– Methods:
• Circle
– x-y coordinate pair
– Radius

15. public class Point extends Object {
protected int x, y; // coordinates of the Point
public Point() // no-argument constructor
{
Point x = 0;
y = 0;
Class }
System.out.println( "Point constructor: " + this );
public Point( int xCoordinate, int yCoordinate ) // constructor
{
x = xCoordinate;
y = yCoordinate;
System.out.println( "Point constructor: " + this );
}
protected void finalize() // finalizer
{
System.out.println( "Point finalizer: " + this );
}
// convert Point into a String representation
public String toString()
{
return "[" + x + ", " + y + "]";
}
} // end class Point

16. Circle Class
public class Circle extends Point { // inherits from Point
protected double radius;
// no-argument constructor
public Circle()
{
// implicit call to superclass constructor here
radius = 0;
System.out.println( "Circle constructor: " + this );
}
// Constructor
public Circle( double circleRadius, int xCoordinate, int yCoordinate
)
{
// call superclass constructor
super( xCoordinate, yCoordinate );
radius = circleRadius;
System.out.println( "Circle constructor: " + this);
}

17. Circle Class (cont.)
protected void finalize() // finalizer
{
System.out.println( " Circle finalizer: " + this );
}
// convert the circle into a String representation
public String toString()
{
return "Center = " + super.toString() +
"; Radius = " + radius;
}
} // end class Circle

18. Point and Circle Test
public class Test {
// test when constructors and finalizers are called
public static void main( String args[] )
{ Point P = new Point();
Circle circle1, circle2;
circle1 = new Circle( 4.5, 72, 29 );
circle2 = new Circle( 10, 5, 5 );
P = null; // mark for garbage collection
circle1 = null; // mark for garbage collection
circle2 = null; // mark for garbage collection
System.gc(); // call the garbage collector
} Point constructor: [0, 0]
Point constructor: Center = [72, 29]; Radius = 0.0
} // end class Test Circle constructor: Center = [72, 29]; Radius = 4.5
Point constructor: Center = [5, 5]; Radius = 0.0
Circle constructor: Center = [5, 5]; Radius = 10.0
Circle finalizer: Center = [5, 5]; Radius = 10.0
Point finalizer: Center = [5, 5]; Radius = 10.0
Circle finalizer: Center = [72, 29]; Radius = 4.5
Point finalizer: Center = [72, 29]; Radius = 4.5
Point finalizer: [0, 0]

19. Object Class
• All classes in Java inherit directly or indirectly from the Object
class (package java.lang),
• So, its 11 methods are inherited by all other classes.
Method Summary
clone( )
Creates and returns a copy of this object.
equals(Object obj)
Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
finalize()
Called by the garbage collector on an object when garbage collection determines
that there are no more references to the object.
getClass()
Returns the runtime class of this Object.
hashCode()
Returns a hash code value for the object.
toString()
Returns a string representation of the object.

20. Object Class (cont.)
notify()
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.
notifyAll()
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.
wait()
Causes the current thread to wait until another thread invokes the notify() method
or the notifyAll() method for this object.
wait(long timeout)
Causes the current thread to wait until either another thread invokes
the notify() method or the notifyAll() method for this object, or a specified amount of
time has elapsed.
wait(long timeout, int nanos)
Causes the current thread to wait until another thread invokes the notify() method
or the notifyAll() method for this object, or some other thread interrupts the current
thread, or a certain amount of real time has elapsed.

21. Object Cloning
public class Point implements Cloneable{
-----
-----
------
public Object clone() // raise visibility level to public
{
try
{ return super.clone();}
catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { return null; }
}
} public class Test {
public static void main( String args[] )
-------- {
------- Point p1=new Point(10,30);
} Point p2= (Point) p1.clone();
p1.setx(500);
System.out.println(p1+"n"+p2);
}} // end class Test

22. equals method
public class Point{
protected int x, y;
public void setx(int x){this.x=x;}
public class Test {
public void multiply(Point p){
public static void main( String args[] )
this.x=p.x*p.x;
{ Point p1=new Point(10,30);
this.y=p.y*p.y;}
Point p2=new Point(10,30);
public static void multiply(Point p1, Point p2){
p1.x= p2.x *p2.x;
if(p1.equals(p2))
p1.y= p2.y *p2.y;}
{ System.out.println("they are equals");
public static boolean equals(Point p1, Point p2){
}
if(p1.x==p2.x && p1.y==p2.y)return true;
return false;}
if(Point.equals(p1,p2))
public boolean equals(Object y){
{ System.out.println("they are equals");
Point p=(Point)y;
}
if(this.x==p.x && this.y==p.y)return true;
return false;}
} // end class Test
public String toString() {
return "[" + x + ", " + y + "]"; }
} // end class Point