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Uploaded byAKRAM HABIB
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Buoyant force & archimedes principle

The document explains buoyant force and Archimedes' principle, detailing how buoyant force acts as an upward force exerted by fluids on immersed objects, balancing the downward gravitational force. It describes conditions under which objects float or sink based on their density relative to the fluid, providing examples such as a crown's purity test and the submerged portion of an iceberg. Overall, it emphasizes the relationship between fluid displacement, density, and buoyant force in determining an object's behavior in fluids.

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BUOYANT FORCES & ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE Created by Akram Habib
BUOYANT FORCE Buoyant force is the upward force exerted by a fluid on any immersed object. The parcel is in equilibrium. There must be an upward force to balance the downward gravitational force. The magnitude of the upward (buoyant) force must equal (in magnitude) the downward gravitational force. The buoyant force is the resultant force due to all forces applied by the fluid surrounding the parcel. For instance :The bottom of the fish is deeper, so there is more force pushing up on it – a buoyant force
WHAT CAUSES BUOYANT FORCE?  Buoyant force is the force on an object exerted by the surrounding fluid.  When an object pushes water, the water pushes back with as much force as it can.  If the water can push back as hard, the object floats (boat). If not, it sinks (steel).
ARCHIMEDES c. 287 – 212 BC Perhaps the greatest scientist of antiquity  Greek mathematician, physicist and engineer  Computed ratio of circle’s circumference to diameter  Calculated volumes and surface areas of various shapes  Discovered nature of buoyant force Inventor  Catapults, levers, screws, etc.
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE  states that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces.  1 cm3 of steel weighs more than the 1 cm3 of water it displaces, so it sinks. 1 cm3 of ice weighs less and so it is pushed up.
ARCHIMEDES’S PRINCIPLE, CONTINUE The pressure at the bottom of the cube is greater than the pressure at the top of the cube. The pressure at the top of the cube causes a downward force of Ptop A. The pressure at the bottom of the cube causes an upward force of Pbot A. B = (Pbot – Ptop) A = (ρfluid g h) A B = ρfluid g Vdisp Vdisp = A h is the volume of the fluid displaced by the cube.B = M g Mg is the weight of the fluid displaced by the cube.
ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE: TOTALLY SUBMERGED OBJECT An object is totally submerged in a fluid of density fluid. The volume Vdisp of the fluid is equal to the volume of the object, Vobj. The upward buoyant force is B = fluid g Vobject The downward gravitational force is Fg = Mg = obj g Vobj The net force is B - Fg = ( fluid – obj) g Vobj
ARCHIMEDES’S PRINCIPLE: TOTALLY SUBMERGED OBJECT, CONTINUE If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid, the unsupported object accelerates upward. If the density of the object is more than the density of the fluid, the unsupported object sinks. If the density of the submerged object equals the density of the fluid, the object remains in equilibrium. The direction of the motion of an object in a fluid is determined only by the densities of the fluid and the object.
ARCHIMEDES’S PRINCIPLE: FLOATING OBJECT The density of the object is less than the density of the fluid. The object is in static equilibrium. The object is only partially submerged. The upward buoyant force is balanced by the downward force of gravity. Volume of the fluid displaced corresponds to the volume of the object beneath the fluid level
ARCHIMEDES’S PRINCIPLE: FLOATING OBJECT, CONTINUE  The fraction of the volume of a floating object that is below the fluid surface is equal to the ratio of the density of the object to that of the fluid.
ARCHIMEDES’S PRINCIPLE, CROWN EXAMPLE Archimedes was (supposedly) asked, “Is the crown made of pure gold?” Crown’s weight in air = 7.84 N Weight in water (submerged) = 6.84 N Buoyant force will equal the apparent weight loss  Difference in scale readings will be the buoyant force Categorize the crown as a particle in equilibrium.
ARCHIMEDES’S PRINCIPLE, CROWN EXAMPLE, CONTINUE.  F = B + T2 – Fg = 0 B = Fg – T2 (Weight in air – apparent “weight” in water) Archimedes’s principle says B = gV  Find V Then to find the material of the crown, crown = mcrown in air / V
ARCHIMEDES’S PRINCIPLE, ICEBERG EXAMPLE What fraction of the iceberg is below water? The iceberg is only partially submerged and so Vdisp / Vice = ice / seawater applies About 89% of the ice is below the water’s surface.
Why does a ship float in water? The shape of the ship´s hull causes the ship to displace a greater volume of water than a solid piece of steel with the same mass.
 The weight of the displaced water is equal to the buoyant force.  A ship displaces more water than a block of steel so it has + buoyant force  A ship floats on the surface as long as the buoyant force acting on it is equal to its weight
EXACTLY WHY DO SOME OBJECTS FLOAT WHILE OTHERS SINK? Density The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. Density = mass/volume.
EDITED BY AKRAM,IMRUL,CHRISTIAN AND LEO