BT CROPS & GOLDEN RICE PPT WITH PATHWAYS AND FLOWCHART

VIVEKANANDHA ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE
Veerachipalayam, Sankagiri, Salem, Tamil nadu
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
SUBJECT : SOIL & ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Subject Incharge :
Dr. R. DINESH KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Microbiology
Viaas, Sankagiri.
Subject Incharge :
Subject Incharge :
Dr. R. DINESH KUMAR
Dr. R. DINESH KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Viaas, Sankagiri.
Viaas, Sankagiri.
Submitted by,
B.K.KAVYADHARSHINI
II - M.Sc. Microbiology
Viaas, Sankagiri
Submitted by,
Submitted by,
B.K.KAVYADHARSHINI
B.K.KAVYADHARSHINI
Viaas, Sankagiri
Viaas, Sankagiri

BT CROPS & GOLDEN
RICE
BT CROPS & GOLDEN
RICE
BT CROPS & GOLDEN
RICE
Genetically modified crops for sustainable
agriculture and better nutrition

CONTENTS:
CONTENTS:
CONTENTS:
BT CROPS:
Introduction
History
Development
Mechanism
Types of Bt crops
Advantages
Disvantages
GOLDEN RICE:
Introduction
Classification
Vitamin A deficiency
Sources
Development
Mechanism
Beta -Carotene
Benefits
Conclusion
References

Genetically Modified (GM) crops are plants whose
DNA has been altered using genetic engineering.
Scientists introduce useful genes into plants to
improve desirable characteristics.
The aim to increase cropp productivity, nutritional
quality, and resistance to pests, diseases, and
environmental stress.
GM crops reduce crop losses and improve food
security.
Examples ,
Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal, Golden Rice etc...
INTRODUCTION :
INTRODUCTION :
INTRODUCTION :

DEFINITION FOR BT CROPS:
Bacillus thuringensis , the Bacterium was discovered in 1901 & these gense produce
“Cry Proteins” (Bt Toxin) was first used as a biological pesticide which kill the harmful pests &
insects.
Later, Scientists inserted Bt genes into crop plants.
The First comercial Bt crop was Bt cotton in 1996.
They are genetically modified plants that contain geners from the soil bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis.They are harmless to humans, animals, birds and most beneficial insects when used
as intended. These proteins are toxic only to specific insect pests.
HISTORY :
HISTORY :
HISTORY :

DEVELOPMENT OF BT CROPS:
1.Scientists identify the Cry gene Bacillus thuringiensis.
2.The Cry gene is isolated.
3. The gene is inserted into the DNA of the crop using genetic engineering techniques.
4. The transformed plant cells are grown into complete plants.
5. The plant produces Bt protein in its tissues.
6. When insect larvae feed on the plant, they ingest the Bt protein and die.

Inserted larvae feed on the Bt crop.
Bt protein enters the insect’s alkaline gut.
The protein becomes activated.
It binds to receptorss in the insect’s intestinal cells.
Pores form in the gut wall.
MECHANISM OF ACTION :

The gut ells rupture, causing the insect to stop feeding
The insect dies within a few days.
IMPORTANCE :
Bt proteins affect only certain insects because only susceptible insects have the
required gut conditions and receptors.

Cry 1 - Control lepidopteran pests, Eg : Moths
Cry 2 - Controsl bollworms & related insects
Cry 3 - Controls beetles
Cry 4 - Controls mosquito larvae
Vip proteins - Provide protection against insects
TYPES OF Bt CROPS:
TYPES OF Bt CROPS:
TYPES OF Bt CROPS:

Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal (Egg Plant), Bt Maize (Corn), Bt Potato
Examples of Bt crops :
ADVANTAGES:
ADVANTAGES:
ADVANTAGES:
Helps in improving the crop yield, raise the farmer’s
production.
Helps in controlling soil pollution.
Helps in protecting beneficial insects.
Reduce the use of synthetic pesticides.
Leads to the production of disease free crops.

DISADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
They are costlier than naturall grown crops.
Disrupt the natural process of gene flow.
Pests might become becomes resistant to the toxins.
Results in decrease of crop production.
BT CROPS IN INDIA:
BT CROPS IN INDIA:
BT CROPS IN INDIA:
Bt Cotton is the only Genetically Modified Food/Fiber crop commercially cultivated on a large
scale in India.
It has significntly reduced damage from cotton bolloworms and increased productivity in many
regions.
Bt Cotton is the only Genetically Modified Food/Fiber crop
Bt Cotton is the only Genetically Modified Food/Fiber crop

Golden Rice was first developed in 2000 by Scientists INGO POTRYKUS & PETER BEYER.
Golden Rice is a varoety of Oryza sativa rice produced from genetic engineering.
The creation of plants that make or accumulate micronutrients , the main purpose is to provide
Pro Vitamins A to third world, developing countries where malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency are
common.
Golden Rice is a genetically modified rice developed to produce “Beta - Catotene”, the precurso
of vitamin A, in the rice grain. The grains appear golden - yellow because of Beta - Carotenes.
Oryza - genus name for Rice
Sativa - Means cultivated
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:
GOLDEN RICE:

CLASSIFICATION OF
ORYZA SATIVA:
CLASSIFICATION OF
CLASSIFICATION OF
ORYZA SATIVA:
ORYZA SATIVA:
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Anthophyta
Class: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Oryza
Species: sativa
Bionomial Nomenclature: Oryza sativa
GOLDEN AVAILABILITY:
Philippines
Bangladesh
Indonesia
India
Any part of Africa and South America

VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY:
Night blidness
Weakened immune system, incresing susceptibility to infections.
Increased risk of mortality, especially among childen and pregnant women.
Impaired growth and development.
Increased risk of diseases like measles, diarrhea, and malaria.
TARGET POPULATIONS:
TARGET POPULATIONS:
TARGET POPULATIONS:
Children under 5 years old, majorly gets affected by the vitamin A deficiency.
Pregnant and lactating women, which distrupts the gowth of the new born baby and the
featus.
Communities with limited access to diverse diets.
Areas with high rates of VAD and related health issues.

SOURCES OF VITAMIN A
ANIMAL SOURCE:
Liver (Beef, Chicken)
Egg Yolks
Diary product
Fatty fish
PLANT SOURCE:
Sweets, Fruits
potatoes
Carrots
Broccoli

DEVELOPMENT OF GOLDEN RICE:
1. Identifying the Biosynthetic Gap:
Normal rice plants naturally produce Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) in the grain.
GGPP is an early precursor to vitamin A.
Rice grains naturally lack the subsequent enzymes needed to convert GGPP into β-carotene.
2. Sourcing the Target Genes:
To complete the missing metabolic pathway, specific transgenes were selected to express key
enzymes:
psy (Phytoene synthase): Sourced from daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) for the original
prototype, and later optimized using a version from maize (corn) for higher yields.
crtI (Phytoene desaturase): Sourced from the common soil bacterium Pantoea ananatis (formerly
Erwinia uredovora).

3. Constructing the Gene Vector:
The isolated psy and crtI genes are cloned into a specific DNA molecule called a plasmid vector.
Scientists attach an endosperm-specific promoter (such as Glutelin) to these genes.
This promoter guarantees that the genes only activate and produce β-carotene inside the edible
rice grain rather than the leaves or roots.
4. Plant Transformation:
The engineered recombinant plasmid is inserted into a carrier bacterium called Agrobacterium
tumefaciens.
Immature rice embryos are incubated and infected with this modified Agrobacterium.
The bacterium naturally transfers its targeted plasmid DNA segment directly into the chromosomal
DNA of the host rice cells.

5. Tissue Culture Selection and Regeneration:
The infected rice embryos are grown on a highly specific selective nutrient medium.
Only the successfully transformed plant tissue cells survive and regenerate into complete, mature
rice plants.
The resulting grains exhibit a distinctive golden-yellow color, indicating successful biofortification
and accumulation of β-carotene.

Insertion of genes for beta-carotene production into the rice plant.
The genes work in the rice grain(endosperm) and produce beta-carotne.
The rice grains become golden - yellow because of the beta - carotene.
People eat Golden Rice as part of their normal diet.
The body converts beta-carotene into vitamin A.
Vitamin A helppss iprove eyesight, immuunity, and healthy growth, and reduces vitamin A
deficiency.
MECHANISM OF GOLDEN RICE:

BETA CAROTENE IN GOLDEN RICE :
Golden Rice has been genetically engineered to produce beta - carotene in its endosperm (the
edible part of the rice grain).
When eaten, this beta - carotene is converted into Vitamin A, helping reduce Vitamin A
deficiency, particularly in children and populations that rely heavily on rice as a staple food.
Chemical formula C40H56.
Class: Cartonoid (tetraterpene pigment)
It is a Fat-soluble compound, which gives yellow, orange, and red colours to many fruits and
vegetables.

🩺Health Benefits:
Prevents Blindness: It stops children from going blind due to a lack of Vitamin A.
Saves Lives: It helps children survive common illnesses like measles and diarrhea.
Stronger Immunity: It strengthens the body to fight off infections and sickness.
Easy to Absorb: The body easily changes the nutrient in this rice into Vitamin A.
🌾Farming & Cost Benefits:
Same Price: It does not cost more money for poor farmers to buy or grow.
Easy to Grow: Farmers plant and grow it the exact same way as normal rice.
Safe Nutrients: The vitamin stays inside the white part of the grain, so it does not get lost during
milling.
BENEFITS OF GOLDEN RICE:

CONCLUSION :
CONCLUSION :
CONCLUSION :
B
Bt cropos reduce insect damage and increase agricultural producctivity.
Golden Rice combats Vitamin A deficiency.
Both demonstrate the potential of biotechnology in addresing agricultural and nutritional
challenges.
Proper regulation and public awareness are essential for safe adoption.

REFERENCES:
REFERENCES:
REFERENCES:
Principles of Gene Manipulation - Primrose & Twyman.
Molecular Biotechnology.
Golden Rice : Introducing the beta - carotene Biosynthesis pathway into Rice Endosperm.
Golden Rice 2 Generates High levels of provitamin A.

BT CROPS & GOLDEN RICE PPT WITH PATHWAYS AND FLOWCHART

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