Agricultural marketing basics

Agricultural marketing basics

• 1.
  Agricultural Marketing  Agriculture(use of natural resources for human welfare i.e. cultivation and rearing of animals)  Marketing connotes a series of activities involved in moving the goods from point of production to point of consumption.  Two types of marketing i.e. Input marketing(seeds, manure, fertilizers, agricultural implements etc.) & Product marketing (By products and/or value added products sell in market.)
• 2.
  DEFINATION & OBJECTIVES “Philip Kotler, has defined marketing as a human activity directed at satisfying the needs and wants through exchange process”.  NEED OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN  PRODUCER(remunerative price)  CONSUMER(reasonable price)  MIDDLE MAN & TRADERS (income)  GOVERNMENT (safe link )
• 3.
  IMPORTANCE OF AGRIL.MKT. Optimization of resource use and output management  Increase in farm income  Widening of markets  Growth of agro based industries  Price signals  Adoption and spread of new technology  Employment creation  Addition to national income  Better living  Creation of utility
• 4.
  Differences in marketing agriculturaland manufactured products  Perish ability of product  Seasonality of production  Bulkiness of Products  Variation in Quality of Products  Irregular Supply of Agricultural products  Small Size of Holdings and scattered Production.  Processing
• 5.
  Scope & SubjectMatter  Input marketing (new subject)  Output marketing(old civilized)  Input marketing was negligible  Agricultural Technology input responsive  Scope of marketing must include both product and input marketing.  Subject matter (market structure, system, functions, agencies, Channels, efficiency & costs , price spread, market integration, producer surplus………………..
• 6.
  MARKET AND MARKETSTRUCTRE  The word MARKET comes from  Latin word “marcatus” which means merchandise, trade, or a place where business is conducted .  “Market means a social institution which performs activities and provide facilities for exchanging commodities between buyers and sellers.”
• 7.
  COMPONENTS OF MARKET COMMODITY/GOOD (existence not necessary)  BUYERS AND SELLERS (existence necessary)  BUISNESS RELATIONSHIP/INTERCOURSE  AREA  (EXISTENCE OF PERFECT COMPETITION AND UNIFORM PRICE NOT NECESSARY)
• 8.
  DIMENSIONS OF MARKET Location of place of operation  Area of coverage  Time span  Volume of transactions  Nature of transactions  Number of commodities  Degree of competition  Nature of commodities  Stage of marketing  Extent of public intervention  Type of population served  Accrual of marketing margins
• 9.
  Classification of Markets On the basis of LOCATION or PLACE OF OPERATION  Village market  Primary market  Secondary wholesale market  Terminal markets  Sea board markets
• 10.
   On thebasis of AREA / COVERAGE  Local and village market  Regional market  National market  World and international markets
• 11.
  Classification of Markets On the basis of VOLUME OF TRANSACTIONS Whole sale market Retail market
• 12.
  Classification of Markets On the basis of NATURE OF TRANSACTIONS  SPOT MARKET/CASH MARKET  FORARD MARKET
• 13.
  Classification of Markets ON THE BASIS OF NO. OF COMMODITIES IN WHICH TRANSCATIONS TAKE PLACE  GENERAL MARKETS  SPECALISIED MARKETS
• 14.
   ON THEBASIS OF DEGREE OF COMPETITION  Perfect market  Imperfect market  MONOPOLY MARKET (one seller) e.g. purchasing electricity for irrigation  Monopsony market (one buyer)  DUPOLY MARKET (two sellers)  Duopsony market (two buyers)  OLIGOPOLY MARKET (more than two but few sellers)  MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION(Large no. of sellers deal with heterogeneous and differentiated products) e.g. insecticides, pump sets, fertilizers, and equipments
• 15.
  Classification of Markets ON THE BASIS OF NATURE OF COMMODITIES  COMMODITY MARKETS  CAPITAL MARKETS (money and share markets)
• 16.
  Classification of Markets ON THE BASIS OF EXTENT OF PUBLIC INTERVENTION  REGULATED MARKET  UNREGULATED MARKET
• 17.
  Classification of Markets ON THE BASIS OF STAGE OF MARKETING  PRODUCING MARKETS  CONSUMING MARKETS
• 18.
  Classification of Markets ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF POPULATION SERVED  URBAN MARKET  RURAL MARKET
• 19.
  Classification of Markets ON THE BASIS OF MARKET FUNCTIONARIES AND ACCURAL OF MARKETING MARGINS  FARMERS MARKETS  COOPERATIVE MARKETS  GENERAL MARKETS
• 20.
  Classification of Markets ON THE BASIS OF TIME SPAN  SHORT PERIOD MARKET  PERIODIC MARKETS  LONG PERIODIC MARKETS  SECULAR MARKETS
• 21.
   CLASSIFICATION OFMARKETS:  Markets may be classified on the basis of each of the twelve dimensions mentioned below.  1. On the basis of Location:  On the basis of the place of location or operation, markets are of the following types:  a) Village Markets: A market which is located in a small village, where major transactions take place among the buyers and sellers of a village is called a village market.  b) Primary wholesale Markets: These markets are located in big towns near the centers of production of agricultural commodities. In these markets, a major part of the produce is brought for sale by the producer-farmers themselves. Transactions in these markets usually take place between the farmers and traders.
• 22.
   c) Secondarywholesale Markets: These markets are located generally in district headquarters or important trade centers or near railway junctions. The major transactions in commodities take place between the village traders and wholesalers. The bulk of the arrivals in these markets is from other markets. The produce in these markets is handled in large quantities. There are, therefore, specialized marketing agencies performing different marketing functions, such as those of commission agents, brokers, weigh men, etc.
• 23.
   Terminal Markets:A terminal market is one where the produce is either finally disposed of to the consumers or processors, or assembled for export. Merchants are well organized and use modern methods of marketing. Commodity exchanges exist in these markets, which provide facilities, for forward trading in specific commodities. Such markets are located either in metropolitan cities or in sea-ports – in Bombay, Madras, Calcutta and Delhi.  e) Seaboard Markets:Markets which are located near the seashore and are meant mainly for the import and/or export of goods are known as seaboard markets. Examples of these markets in India are Bombay, Madras, Calcutta.
• 24.
   2. Onthe Basis of Area/Coverage:  On the basis of the area from which buyers and sellers usually come for transactions, markets may be classified into the following four classes:  a) Local or Village Markets: A market in which the buying and selling activities are confined among the buyers and sellers drawn from the same village or nearby villages. The village markets exist mostly for perishable commodities in small lots, e.g., local milk market or vegetable market.  b) Regional Markets: A market in which buyers and sellers for a commodity are drawn from a larger area than the local markets. Regional markets in India usually exist for food grains.  c) National Markets: A market in which buyers and sellers are at the national level. National markets are found for durable goods like jute and tea.
• 25.
   d) WorldMarket: A market in which the buyers and sellers are drawn from the whole world. These are the biggest markets from the area point of view. These markets exist in the commodities which have a world-wide demand and/or supply, such as coffee, machinery, gold, silver, etc. In recent years many countries are moving towards a regime of liberal international trade in agricultural products like raw cotton, sugar, rice and wheat.
• 26.
   3. Onthe Basis of Time Span: On this basis, markets are of the following types:  a) Short-period Markets: The markets which are held only for a few hours are called short-period markets. The products dealt within these markets are of highly perishable nature, such as fish, fresh vegetables, and liquid milk. In these markets, the prices of commodities are governed mainly by the extent of demand for, rather than by the supply of, the commodity.  b) Long-period Markets: These markets are held for a long period than the short-period markets. The commodities traded in these markets are less perishable and can be stored for some time; these are food grains and oilseeds. The prices are governed both by the supply and demand forces.
• 27.
   c) SecularMarkets: These are markets of permanent nature. The commodities traded in these markets are durable in nature and can be stored for many years. Examples are markets for machinery and manufactured goods.
• 28.
   4. Onthe Basis of Volume of Transactions:  There are two types of markets on the basis of volume of transactions at a time.  a) Wholesale Markets: A wholesale market is one in which commodities are bought and sold in large lots or in bulk. Transactions in these markets take place mainly between traders.  b) Retail Markets: A retail market is one in which commodities are bought by and sold to the consumers as per their requirements. Transactions in these markets take place between retailers and consumers. The retailers purchase in wholesale market and sell in small lots to the consumers. These markets are very near to the consumers.
• 29.
   5. Onthe Basis of Nature of Transactions:   The markets which are based on the types of transactions in which people are engaged are of two types:  a) Spot or Cash Markets: A market in which goods are exchanged for money immediately after the sale is called the spot or cash market.  b) Forward Markets: A market in which the purchase and sale of a commodity takes place at time „t‟ but the exchange of the commodity takes place on some specified date in future i.e., time t + 1. Sometimes even on the specified date in the future(t+1), there may not be any exchange of the commodity. Instead, the differences in the purchase and sale prices are paid or taken.
• 30.
   6. Onthe Basis of Number of Commodities in which Transaction Takes place:   A market may be general or specialized on the basis of the number of commodities in which transactions are completed:  a) General Markets: A market in which all types of commodities, such as food grains, oilseeds, fiber crops, gur, etc., are bought and sold is known as general market. These markets deal in a large number of commodities.   b) Specialized Markets: A market in which transactions take place only in one or two commodities is known as a specialized market. For every group of commodities, separate markets exist. The examples are food grain markets, vegetable markets, wool market and cotton market.
• 31.
   7.On theBasis of Degree of Competition:   Each market can be placed on a continuous scale, starting from a perfectly competitive point to a pure monopoly or monopsony situation. Extreme forms are almost non-existent.  Perfect Markets: A perfect market is one in which the following conditions hold good:  a) There is a large number of buyers and sellers;  b) All the buyers and sellers in the market have perfect knowledge of demand, supply and prices;  c) Prices at any one time are uniform over a geographical area, plus or minus the cost of getting supplies from surplus to deficit areas;  d) The prices are uniform at any one place over periods of time, plus or minus the cost of storage from one period to another;  e) The prices of different forms of a product are uniform, plus or minus the cost of converting the product from one form to another. 
• 32.
   Imperfect Markets:The markets in which the conditions of perfect competition are lacking are characterized as imperfect markets. The following situations, each based on the degree of imperfection, may be identified:  a) Monopoly Market: Monopoly is a market situation in which there is only one seller of a commodity. He exercises sole control over the quantity or price of the commodity. In this market, the price of commodity is generally higher than in other markets. Indian farmers operate in a monopoly market when purchasing electricity for irrigation. When there is only one buyer of a product the market is termed as a monopsony market.  b) Duopoly Market: A duopoly market is one which has only two sellers of a commodity. They may mutually agree to charge a common price which is higher than the hypothetical price in a common market. The market situation in which there are only two buyers of a commodity is known as the duopsony market.
• 33.
   c) OligopolyMarket: A market in which there are more than two but still a few sellers of a commodity is termed as an oligopoly market. A market having a few (more than two) buyers is known as oligopsony market.  d) Monopolistic competition: When a large number of sellers deal in heterogeneous and differentiated form of a commodity, the situation is called monopolistic competition. The difference is made conspicuous by different trade marks on the product. Different prices prevail for the same basic product.  Examples of monopolistic competition faced by farmers may be drawn from the input markets. For example, they have to choose between various makes of insecticides, pumpsets, fertilizers and equipments
• 34.
   8. Onthe Basis of Nature of Commodities:   On the basis of the type of goods dealt in, markets may be classified into the following categories:  a) Commodity Markets: A market which deals in goods and raw materials, such as wheat, barley, cotton, fertilizer, seed, etc., are termed as commodity markets.  b) Capital Markets: The market in which bonds, shares and securities are bought and sold are called capital markets; for example, money markets and share markets. 
• 35.
   9. Onthe Basis of Stage of Marketing:   On the basis of the stage of marketing, markets may be classified into two categories:  a) Producing Markets: Those markets which mainly assemble the commodity for further distribution to other markets are termed as producing markets. Such markets are located in producing areas.  b) Consuming Markets: Markets which collect the produce for final disposal to the consuming population are called consumer markets. Such markets are generally located in areas where production is inadequate, or in thickly populated urban centres.
• 36.
   10. Onthe Basis of Extent of Public Intervention:   Based on the extent of public intervention, markets may be placed in any one of the following two classes:  a) Regulated Markets: Markets in which business is done in accordance with the rules and regulations framed by the statutory market organization representing different sections involved in markets. The marketing costs in such markets are standardized and practices are regulated.  b) Unregulated Markets: These are the markets in which business is conducted without any set rules and regulations. Traders frame the rules for the conduct of the business and run the market. These markets suffer from many ills, ranging from unstandardised charges for marketing functions to imperfections in the determination of prices.
• 37.
   11. Onthe Basis of Type of Population Served:   On the basis of population served by a market, it can be classified as either urban or rural market:  a) Urban Market: A market which serves mainly the population residing in an urban area is called an urban market. The nature and quantum of demand for agricultural products arising from the urban population is characterized as urban market for farm products.  b) Rural Market: The word rural market usually refers to the demand originating from the rural population. There is considerable difference in the nature of embedded services required with a farm product between urban and rural demands.
• 38.
   12. Onthe Basis of Accrual of Marketing Margins:   Markets can also be classified on the basis of as to whom the marketing margins accrue. Over the years, there has been a considerable increase in the producers or consumers co- operatives or other organizations handling marketing of various products. Though private trade still handles bulk of the trade in farm products, the co-operative marketing has increased its share in the trade of some agricultural commodities like milk, fertilizers, sugarcane and sugar. In the case of marketing activities undertaken by producers or consumers co-operatives, the marketing margins are either negligible or shared amongst their members. 
• 39.
  MARKET STRUCTURE  Sizeand design of market  Market operation  “market structure is the formal organization of the functional activity of a market institution”  Traders behavior and their performance  Understanding and market knowledge
• 40.
  COMPONENTS OF MARKETST.  Concentration of market power  Degree of product differentiation  Conditions for entry of firms in the market  Flow of market information  Degree of integration
• 41.
  DYNAMICS OF MARKETST. CONDUCT & PERFORMANCE  Market conduct includes (market sharing &price setting policies ; policies aimed at coercing rivals & policies towards setting the quality of products)  Market structure should keep pace the following changes PRODUCTION PATTERN  DEMAND PATTERN  COSTS AND PATTERNS OF MARKETING FUNCTIONS  TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN INDUSTRY
• 42.
  PRODUCER SURPLUS  Theproducer’s surplus is the quantity of produce which is, or can be, made available by the farmers to the non-farm population.  Two types:  Marketable surplus & marketed surplus  importance 1.framing sound price policies  2.development proper procurement and purchase strategies 3.checking undue price fluctuations 4.advance estimate of the surpluses 5.development of transport and storage systems
• 43.
   Marketable Surplus: it is that quantity of the produce which is made available to non-farm population by a farmer after fulfilling is requirements (family consumption, farm needs( seeds, fertilizers , feed , payment to labourers etc.)  MS=P – C (MS= Marketable surplus, P= Total production , C= total requirements)  Marketed surplus : “ it is that quantity of produce which is the farmer actually sells in the market”.
• 44.
  Relationship between Marketable S.& Marketed S.  Marketed surplus > marketable surplus, when farmer retains smaller quantity of the crop than is actual requirements (small & marginal farmers)….forced/distress sale  Marketed surplus < marketable surplus, when farmer retains some of the surplus produce  (large farmers…higher price , livestock feed)  Marketed surplus = marketable surplus, when farmer neither retains more nor less than his requirement (perishable commodities)
• 45.
  Factor affecting MarketableSurplus  Size of holding  Production  Size of family  Requirement of seed and feed  Nature of commodity  Consumption of habits  Price of commodity
• 46.
  Marketing functions  “Anysingle activity performed in carrying a product from point of its production to point of ultimate consumer.”  Packaging  Transportation  Grading and Standardization  Storage and warehousing  Processing and value addition  Buying and selling  Price discovery and price determination  Market information
• 47.
  lassification of marketfunctions  Thomnsen classified into three broad categories  Primary functions : assembling or procurement Processing, dispersion or distribution  Secondary functions : packaging or packing, transportation, grading, standardization, and quality control, storage and warehousing, determination or discovery of prices, risk taking, financing, buying and selling, demand creation, dissemination of market information.
• 48.
   Tertiary functions: banking, insurance, communication (posts, telecommunication), supply of energy – electricity.  Kohl’s and Uhl classification : (2nd type)  Physical functions : storage and warehousing, grading, processing, transportation.  Exchange functions : buying and selling  Facilitative functions: standardization of grades, financing, risk taking, dissemination of market information.
• 49.
   Huegy andMitchell classification (3rd type)  Physical movement classification : storage, packaging, transportation, grading, distribution.  Ownership movement functions : determining need, creating need, finding buyers and sellers, negotiation of price, rendering advice, transferring the title to goods.  Market management functions : formulating policies, financing, providing organization, supervision, accounting, securing information.
• 50.
  PACKAGING  Packing means, the wrapping and caring of goods before they are transported (preserve and delivery).  Packaging is a part of packing, which means placing the goods in small packages like bags, boxes, bottles, or parcels for sale to the ultimate consumers.
• 52.
  Corrugated fiber board
• 53.
  PACKAGING AND PACKING
• 54.
  WRAPPING MATERIAL
• 55.
  PLASTIC NETS ANDPORTABLE PACKGING
• 56.
  ROLL STOCKS
• 57.
  POLLAMINATE POUCHES
• 58.
  ALUMINIUM FOILS
• 59.
  JUTE GUNNY BAGS
• 60.
  ADVANTAGES  Quality andquantity maintenance.  Protection (spoilage, breakage, leakage)  Compression (cotton, jute and wool)  Facilitation of handling(fruits)  Quality identification, product differentiation, branding, and advertisement.(amul ghee, butter)  Reducing cost (marketing, retailing, handling)  Adulteration  Composition of product.
• 61.
  PACKAGING MATERIAL  Tincontainers, glass containers, polythene, aluminum foils, polyaminate pouches.  CFB (Corrugated fibre board)  Jute bags, corrugated craft paper cartons, plastics.  PVC TRAYS.
• 62.
  TRANSPORTATION  Transportation (meansmovement of products between places) is one of the most important marketing function at every stage.  It adds place utility to goods.  Trade and transport go side by side due to urbanization.  Transport is a sine qua non (beware the consumer)
• 65.
  TRANPORTATION BY RAILWAYS
• 66.
  TRANSPORTATION BY AIRCARGO
• 67.
  TRANPORTATION BY SEAWAYS…..
• 68.
  ADVANTAGES  Widening ofthe Market.  Narrowing price difference over space  Creation of employment  Facilitation of specialized farming  Transformation of the economy  Mobility of the factors of production
• 69.
  MEANS OF TRANSPORT LAND Pathways,roads, railways WATER Inland & ocean water ways AIR Aeroplane & helicopter
• 70.
  Transportation cost  Thetransportation costs accounts for about 50 percent of the total cost of marketing.  Factor affecting cost of transportation  Distance,  quality of product,  mode of transportation,  condition of road
• 71.
  Factor affecting costof transportation  Availability of return journey consignment  Risk associated  Nature of product  perishability (vegetables),  Bulkiness (straw),  Fragility (tomatoes),  inflammability (petrol )
• 72.
  Problems in transportationof agril. products  Mean of transportation (slow moving)  Poor packaging, overloading  Transportation cost (price on the basis of volume and not its value)  Lack of coordination  Multiguage system of railways (uniguage mostly preferred)
• 73.
  Suggestions for improvement Full utilization of capacity of transport facility  Reduction per quintal cost of production  Packaging to prevent spoilage, damage, breakage, and use of good wagons.  Reduction in barriers  Processing  Speed and capacity of transport.
• 74.
  GRADING AND STANDARDIZATION Facilitates the movement of produce.  Standardization means the determination of the basic limits on grades or the establishment of model processors and methods of producing , handling, and selling goods and services.  (Size, colour, appearance, texture, moisture content, staple length, amount foreign matter, ripeness, sweetness, taste and chemical content)
• 75.
  PLANNING MILL FORGRADING AND STANDARDIZATION
• 76.
  STANDARDIZATION OF PULPWOOD ……..
• 77.
  GRADING AND QUALITYCONTROL
• 79.
  CRITERIA FOR GRADESTANDARDS  Consideration of user’s opinion  Objective measurement  Uniform technology  Consumer oriented  Reasonable cost
• 80.
  Inspection and qualitycontrol  Inspection involves the testing of the graded goods with a view of determining whether they conform to the prescribed standards.  Labelling is carried out after inspection.  This is mainly done by AGMARK  AGMARK means (Agricultural  Marketing)  Grading and marketing act, 1937.
• 81.
  Central AGMARK laboratoryis suitated in Nagpur. Commodity specific laboratory Spices- Mumbai Wool- Jamnagar Cotton- Surat, Abohar, Khandwa, Raichur Tobacco- Guntur, Meat- Nagpur, Mumbai,Newdelhi, Karnataka
• 82.
  Advantages of Grading Higher price to produce.  Facilitates marketing.  Widens the market  Reduces the cost marketing.  Future trading.  Contribute market competition & pricing efficiency.
• 83.
  PRODUCER’S DIFFUCILITIES IN GRADING Sensory taste  Deterioration in quality  Difficult for fixing grade standards  Standards as per department  Not of uniform quality  Poor incentive
• 84.
  Grading and standardization Food corporation of India- cereals.  NAFED- Pulses & Oilseeds.  Cotton corporation of India- Raw cotton.  Jute corporation of India- for raw jute.  (quality standards maintain by above nodal agencies.)  INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION  International organization for standardization (ISO)  Codex Alimentarious Commission (CAC)
• 85.
  International organization for standardization(ISO)  Establishment 25th February , 1947  Founder INDIA  Objective facilitate international exchange for goods and services  ISO- 9000 series (manufacture & service industry)
• 86.
  Codex Alimentarious Commission (CAC) Establishment 1936  Founder FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION(FAO) & WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION(WHO)  OBJECTIVE  Consumer protection  World trade  144 members countries.
• 87.
  Storage and Warehousing Storage is an exercise of human foresight by means of which commodities are protected from deterioration, and surplus supplies in times of plenty are carried over to season of scarcity.  Storage function adds time utility.
• 88.
  Need of storage Continuous flow of goods  Protect the quality  Fulfillment of seasonal demand  Stabilization of price  Performance of other marketing function  Improvement in quality  Price advantage 
• 89.
  RISK IN STORAGE QUANTITY LOSS  QUALITY DETERIORATION  PRICE RISK
• 90.
  STORAGE PRACTICES ININDIA  GUNNY BAGS  EARTHEN CONTAINER  BAMBOO CONTAINER  MASONARY STUCTURE  UNDER GROUND STRUCTURE
• 91.
  Storage structures  Undergroundstorage structure:  Dug-out structures similar to well with sides plastered with cowdung.; lined with sand and cement.  Rajasthan (khai) foodgrains are stored.  Free from seasonal variations, temperature and humidity.  Theft, wind, rain.  Factor of gravity.
• 92.
   Surface Storagestructure:  Maintenance hygienically, convenient for inspection.  Heating up less as compare to other str.  Eg: Vertical silos, Bag storage, bulk or loose storage structure, Kothi or mud pots, kuthla,  Thekka, gunny bags, metal drums,
• 93.
  Improved grain storagestructure  For small scale structure :  PAU Bin, Pusa bin, Hapur tekka  Large storage structure :  CAP Storage (cover and plinth)  Warehouse  Silos
• 94.
   Important storageinstitutes  Grain storage research and training institute Hapur (1958)  Indian grain and storage institute (IGSI)  Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Jhorat, Udaipur (1981)  Indian grain storage management research institute. (IGMRI).
• 95.
  WAREHOUSES  Warehouses arescientific storage structures especially constructed for the protection of the quality and quantity of stored products.  WARESHOUSING may be defined as the assumption of responsibility for the storage of goods . “it is called protector of national wealth”
• 96.
  FUNCTIONS  Scientific storage Financing  Price stabilization  Market intelligence
• 97.
  TYPES OF WAREHOUSES On the basis of Ownership:  Private warehouses  Public warehouses  Bonded warehouses  Entrepot trade (re-export of imported trade)
• 98.
   On thebasis of types of commodities stored  General warehouses  Special commodity warehouses  Refrigerated warehouses
• 99.
  Warehousing in India (1928) Royal commission on agriculture  (1931) Central banking enquiry committee  (1944) R.B.I  (1951) All India Rural Credit Survey Committee  (1956) Agricultural produce (development and warehousing ) corporation act,  (1956) National Cooperative development and Warehousing board.
• 100.
  Warehousing boards  Nationalcooperative development and Warehousing board (1st Sept. 1956)  Central warehousing corporation (CWC)  (March 18, 1963)  State Warehousing corporation  Bihar (1956)  F.C.I  COOPERATIVE SECTOR