The document analyzes nitrate pollution in vegetable-soil-water ecosystems in Punjab, Pakistan. Samples of vegetables, soils, and water were collected from 35 districts in Punjab and analyzed for nitrate and other nutrient concentrations. Statistical analyses found that agricultural intensity and use of sewer water for irrigation significantly increased nitrate pollution levels. Among vegetables, radish and spinach had the highest nitrate levels in winter (>5000 ppm), while eggplant was highest in summer (~2000 ppm). Soil nitrate accumulation was widespread at depths of 2-3 feet and higher in sandy clay loam soils. Drinking water sources like shallow wells and tube wells had more nitrate pollution compared to deep wells and were more impacted by agriculture and
Agro ecological zones In Pakistan By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Pakistan has been divided into ten agro-ecological zones based on climate, physiography, land use, and water availability. Zone I is the Indus Delta region with a hot, arid climate and crops including rice, sugar cane, and bananas. Zone II is the Southern Irrigated Plain with cotton, wheat, and sugar cane as major crops. Zone V covers the Barani (rainfed) lands including the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, where wheat, millets, and pulses are grown. The document provides details on the climate, soils, and dominant crops of each zone.
Pakistan has an extensive mountain range that includes some of the highest peaks in the world. Some of the major mountain ranges discussed in the document include the Karakoram, Himalaya, Hindu Kush, and others. These mountain ranges are home to K2, the second highest peak in the world, and four of the fourteen highest peaks globally. The ranges contain heavily glaciated areas and provide the source for major river systems. Pakistan is also home to several deserts, including the Thar, Cholistan, and others.
Satpara Lake is an 8 km south of Skardu, Pakistan, accessible by 20 minute jeep ride. It has an island in its clear waters that can be reached by boat. The lake is considered ideal for fishing. Kachura Lake lies 32 km from Skardu, a 2 hour jeep ride away. In spring, its banks are filled with colorful flowers and trees with peach, apricot, and apple blossoms. It also offers trout fishing. The Deosai Plateau, located at an average altitude of 13,500 feet, covers an area of 3,000 square kilometers and is snowbound from November to May. Its landscape is colorful from flowers in summer and home to unique wildlife.
The document discusses biodiversity on Earth and in Pakistan. It defines biodiversity as the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region. It notes that biodiversity provides important benefits like supporting agriculture, science/medicine, and materials. Pakistan has many protected areas that cover different ecoregions from mangrove forests to the Himalayas. Critical ecosystems in Pakistan include the Indus Delta mangroves, which cover over 600,000 hectares and support fishing communities, and the Tibetan Plateau and Western Himalayan forests.
Pakistan has four main climatic zones based on its diverse topography:
1) A highland climate in the northern, northwestern, and western mountains with cold winters, mild summers, and high rainfall.
2) A semi-arid to arid lowland climate in the Indus Plain with hot summers, cool winters, and monsoon rainfall varying from north to south.
3) A coastal climate along the southern coast with sea breezes moderating temperatures and humidity over 50% in spring and summer, and little rainfall.
4) An arid climate in southwestern Balochistan and the southeastern desert with extreme heat, dryness, and dust storms.
The document discusses the climate and weather patterns of Pakistan. It describes four main seasons in Pakistan - winter, early summer, late summer, and post-monsoon. Rainfall in Pakistan comes from monsoon winds, western depressions, convectional currents, relief rainfall, and tropical cyclones. Pakistan has several climatic zones including the highland zone with cold winters and mild summers, the arid zone with hot and dry conditions, the lowland zone with hot summers and cool winters, and the coastal zone with moderate temperatures influenced by the sea. Factors like latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea or desert affect temperatures across Pakistan. Flooding sometimes occurs when excessive monsoon rains cause rivers to
The document analyzes nitrate pollution in vegetable-soil-water ecosystems in Punjab, Pakistan. Samples of vegetables, soils, and water were collected from 35 districts in Punjab and analyzed for nitrate and other nutrient concentrations. Statistical analyses found that agricultural intensity and use of sewer water for irrigation significantly increased nitrate pollution levels. Among vegetables, radish and spinach had the highest nitrate levels in winter (>5000 ppm), while eggplant was highest in summer (~2000 ppm). Soil nitrate accumulation was widespread at depths of 2-3 feet and higher in sandy clay loam soils. Drinking water sources like shallow wells and tube wells had more nitrate pollution compared to deep wells and were more impacted by agriculture and
Agro ecological zones In Pakistan By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Pakistan has been divided into ten agro-ecological zones based on climate, physiography, land use, and water availability. Zone I is the Indus Delta region with a hot, arid climate and crops including rice, sugar cane, and bananas. Zone II is the Southern Irrigated Plain with cotton, wheat, and sugar cane as major crops. Zone V covers the Barani (rainfed) lands including the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, where wheat, millets, and pulses are grown. The document provides details on the climate, soils, and dominant crops of each zone.
Pakistan has an extensive mountain range that includes some of the highest peaks in the world. Some of the major mountain ranges discussed in the document include the Karakoram, Himalaya, Hindu Kush, and others. These mountain ranges are home to K2, the second highest peak in the world, and four of the fourteen highest peaks globally. The ranges contain heavily glaciated areas and provide the source for major river systems. Pakistan is also home to several deserts, including the Thar, Cholistan, and others.
Satpara Lake is an 8 km south of Skardu, Pakistan, accessible by 20 minute jeep ride. It has an island in its clear waters that can be reached by boat. The lake is considered ideal for fishing. Kachura Lake lies 32 km from Skardu, a 2 hour jeep ride away. In spring, its banks are filled with colorful flowers and trees with peach, apricot, and apple blossoms. It also offers trout fishing. The Deosai Plateau, located at an average altitude of 13,500 feet, covers an area of 3,000 square kilometers and is snowbound from November to May. Its landscape is colorful from flowers in summer and home to unique wildlife.
The document discusses biodiversity on Earth and in Pakistan. It defines biodiversity as the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region. It notes that biodiversity provides important benefits like supporting agriculture, science/medicine, and materials. Pakistan has many protected areas that cover different ecoregions from mangrove forests to the Himalayas. Critical ecosystems in Pakistan include the Indus Delta mangroves, which cover over 600,000 hectares and support fishing communities, and the Tibetan Plateau and Western Himalayan forests.
Pakistan has four main climatic zones based on its diverse topography:
1) A highland climate in the northern, northwestern, and western mountains with cold winters, mild summers, and high rainfall.
2) A semi-arid to arid lowland climate in the Indus Plain with hot summers, cool winters, and monsoon rainfall varying from north to south.
3) A coastal climate along the southern coast with sea breezes moderating temperatures and humidity over 50% in spring and summer, and little rainfall.
4) An arid climate in southwestern Balochistan and the southeastern desert with extreme heat, dryness, and dust storms.
The document discusses the climate and weather patterns of Pakistan. It describes four main seasons in Pakistan - winter, early summer, late summer, and post-monsoon. Rainfall in Pakistan comes from monsoon winds, western depressions, convectional currents, relief rainfall, and tropical cyclones. Pakistan has several climatic zones including the highland zone with cold winters and mild summers, the arid zone with hot and dry conditions, the lowland zone with hot summers and cool winters, and the coastal zone with moderate temperatures influenced by the sea. Factors like latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea or desert affect temperatures across Pakistan. Flooding sometimes occurs when excessive monsoon rains cause rivers to