The document provides an in-depth exploration of Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) for Android, detailing its architecture, lifecycle, client setup, and server communication. It discusses the message sending process, necessary components, and protocols for integrating GCM with third-party applications. Key information includes message formats, parameters, error handling, and references for further development resources.

2. A Journey into Google Cloud Messaging
“exploring the roots of crucial service for the Android eco-
system”

3. Simone Pulcini
simone.pulcini@gmail.com
it.linkedin.com/in/simonepulcini/
plus.google.com/+SimonePulcini

4. Main topics
● Overview with architectural tidbits
● Lifecycle
● Client setup and code
● 3rd party server with HTTP messages

5. About “Push communication”
● It’s a kind of Internet-based communication
between two parties
● It’s based on the publish-subscribe model
● Transaction is initiated by the publisher
(server)
● Clients subscribe a set of preferences in
advance

6. Push-based chat services
and so on…….

7. Components
● Client application: Android device with Android 2.2,
Google Play Store installed, logged Google account
● 3rd party Application Server: possibly a backend
component deployed on a server of your own that send
messages to Android devices using GCM
● GCM Connection Server: Google provided servers that
enables GCM

8. Credentials
1. Sender ID (obtained from API Console)
2. Application ID (declared on the android application
manifest.xml)
3. Registration ID (assigned by GCM servers to your
Android app)
4. Google account (needed for Android < 4.0.4)
5. Sender auth token (API key needed by 3rd party
application server to use GCM service)

9. GCM service architecture

10. Lifecycle (1 of 3): Enable GCM
● We have to declare our intent to use GCM on the
Android app, obtaining our registration id
● We need to do it just ONE TIME in our application life (i.
e we have to store our registration id on the device
using SharedPreferences)
String SENDER_ID = "My-Sender-ID";
GoogleCloudMessaging gcm = GoogleCloudMessaging.getInstance(context);
String registrationId = gcm.register(SENDER_ID);

11. Lifecycle (2 of 3): msg send
● 3rd party server sends a message to GCM servers
● GCM servers enqueue and store it!
● As soon as each Android device is online, GCM
sends the msg to it
● On the device, Android OS broadcast msg to the
specified Android application using Intent broadcast
(only the right application receives the msg). Android
application could also be in a not running state
● Android app processes the msg

12. Lifecycle (3 of 3): msg receive
● Android receives the msg, then extract
key/value pairs from the payload
● Pairs are passed to the target app in a com.
google.android.c2dm.intent.RECEIVE Intent
● Target app extracts the values from Intent to
process them (it references them via keys)

13. Setup howto
This is what you need to start developing:
1. Google Play Services (http://developer.android.
com/google/play-services/setup.html)
2. Google API project from the cloud console (https:
//cloud.google.com/console) to obtain the project
number (your sender ID)
3. Turn on the GCM service
4. Obtain the API Key (needed for server side billing)

14. And now….
Your GCM Service is ready! It’s up to you to
code your Android client and your server
application (backend).
Let me show you how easy it is!

15. manifest.xml

16. Client: check Play Services
Call checkPlayServices() inside onCreate() and onResume()

17. Register GCM

18. checkAppVersion

19. registerInBackground

20. Receive a message
We need:
● a special mechanism to accept our RECEIVE intent, a
type of Broadcast Receiver. It receives the message
from the channel, passing it to…..
● ….an Intent Service that parses the message and calls
our logic (what we want do with this message)

21. Wakeful Broadcast Receiver

22. Intent Service (1 of 2)

23. Intent Service (2 of 2)

24. Some defs for you about msgs
Send to sync message: a message sent by
server to tell the client that there’s something
new server side
Payload message: a message sent by server
to the client that contains some data for the
client (a “payload”)

25. And now...let’s go server side!
It’s important to remember that you can
connect to GCM using two protocols:
● HTTP
● XMPP
In this talk we’ll cover HTTP only connections
(you can find lots of documentation on the
internet on how to use XMPP with GCM)

26. HTTP Server vs Cloud Connection Server
1. Cloud to device only
2. Uses HTTP POST and a
synchronous
mechanism (wait until
received)
3. JSON msg on HTTP
POST
1. Cloud to device and
device to cloud
2. Uses an XMPP
persistent asynchronous
connection with ACK e
NACK encapsulated in
JSON
3. JSON msg on XMPP
HTTP CCS

27. What you need to implement
In our 3rd party server we need to:
1. Send a msg to GCM server
2. Expose an interface to our client (Android) to
communicate with it
3. Store API key and registration IDs
4. Generate unique message IDs for each msg
sent

28. Message parameters
Time to go deep into a GCM message format.
We’ll look at required [R] and optional [O]
message parameters.
Remember we’ll discuss HTTP message
parameters only!

29. Here you are...parameters!
● registration_ids [R]: string array of devices. range: 1 to 1000
● notification_key [O]: maps an user to a set of registration_ids. Msg will be sent to the whole group of
registration_ids covered by notification_key. Example: owner of multiple android devices (phone, tablet etc) with
the same app installed on each of them.
● collapse_key [O]: an arbitrary string to mark n message. If the device is offline, and n message have been
stored by GCM with the same collapse key, only the last one will be sent to the device as soon as it will be online
again. No guarantee on the fact that the last message pushed by 3rd party server on GCM will be the one sent.
range: 1 to 4
● data [O]: optional payload of 4kb maximus stored as a JSON object. Keys are restricted to avoid using some
reserved words. Values can be also json object but GCM will convert them to strings.
● delay_while_idle [O]: a json boolean. If true, msg will be sent when the device wakes up from idle. If
collapse_key was defined, last message enqueued with that key will be sent
● time_to_live [O]: time in seconds. Time for GCM to store a message if device is in idle or offline state. Default is
4 weeks
● restricted_package_name[O]: package name of your app. Msg will be sent to registration_ids that match this
package name
● dry_run [O]: json boolean. If true no msg will be sent. Just a test for your 3rd party server during some debug!

30. Http header for JSON msg
Two headers for the GCM needed!
● Authorization: key = your_api_key
● Content-type: application/json

31. Message example 1

32. Message example 2

33. Message example 3

34. HTTP Response codes
● 200: Yes!!! Done. See the response
message to have more details
● 400: Problem parsing a JSON request. See
the response message for more details
● 401: Authentication problem
● 5xx: GCM service issue. Want to retry? See
the suggested time provided in the response
message

35. JSON Response fields
● multicast_id : unique id identifying a multicast message
● success: number of message sent
● failure: number of message failed to be sent
● canonical_ids: number of results that contain a canonical registration_id
● results: array of objects with the status of each message processed by
GCM, listed in request order. It contains these fields:
○ message_id: id of the message processed succefully
○ error: a string with an error message
○ registration_id: this message was processed but next time the client
should use the registration_id specified, not the previous one. This
field is not set in case of an error.

36. Error messages
● Missing registration ID: you forget to insert a registration ID in your request
● Invalid registration ID: it does not match the registration ID on the device (check length for example)
● Mismatched sender: You’re not a valid sender for this registration ID (the client hasn’t declared you as a valid
sender)
● Unregistered device: device is unregistered (for example: application has been uninstalled or registration id is
expired due to Google decision to renew it
● Message too big: do you remember that the payload max size is 4096 bytes?
● Invalid data key: your key value in the JSON payload is a reserved word for GCM
● Invalid time to live: your TTL is not in the range from 0 to 2419200 (4 weeks)
● Authentication error: double check your auth credentials (i.e the authorization header of your message)
● Timeout: GCM server timeout. Resend your message but respect conditions reported in the error (as Retry-After
as well as an exponential back-off in your retry mechanism)
● Internal server error: something gone wrong in GCM server. Maybe you should wait a litte or try to ask for
some support in Google support forum
● Invalid package name: You passed a package name for a registration id in your request that does not match
the client package name

37. Response example 1

38. Response example 2

39. References
● http://developer.android.
com/google/gcm/index.html
● https://code.google.com/p/gcm/
● https://github.
com/spulci/gdg_rome/tree/master/GdgRome
IOTDemoModel