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852710030-INTRODUCTION-TO-MICROBIAL-BIOTRANSFORMATION-AND-ITS-APPLICATIONS.pptx

Friedal acelation and biotechnology

Health & Medicine◦
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INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIAL BIOTRANSFORMATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS PRESENTED BY : KA V ANA.S.GOWDA HUDA IQBAL K CHETHANA.C.SWAMI PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION ⚫ Microbial biotransformation is a process where microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, use their enzymes to convert a substrate into a structurally related product. ⚫ Microbial biotransformation are structural modifications in a chemical compound by organisms/enzymes systems that lead to the formation of molecules with relatively greater polarity. ⚫ This mechanism has been developed by microbes to acclimatize to environmental changes and it is useful in a wide range of biotechnological processes.
WHY ARE MICROBIAL CELLS IDEAL CHOICE FOR BIOTRANSFORMA TION? III . I. SURFACE -VOLUME RATIO: Microbial biotransformation has high surface- volume area. II. GROWTH RATE: Higher growth rate of microbial cells reduces the time of biotransformation. METABOLISM RATE: Higher rate of the metabolism in microbes leads to efficient transformation of substrates. IV. STERILITY: It is easier to maintain the sterile conditions when microbes are used.
TYPES OF BIOTRANSFFORMATION Biotransformation is of two types: 1. Enzymatic: Microsomal biotransformation is caused by enzymes present within the lipophilic membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Non enzymatic: Non-Microsomal Biotransformation involves the enzymes which are present within the mitochondria.
TYPES OF BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS CATALYZED BY MICROORGANISMS SL NO. TYPE OF REACTION EXAMPLE COMMONLY USED MICROORGANISM 1. Oxidation Tryptophan 5hydroxytruptophan Bacillus subtilis 2. Reduction Benzaldehyde Benzyl alcohol Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3. Hydrolysis Menthyl laureate Menthol Mycobacterium phlei 4. Condensation Streptomycin Streptomycinphosphate Streptomyces griseus
ADV ANT AGES OF BIOTRANSFORMA TION ⚫ Microbial transformation aids in easy synthesis of complex molecules such as steroids. ⚫ In pharmaceutical research and development, biotransformation studies have been extensively applied to investigate the metabolism of compounds using animal models. ⚫ It is a cost-effective method. ⚫ Transformations are carried out with very efficient biocatalyst (enzyme / whole cells) and are environmentally acceptable. ⚫ Biocatalyst operates under mild conditions of ambient temperatures 20 to 40 C , atmospheric pressure and at or near neutral pH in the range
DISADV ANT AGES OF BIOTRANSFORMA TION ⚫ In biotransformation, biocatalyst requires narrow operation parameters. If a reaction proceeds slowly under given parameters, there is only a narrow scope of alteration as it leads to deactivation of the enzyme/protein. ⚫ Biocatalyst reaction shifting from an aqueous medium to an organic medium is most of the time not feasible and reduces its activity. ⚫ Biocatalyst displays its highest catalytic activity in aqueous condition, which is the least desired solvent for most of organic compound. ⚫ Some biocatalysts may cause allergies.
APPLICATIONS 1. Transformation of steroids and sterols. 2. Transformation of pollutants. 3. Transformation of Non-Steroid compounds. 4. Transformation of antibiotics. 5. Transformation of pesticides. 6. Petroleum biotransformation.
TRANSFORMATION OF STEROIDS Steroids are a class of natural products that are widely distributed throughout nature.They are present in bile salts, adrenal-cortex, and sex- hormones, insects molting hormones, sapogenins, alkaloids and some antibiotics. All steroids have the same basic structure, a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene which consists of four fused rings.The steroid molrcule has several asymmetric centres and it makes the total synthesis of steroids very difficult. The process of microbial biotransformation of steroids increases its biological activity. EX: Testosterone was the first steroid to be produced by microbial biotransformation from dehydroepiandrosterone using Corynebacterium
TRANSFORMATION OF ANTIBIOTICS The microbial transformation of existing antibiotics has been done with aim of developing new , modified and improved antibiotics which contain many qualities like reduced toxicity, broad anti-microbial spectrum, enhanced oral absorption, less resistant/ allergic effects. In most cases, any transformation step causes a partial or complete inactivation off antibiotic.
TRANFORMATION OF NON- STEROID COMPOUNDS Dihydroxyacetone is widely used in lotions and cosmetics. Gluconobacter melanogenus, an acetic acid bacteria is used in the microbial transformation of glycerol from dihydroxyacetone. Prostaglandins are unsaturated fatty acids/ hormones that have a lot of medical significance with wide application as contraceptive, alleviating pain during childbirth treatment of congenital heart failure and digestive diseases. Prostaglandins can be produced from unsaturated fatty acids by microbial transformation by Cryptococcus neoformans, a pathogenic fungi. L- Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), an anti-oxidant with wide application is sythesized by Reichstein-Grussner synthesis through microbial conversion carried out by Acetobacter suboxydans.
THAN K YOU ….