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High Performance Core Data

The document discusses efficient techniques for managing Core Data in applications, including strategies for fetching, importing, and processing data with a focus on performance optimization. It highlights the use of predicate costs, batch sizes, and multithreading to enhance data handling, as well as emphasizing the importance of canonicalization and efficient find-or-create algorithms. Furthermore, it covers the proper use of managed object contexts in different queue types to ensure thread safety and maximize app performance.

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High Performance Core Data HighPerformanceCoreData.com MatthewMorey.com | @xzolian
BuoyExplorer.com
Agenda
Managed Object Context Managed Object Managed Object Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Main Queue
Memory Speed Less More Slow Faster
Memory Speed Less More Slow Faster
Memory Speed Less More Slow Faster
Tools
#define TICK NSDate *startTime = [NSDate date] #define TOCK NSLog(@"Elapsed Time: %f", -[startTime timeIntervalSinceNow])
#define TICK NSDate *startTime = [NSDate date] #define TOCK NSLog(@"Elapsed Time: %f", -[startTime timeIntervalSinceNow]) ... TICK; [self methodYouWantToMeasure]; TOCK;
-com.apple.CoreData.SQLDebug [1,2,3]
-com.apple.CoreData.SQLDebug [1,2,3]
-com.apple.CoreData.SQLDebug [1,2,3]
-com.apple.CoreData.SQLDebug [1,2,3]
-com.apple.CoreData.SQLDebug [1,2,3] -com.apple.CoreData.SyntaxColoredLogging 1 -com.apple.CoreData.MigrationDebug 1 -com.apple.CoreData.SQLiteDebugSynchronous [0,1,2] -com.apple.CoreData.SQLiteIntegrityCheck [1] -com.apple.CoreData.ThreadingDebug [1,2,3]
$ sqlite3
$ sqlite3 UFO.sqlite sqlite> select * from sqlite_master; table|ZUFOSIGHTING|ZUFOSIGHTING|3|CREATE TABLE ZUFOSIGHTING ( Z_PK...VARCHAR ) table|Z_PRIMARYKEY|Z_PRIMARYKEY|4|CREATE TABLE Z_PRIMARYKEY (Z_ENT...INTEGER) table|Z_METADATA|Z_METADATA|5|CREATE TABLE Z_METADATA (Z_VERSION...BLOB)
sqlite> SELECT t0.ZSHAPE, COUNT( t0.ZSHAPE ) FROM ZUFOSIGHTING t0 GROUP BY t0.ZSHAPE; changed|1 changing|1546 chevron|760 cigar|1782 circle|5271 cone|265 ... teardrop|595 triangle|6082 unknown|4490
Pony Debugger
SQLite Professional
Tools •Macros •Launch Arguments •SQL •Instruments •Measure, Measure, Measure
Fetching
NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [NSFetchRequest fetchRequestWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting"]; [fetchRequest setFetchBatchSize:20];
NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [NSFetchRequest fetchRequestWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting"]; NSArray *UFOSightingsArray = [self.managedObjectContext executeFetchRequest:fetchRequest error:NULL]; NSMutableDictionary *uniqueShapesDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; for (UFOSighting *sighting in UFOSightingsArray) { ... // Count unique shape items ... } NSManagedObject
NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [NSFetchRequest fetchRequestWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting"]; [fetchRequest setResultType:NSDictionaryResultType]; [fetchRequest setPropertiesToFetch:@"shape"]; NSDictionaryResultType
NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [NSFetchRequest fetchRequestWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting"]; NSExpressionDescription *expressionDescription = [[NSExpressionDescription alloc] init]; [expressionDescription setName:@"count"]; [expressionDescription setExpression: [NSExpression expressionForFunction:@"count:" arguments: @[[NSExpression expressionForKeyPath:@"shape"]]]]; [fetchRequest setPropertiesToFetch:@[@"shape", expressionDescription]]; [fetchRequest setPropertiesToGroupBy:@[@"shape"]]; [fetchRequest setResultType:NSDictionaryResultType]; NSExpression
Prefetch Required Relationships
[fetchRequest setRelationshipKeyPathsForPrefetching: @[@"photo"]];
Fetching •Don’t fetch more than you need •Set a batch size •Let SQLite do the calculations •Prefetch required relationships
Predicates
Light Comparisons First
[fetchRequest setPredicate: [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat: @"shape == %@ AND duration > %i", @"sphere", 30]];
[fetchRequest setPredicate: [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat: @"shape == %@ AND duration > %i", @"sphere", 30]]; [fetchRequest setPredicate: [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat: @"duration > %i AND shape == %@", 30, @"sphere"]];
Be Cautions with Strings
Predicate Costs Less More Beginswith Endswith Equality == Contains Matches
Predicate Costs Less More Beginswith Endswith Equality == Contains Matches [cd] cost you even more
Predicates •Do light (numerical) comparisons first •Beginswith/Endswith instead of Contains/Matches •Don’t use [cd]
Searching
Canonicalize String Properties
Canonicalize String Properties Description canonicalizedDesc Green Mën green men BEAM beam Prόbë probe ABDUCTION abduction
- (void)setDesc:(NSString *)desc { if (_desc != desc) { _desc = desc; [self updateCanonicalizedDesc:desc]; } } - (void)updateCanonicalizedDesc:(NSString *)desc { NSMutableString *result = [NSMutableString stringWithString:desc]; CFStringNormalize((CFMutableStringRef)result, kCFStringNormalizationFormD); CFStringFold((CFMutableStringRef)result, kCFCompareCaseInsensitive | kCFCompareDiacriticInsensitive | kCFCompareWidthInsensitive, NULL); self.canonicalizedDesc = [NSString stringWithString:result]; }
- (void)setDesc:(NSString *)desc { if (_desc != desc) { _desc = desc; [self updateCanonicalizedDesc:desc]; } } - (void)updateCanonicalizedDesc:(NSString *)desc { NSMutableString *result = [NSMutableString stringWithString:desc]; CFStringNormalize((CFMutableStringRef)result, kCFStringNormalizationFormD); CFStringFold((CFMutableStringRef)result, kCFCompareCaseInsensitive | kCFCompareDiacriticInsensitive | kCFCompareWidthInsensitive, NULL); self.canonicalizedDesc = [NSString stringWithString:result]; }
Canonicalized Tokens
componentsSeperatedByCharactersInSet
Separate Stack
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Primary Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Search Tokens
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Primary Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Search Tokens URIRepresentation
Hash of Tokens
Searching •Canonicalize text properties •Use tokens •Separate persistence stack •Hash of tokens
Data Model
Don’t Overnormalize •Duplication isn’t always bad •Let UI drive data model
Use External Storage
Data Model •Don’t overnormalize •Use external storage for large attributes •Large blobs as separate entity •Less data takes less time to fetch
App Launch
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0); dispatch_async(queue, ^{ // Create persistent store coordinator with model // Add persistent store to store coordinator // Create managed object context // Context is fully initialized, notify view controllers dispatch_sync(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ [self persistentStackInitialized]; }); });
“Lots of Things” Problem
- (void)applicationDidEnterBackground:(UIApplication *)application { UIApplication *app = [UIApplication sharedApplication]; __block UIBackgroundTaskIdentifier backgroundTask = 0; backgroundTask = [app beginBackgroundTaskWithExpirationHandler:^{ [app endBackgroundTask:backgroundTask]; backgroundTask = UIBackgroundTaskInvalid; }]; dispatch_async( dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{ // Delete or update a bunch of NSManagedObjects // If success [app endBackgroundTask:backgroundTask]; backgroundTask = UIBackgroundTaskInvalid; // If failure [app endBackgroundTask:backgroundTask]; backgroundTask = UIBackgroundTaskInvalid; }); }
Importing Data
Main Queue vs Private Queue self.managedObjectContext = self.persistenceStack.managedObjectContext; self.managedObjectContext.undoManager = nil; [self.managedObjectContext performBlockAndWait:^{ [self import]; }];
Main Queue vs Private Queue self.managedObjectContext = self.persistenceStack.managedObjectContext; self.managedObjectContext.undoManager = nil; [self.managedObjectContext performBlockAndWait:^{ [self import]; }]; NSManagedObjectContext *privateManagedObjectContext = [[NSManagedObjectContext alloc] initWithConcurrencyType:NSPrivateQueueConcurrencyType]; [privateManagedObjectContext setPersistentStoreCoordinator: self.managedObjectContext.persistentStoreCoordinator]; privateManagedObjectContext.undoManager = nil; [privateManagedObjectContext performBlockAndWait:^{ [self import]; }];
Typical Import Algorithm 1) JSON to NSDictionary 2) Find existing NSManagedObject 3) Optionally, create new NSManagedObject 4) Set attributes of new/updated NSManagedObject
Typical Import Algorithm 1) JSON to NSDictionary 2) Find existing NSManagedObject 3) Optionally, create new NSManagedObject 4) Set attributes of new/updated NSManagedObject
Inefficient Find-Or-Create Algorithm + (instancetype)findOrCreateWithIdentifier:(id)identifier inContext:(NSManagedObjectContext *)context { NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [NSFetchRequest fetchRequestWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting”]; fetchRequest.predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"%K = %@", @"GUID”, identifier]; fetchRequest.fetchLimit = 1; id object = [[context executeFetchRequest:fetchRequest error:NULL] lastObject]; if (object == nil) { object = [UFOSighting insertNewObjectIntoContext:context]; } return object; }
Inefficient Find-Or-Create Algorithm + (instancetype)findOrCreateWithIdentifier:(id)identifier inContext:(NSManagedObjectContext *)context { NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [NSFetchRequest fetchRequestWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting”]; fetchRequest.predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"%K = %@", @"GUID”, identifier]; fetchRequest.fetchLimit = 1; id object = [[context executeFetchRequest:fetchRequest error:NULL] lastObject]; if (object == nil) { object = [UFOSighting insertNewObjectIntoContext:context]; } return object; }
1 2 3 4 ... New Data 1 4 ... Old Data
1 2 3 4 ... New Data 1 4 ... Old Data Update
1 2 3 4 ... New Data 1 4 ... Old Data Insert
1 2 3 4 ... New Data 1 4 ... Old Data 2
1 2 3 4 ... New Data 1 4 ... Old Data 2
1 2 3 4 ... New Data 1 4 ... Old Data 2 Insert
1 2 3 4 ... New Data 1 4 ... Old Data 2 3
1 2 3 4 ... New Data 1 4 ... Old Data 2 3 Update
Inefficient Find-Or-Create Algorithm NSEnumerator *jsonEnumerator = [sortedArray objectEnumerator]; NSEnumerator *fetchResultsEnumerator = [fetchResults objectEnumerator]; NSDictionary *UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; UFOSighting *UFOSightingManagedObject = [fetchResultsEnumerator nextObject]; while (UFOSightingDictionary) { // Check if managed object already exist // Not an update, create new managed object // Set new attributes if (isUpdate) { UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; UFOSightingManagedObject = [fetchResultsEnumerator nextObject]; } else { UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; } }
Inefficient Find-Or-Create Algorithm NSEnumerator *jsonEnumerator = [sortedArray objectEnumerator]; NSEnumerator *fetchResultsEnumerator = [fetchResults objectEnumerator]; NSDictionary *UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; UFOSighting *UFOSightingManagedObject = [fetchResultsEnumerator nextObject]; while (UFOSightingDictionary) { // Check if managed object already exist // Not an update, create new managed object // Set new attributes if (isUpdate) { UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; UFOSightingManagedObject = [fetchResultsEnumerator nextObject]; } else { UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; } }
Inefficient Find-Or-Create Algorithm NSEnumerator *jsonEnumerator = [sortedArray objectEnumerator]; NSEnumerator *fetchResultsEnumerator = [fetchResults objectEnumerator]; NSDictionary *UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; UFOSighting *UFOSightingManagedObject = [fetchResultsEnumerator nextObject]; while (UFOSightingDictionary) { // Check if managed object already exist // Not an update, create new managed object // Set new attributes if (isUpdate) { UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; UFOSightingManagedObject = [fetchResultsEnumerator nextObject]; } else { UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; } }
Inefficient Find-Or-Create Algorithm NSEnumerator *jsonEnumerator = [sortedArray objectEnumerator]; NSEnumerator *fetchResultsEnumerator = [fetchResults objectEnumerator]; NSDictionary *UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; UFOSighting *UFOSightingManagedObject = [fetchResultsEnumerator nextObject]; while (UFOSightingDictionary) { // Check if managed object already exist // Not an update, create new managed object // Set new attributes if (isUpdate) { UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; UFOSightingManagedObject = [fetchResultsEnumerator nextObject]; } else { UFOSightingDictionary = [jsonEnumerator nextObject]; } }
NSUInteger totalUFOSightings = [UFOSightingsArray count]; NSInteger totalBatches = totalUFOSightings / MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT; // Create array with just the unique keys NSArray *jsonGUIDArray = [sortedArray valueForKey:UFO_KEY_JSON_GUID]; for (NSInteger batchCounter = 0; batchCounter <= totalBatches; batchCounter++) { // Create batch range based on batch size NSRange range = NSMakeRange(batchCounter*MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT,MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT); NSArray *jsonBatchGUIDArray = [jsonGUIDArray subarrayWithRange:range]; // Grab sorted persisted managed objects, based on the batch NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [[NSFetchRequest alloc]initWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting"]; NSPredicate *fetchPredicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"%K IN %@", @"GUID", jsonBatchGUIDArray]; // ... while (UFOSightingDictionary) { // ... // Efficient find-or-create algorithm // ... } }
NSUInteger totalUFOSightings = [UFOSightingsArray count]; NSInteger totalBatches = totalUFOSightings / MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT; // Create array with just the unique keys NSArray *jsonGUIDArray = [sortedArray valueForKey:UFO_KEY_JSON_GUID]; for (NSInteger batchCounter = 0; batchCounter <= totalBatches; batchCounter++) { // Create batch range based on batch size NSRange range = NSMakeRange(batchCounter*MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT,MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT); NSArray *jsonBatchGUIDArray = [jsonGUIDArray subarrayWithRange:range]; // Grab sorted persisted managed objects, based on the batch NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [[NSFetchRequest alloc]initWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting"]; NSPredicate *fetchPredicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"%K IN %@", @"GUID", jsonBatchGUIDArray]; // ... while (UFOSightingDictionary) { // ... // Efficient find-or-create algorithm // ... } }
NSUInteger totalUFOSightings = [UFOSightingsArray count]; NSInteger totalBatches = totalUFOSightings / MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT; // Create array with just the unique keys NSArray *jsonGUIDArray = [sortedArray valueForKey:UFO_KEY_JSON_GUID]; for (NSInteger batchCounter = 0; batchCounter <= totalBatches; batchCounter++) { // Create batch range based on batch size NSRange range = NSMakeRange(batchCounter*MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT,MDM_BATCH_SIZE_IMPORT); NSArray *jsonBatchGUIDArray = [jsonGUIDArray subarrayWithRange:range]; // Grab sorted persisted managed objects, based on the batch NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [[NSFetchRequest alloc]initWithEntityName:@"UFOSighting"]; NSPredicate *fetchPredicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"%K IN %@", @"GUID", jsonBatchGUIDArray]; // ... while (UFOSightingDictionary) { // ... // Efficient find-or-create algorithm // ... } }
Pre-Populated SQLite File in App Bundle
Download Pre-Populated SQLite File
Importing Data •Do import work on private queues •Use efficient find-or-create algorithm •Work in batches to keep memory low •Use pre-populated SQLite file
Memory
[context refreshObject:UFOSightingManagedObject mergeChanges:NO]; [context reset];
Concurrency Models
Managed Object Context Managed Object Managed Object Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Main Queue
Managed Object Context Managed Object Managed Object Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Main Queue
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Context Did Save Notification Merge Changes From Notification
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Context Did Save Notification Refetch and Reload
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue UI Work
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue UI Work Persisting to Disk
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue UI Work Persisting to Disk
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue UI Work Persisting to Disk
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Private Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Private Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue Background Updates
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Private Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue Background Updates UI Work
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Private Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue Background Updates UI Work Persisting to Disk
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Private Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue Background Updates UI Work Persisting to Disk
Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store Model Main Queue Managed Object Context Private Queue Managed Object Context Managed Object Context Private Queue Background Updates UI Work Persisting to Disk __block NSManagedObjectContext *temporaryContext = self.workerObjectContext; __block NSManagedObjectContext *managedObjectContext = self.managedObjectContext; __block NSManagedObjectContext *writerObjectContext = self.writerManagedObjectContext; [temporaryContext performBlock:^{ NSError *error = nil; if (![temporaryContext save:&error]) { // TODO: Handle error } [managedObjectContext performBlock:^{ NSError *error = nil; if (![managedObjectContext save:&error]) { // TODO: Handle error } [writerObjectContext performBlock:^{ NSError *error = nil; if (![writerObjectContext save:&error]) { // TODO: Handle error } // Success!!! }]; // writerObjectContext }]; // managedObjectContext }]; // temporaryContext
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Persistent Store Coordinator Model
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Persistent Store Coordinator Model
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Persistent Store Coordinator Model
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Persistent Store Coordinator Model Context Did Save Notification
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Persistent Store Coordinator Model Context Did Save Notification Merge Changes From Notification
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Persistent Store Coordinator Model Context Did Save Notification Refetch and Reload
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Persistent Store Coordinator Model Context Did Save Notification Refetch and Reload •Cannot pass objects between persistent store coordinators •Cannot pass objectIDs between persistent store coordinators •You can use URIRepresentation •You can use mergeChangesFromContextDidSaveNotification
TLDR
Managed Object Context Persistent Store Coordinator Persistent Store (SQLite, XML, ...) Model Managed Object Context Main Queue Private Queue Context Did Save Notification Refetch and Reload
Concurrency Models •Use the simplest model that meets your needs •Update main context after large imports have completed
Bang Head Here
In general... •Use the tools, and measure, measure, measure •Don’t load more than you need to •Don’t use [cd] •Be smart with your data model •Import on a private queue in batches •Pick the correct (but simplest) concurrency model
Questions? HighPerformanceCoreData.com MatthewMorey.com | @xzolian

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