2007 09 10 Fzi Training Groovy Grails V Ws

2007 09 10 Fzi Training Groovy Grails V Ws

• 1.
  Groovy & GrailsLightning Talk Raphael Volz Sep. 10, 2007 FZI, Karlsruhe Builds on content from the following presentations Rod Cope and James Strachan The Groovy Programming Language Presentation held at JavaOne 2004 Graeme Rocher Rapid Web Application Development with Grails Presentation held at JavaOne 2006
• 2.
  Agenda Why shouldI care ? Get Groovy Find Grails
• 3.
  Why should Icare ? 40-60% User Interface 40-60% Functionality Software Development Effort Variance Max. 20 % User Interface Min. 80% Functionality Focus : Users  Great Interface  Developer  Gigantic Functionality Typically Research … try to be efficient in programming efforts … ... try to be efficient in UI efforts...
• 4.
  Efficiency Problems inWeb Development Many repetitive tasks Consider example data flow: Database – Object Representation – Presentation HTML Different structure of individual applications Hard to understand Hard to maintain Difficulty to get started Many concepts at once: HTML, XML, SQL, JavaScript, Programming Languages … Need: Simplification Standardization Capture “Best Practices”
• 5.
  Java’s biggest strengthsin Web development ? VM and Binary Compatibility We can build deployment units (class, jar, jnlp, war, ear, rar, car) and run them anywhere We can easily reuse libraries, APIs and tools e.g. high quality BPM, SemWeb, Market APIs Lots of reusable software & components & tools We can innovate at the source code level if we play nice at the binary level
• 6.
  Problems with Javain Web Dev’t Verbose Many import statements Try… Catch Nightmare … Static Compile Cycle prevents necessary agility Language Concepts (in my opinion) slow to embrace “modern” concepts … … many of which are helpful for Web Development
• 7.
  Agenda Why shouldI care ? Get Groovy Find Grails
• 8.
  Get Groovy –An agile dynamic language for Java Integrates with Java Can call Java Can be called by Java Compiles to Java byte code Simplifies syntax of java Adds modern language features from Python, Ruby, Dylan and Smalltalk to Java Supports DSL (domain specific languages) to compact syntax and increase readability Reduces scaffolding code (Web, GUI, database) Simplifies testing (mocks up out-of-the-box)
• 9.
  Groovy // SimplifyingJava Syntax (1) Automatically imports groovy.lang.* groovy.util.* java.lang.* java.util.* java.net.* java.io.* java.math.BigInteger java.math.BigDecimal Declare all imports Imports PUBLIC PRIVATE Default scope OPTIONAL MUST Typing of variables OPTIONAL MUST Brackets with method calls OPTIONAL MUST Semicolon after statement Groovy Java Feature
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  Groovy // Newfeatures beyond Java Everything is an object Groovy Beans Automatically generates get/set methods Uses these methods when attributes are read Simple Notation of lists and (hash) maps Closures - Objects with executable code Operator overloading Extended Switch
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  Groovy // HelloWorld Java public class HelloWorld { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println( “Hello World”); } } Groovy println “Hello World” Simplifications applied Public optional Type information optional Every Class knows “println” Script needs no class and main method context Semicolon optional Brackets are optional when calling methods Println “Hello World” class HelloWorld { static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println( “Hello World”); } } class HelloWorld { static main (args) { System.out.println( “Hello World”); } } class HelloWorld { static main (args) { println(“Hello World”); } } println(“Hello World”); Println “Hello World”
• 12.
  Groovy // Closures: Blocks of code as objects def c = { println "hello" } c() square = { x -> x * x } assert square(2) == 4 square = { it * it } 3.times { println "hoch!" } def sum = 0 1.upto(5) { sum += it } assert sum == 15 Use to substitute repeated code blocks Closure with parameter Closure with default parameter "it" does not require return Times function upto function Remember LISP ? ... pass around as references, store, execute at arbitratry time ... similar to anonymous inner classes, but nicer syntax and more flexible
• 13.
  Groovy // CallingJava APIS 10 liner to get "Google Patent Search" results via HTMLUnit 1 import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.WebClient 2 def searchTerm = 'Robot' // Patent Search with Google 3 def client = new WebClient() 4 def page = client.getPage('http://www.google.com/patents') 5 def input = page.forms[0].getInputByName('q') 6 input.valueAttribute = searchTerm 7 page = page.forms[0].submit() 8 def results = page.anchors.grep { it.classAttribute == 'big' } 9 results.each { 10 println it.hrefAttribute.padRight(30) + ' : ' + it.asText() } Closure
• 14.
  Groovy // Everythingis an object def i = 1 assert i == new Integer (1) def k = i assert i.is(k) assert !(i.is(new Integer(i))) No primitive datatypes Int, short byte, long real objects == is equals() Checks equality of objects is() checks identity of objects Very, very useful when writing test code !!!
• 15.
  Groovy // GroovyBeans vs. Java Beans Java public class Person { private String firstName; private String nickName; public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public String setFirstName( String n) { this.name = n; } ... } Person p = new Person(); p.setFirstName("Raphael"); System.out.println(p.getName()); Groovy class Person { String firstName; String nickName String getNickName() { if (!nickName) return firstName else return nickname } } def p = new Person(firstName: 'Raphael' ) assert p.nickName == 'Raphael'
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  Groovy // SimplifiedList Handling def list = [1,2,3] assert list[0] == 1 assert list[-1] == 3 assert list[1..2] == [2,3] assert list + [4,5] == [1,2,3,4,5] assert list << 9 == [1,2,3,9] assert [1,2,3] - [2] == [1,3] assert [1,2] * 2 == [1,2,1,2] def sum = 0 for (i in list) sum+= i asset sum == 6 Simplified addressing of list elements avoids calls to len() Simplied modification of lists Simplified iteration
• 17.
  Groovy // ListHandling Example public class Filter { public static void main( String[] args ) { List list = new java.util.ArrayList(); list.add( &quot;Rod&quot; ); list.add( &quot;James&quot; ); list.add( &quot;Chris&quot; ); Filter filter = new Filter(); List shorts = filter.filterLongerThan( list, 4 ) for ( String item : shorts ) { System.out.println( item ); } } public List filterLongerThan( List list, int length ) { List result = new ArrayList(); for ( String item : list ) { if ( item.length() <= length ) { result.add( item ); } } return result; } } Select all names with at most 3 characters from a list Groovy Java list = [&quot;Rod&quot;, &quot;James&quot;, &quot;Chris&quot;] shorts = list.findAll { it.size() <= 4 } shorts.each { println it }
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  Groovy // Rangesand Maps def sum = 0 for (i in 1..10) sum += i assert sum ==55 map = ['rod' : 33, 'james' : 35] assert map['rod'] == map.rod map.joe = 28 assert map == ['rod':33, 'james':35, 'joe':28] assert map.subMap(['rod', 'joe']) == ['rod':33, 'joe':28]
• 19.
  Basic Sorting list= [ 'dog', 'bird', 'chick' ] println( list.sort() ) -> [bird, chick, dog] println( list.sort { it.size() }.reverse() ) -> [chick, bird, dog]
• 20.
  Sorting JavaBeans classPerson { name; age } list = [ new Person( name:'Rod', age:33 ), new Person( name:'James', age:35 ) ] list.sort { | person | person.age } list.sort { [ it.name, it.age ] } list.sort { | a, b | a.name <=> b.name } println( list.sort{it.name}.name ) -> [James, Rod] println(list.sort{it.name}.name.join(':')) -> &quot;James:Rod&quot;
• 21.
  Groovy // OperatorOverloading Maps Operators to Methods Can be implemented by any class and subsequently used Operator Name Method a+b plus a.plus(b) a-b minus a.minus(b) a*b star a.multiply(b) a/b divide a.div(b) a % b modulo a.mod(b) a++ increment a.next() a-- decrement a.previous() a**b power a.power(b)
• 22.
  Groovy // Advancedswitch switch (v) { case 1: println 'Number one'; break; case 'test': println 'String test'; break; case 2..15 : println 'in range 2 to 15'; break; case [1, '1', 'One'] : println 'Number one'; break; case ~/A.*/: println 'Starts with A'; break; default: println 'Default Output'; break }
• 23.
  Groovy // AdditionalLibrary Adds methods missing from the JDK String contains(), count(), execute(), padLeft(), center(), padRight(), reverse(), tokenize(), each(), etc. Collection count(), collect(), join(), each(), reverseEach(), find/All(), min(), max(), inject(), sort(), etc. File eachFile(), eachLine(), withPrintWriter(), write(), getText(), etc.
• 24.
  Groovy // Stringsand Regular Expressions def cal = new GregorianCalendar() println &quot;Date: $cal.time&quot; assert 'only letters' ==~ /((\w*) *)*/ assert 'only letters' =~ /\w*/ def matcher = 'only letters' =~ /\w*/ mather.each { println it } Usage of variables in strings Matches whole words Matches all words Print all words
• 25.
  Groovy // GPathpath expressions class Person { name; age } list = [ new Person( name:'Rod', age:33 ), new Person( name:'James', age:35 ) ] println( list.find {it.age > 25}.name ) -> [Rod] println( list.findAll {it.age > 25}.name ) -> [Rod, James] println( list.any{ it.name.size() > 4 } ) -> true
• 26.
  Groovy // BuildersImplemenation of Builder Design Pattern Used to construct other things Groovy provides builders for Groovy objects NodeBuilder XML,HTML groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder Swing SwingBuilder Ant AntBuilder Can add own Builders (very powerful) Who writes one for RDF ? Who writes one for OWL ? Who writes one for BPEL ?
• 27.
  Groovy // XMLBuilder Groovy data = ['Rod': ['Misha':8, 'Bowie':2], 'Eric': ['Poe':4, 'Doc':3] ] xml = new groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder() people = xml.people() { for ( entry in data ) { person( name: entry.key ) { for ( dog in entry.value) { pet( name:dog.key, age:dog.value ) } } } } XML <people> <person name='Rod'> <pet name='Bowie' age='2' /> <pet name='Misha' age='8' /> </person> <person name='Eric'> <pet name='Poe' age='4' /> <pet name='Doc' age='3' /> </person> </people>
• 28.
  Groovy // XMLParser XML <people> <person name='Rod'> <pet name='Bowie' age='2' /> <pet name='Misha' age='8' /> </person> <person name='Eric'> <pet name='Poe' age='4' /> <pet name='Doc' age='3' /> </person> </people> Groovy def persons = new XmlParser(). parseText(text); assert people.person.pet.name == ['Bowie', 'Misha', 'Poe', 'Doc']
• 29.
  Groovy // DynamicFeatures Meta Object protocol Intercept method calls Control access to properties Control access to classes Expando Object def e = new Expando () e.a = Math.PI e.m = { println 'I am an expando, this is new method m' } e.m() Duck Typing class Fish { def swim() { println 'I am a fish' } } class Dolphin {def swim() { println 'I am a dolphin' } } [new Fish(), new Dolphin()].each { it.swim() }
• 30.
  Groovy // SummaryGroovy Dynamic, flexible Components Focus Adaptivity, Prototyping Java Static, stable Components Critical for runtime More efficient compiler Typically 50% less development effort (*) Note: (*) Comes at higher debugging expense and 20-90% performance
• 31.
  Agenda Why shouldI care ? Get Groovy Find Grails
• 32.
  What is GRAILS? Grails is an MVC Web framework Initially inspired by Ruby on Rails Built upon solid bricks & best of breed components Spring : IoC, DI, Spring MVC, transactional support, experimental Spring WebFlow… Hibernate : ORM, querying mechanism… Groovy : for focusing on everything that matters And: SiteMesh, Quarz, AJAX frameworks… « Convention over configuration »: Focus not on wiring and configuration!
• 33.
  GRAILS // Layeringon Java Components Source: G. K. Rocher, The Definite Guide to Grails, Apress, 2006, p. 7
• 34.
  GRAILS // Step1
• 35.
  Source: G. K.Rocher, The Definite Guide to Grails, Apress, 2006, p. 39
• 36.
  GRAILS // Basicapplication already there after Step 1
• 37.
  GRAILS // Step2 - Define a Model • Now that the skeleton is there, focus on the model • Model backed by GORM • The model is just a set POGO s (Plain Old Groovy Objects) • First class of our domain: the books class Book { String title String author String publisher }
• 38.
  GRAILS // GRAILSContribution • Automatically, Grails add dynamic instance & static methods to all your domain classes: Static methods: Instance methods: • Book.get(1) • Book.save() • Book.find() • book.validate() • Book.findAll() • book.update() • bok.delete()
• 39.
  GRAILS // Step3 Generation of views and controllers • Once the Book class is created, let´s benefint from static scaffolding -> grails generate-all -> grails run-app • A BookController is created, as well as four GSP: ▪ create.gsp ▪ edit.gsp ▪ list.gsp ▪ show.gsp
• 40.
  GRAILS // Scaffoldingprovides basic GUI for CRUD
• 41.
  GRAILS // Takingcontrol of GRAILS V iew M odel C ontroller grails generate-controller /grails-app/controllers grails generate-views /grails-app/views grails create-domain-class /grails-app/model J obs S ervices /grails-app/jobs /grails-app/services grails create-app 1 2 Web Test Unit Test 4 5 6 grails generate-all 3
• 42.
  GRAILS // VIEWCONTROLLER INTERACTION Source: G. K. Rocher, The Definite Guide to Grails, Apress, 2006
• 43.
  GRAILS // Hibernateinteraction • Hibernate is the de facto ORM solution • Domain classes are automatically and transparently mapped with Hibernate • 1:1, 1:n & m:n realtionships supported • Various database environments (dev, test, prod) • Default HSQLDB in-memory config • You can even provide your own Hibernate mapping files for legacy schemas • You can also reuse your EJB3 ! V M C S J
• 44.
  GRAILS // Amore complex domain class Author { String firstName String lastName def hasMany = [books: Book ] String toString() { “ $firstName $lastName” } } class Book { String title Author author Publisher publisher def belongsTo = [ Publisher , Author ] String toString() { title } } class Publisher { String name def hasMany = [ books: Book ] String toString() { name } } Author has many Books Publisher has many Books V M C S J
• 45.
  GRAILS // Domainwith constraints to keep valid Add an email to Author class Author { String email // … static constraints = { email (email: true) } } Add an ISBN to Book class Book { Stringisbn // … static constraints = { isbn (matches: “ [0-9] {9} [0-9X ]”) } } V M C S J
• 46.
  GRAILS // ...and even more constraints • Many constraints available: blank , creditcard, email, inList , length, min, minLength, minSize, matches , max, maxLength, maxSize, notEqual, nullable , range , size, unique , url , validator • And you can create your own closure validator: even( validator: { it % 2 == 0 )} V M C S J
• 47.
  GRAILS // Queryingyour Model Grails provides various querying mechanisms: Dynamic finder methods Query by example Criteria builders Full-blown HQL queries V M C S J
• 48.
  GRAILS // QueryExamples • Book. find By Title (“The Stand”) Book.findByTitle Like (“Harry Pot%”) Book.findByReleaseData Between (start, end) Book.findByTitleLike Or ReleaseData LessThan ( “ %Grails%”, someData) • Find by relationship Book.find All By Author ( Author.get(1) ) • Affect sorting Book.findAllbyAuthor(me, [sort:‘title’,order:’asc’] ) V M C S J
• 49.
  GRAILS // Views• Spring MVC under the hood • Support for flash scope between requests • GSP : Groovy alternative to JSP • Dynamic taglib development: no TLD, no configuration, just conventions • Adaptive AJAX tags (Yahoo, Dojo, Prototype) • Customizable layout with SiteMesh • Page fragments through reusable templates • View under grails-app/views V M C S J TIP: Use grails install-templates to install and customize your the templates to be used for generation (templates in ../src/templates)
• 50.
  GRAILS // GSPGroovy Server Pages <html> <head> <meta name=“layout“ content=“main“ /> <title>Book List</title> </head> <body> <a href=“ $ {createLinkTo(dir:’’)} ”>Home</a> <g:link action=“create”> New Book</g:link> <g:if test=“ $ { flash.message } ”> ${flash.message} </g:if> <g:each in=“${bookList}”> $ {it.title} </g:each> </body> </html> V M C S J
• 51.
  GRAILS // RichSet of Dynamic Tag Libs • Logical: if, else, elseif • Iterative: while, each, collect, findAll… • Linking: link, createLink, createLinkTo • Ajax: remoteFunction, remoteLink, formRemote, submitToRemote… • Form: form, select, currencySelect, localSelect, datePicker, checkBox… • Rendering: render*, layout*, paginate… • Validation: eachError, hasError, message • UI: rich TextEditor… V M C S J
• 52.
  GRAILS // URLConvention • URL mapping convention: controller/action/id http://localhost:8080/library/ book / show / 1 • Scaffolding can be ▪ dynamic (def scaffold = true) ▪ static (code generation) • Controllers pass data to the view through maps • Direct access to parameters • Easy redirect and forward • Can define allowed methods for each action V M C S J
• 53.
  GRAILS // Controllersprovide actions to execute (call) class Book Controller { def index = { redirect(action:list,params:params) } def list = { [ bookList: Book.list( params )] } def show = { [ book : Book.get( params.id ) ] } def edit = { def book = Book.get( params.id ) if(!book) { flash.message = “Book ${params.id} not found” redirect(action:list) } else return [ book : book ] } } V M C S J
• 54.
  GRAILS // Chainingand Flashing Source: G. K. Rocher, The Definite Guide to Grails, Apress, 2006
• 55.
  GRAILS // Services• Services are Groovy classes that should contain your business logic • Automatic injection of services in controllers & services simply by declaring a field: class BookController { MySuperService mySuperService } V M C S J
• 56.
  Grails // Jobs• You can create recuring events with Quartz under the hood, configured by Spring • Again a convention on the name and directory • Regular intervals, or cron definitions • class My Job {} def cronExpression = “0 0 24 * * ?” def execute() { print “Job run!” } } V M C S J
• 57.
  Further Reading
• 58.
  Concluding Notes Slides(largely) inspired by the following two presentations Rod Cope and James Strachan The Groovy Programming Language Presentation held at JavaOne 2004 Graeme Rocher Rapid Web Application Development with Grails Presentation held at JavaOne 2006 Get started with... GRAILS: grails.codehaus.org GROOVY: groovy.codehaus.org