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12.How-Nature-Works-in-Harmony.ppt/8th class science curiosity/by k sandeep swamy (M.Sc,B.Ed)

12.How Nature Works in Harmony 8th class Science curiosity By:K Sandeep Swamy(M.Sc,B.Ed) For Online Classes (IITJEE & NEET foundation and academics) contact : 9491878325 Subscribe Samyans Eduhub youtube channel Nature is a complex web of relationships where every organism plays a vital role. From the smallest microbes to the largest mammals, all living beings interact with each other and their environment in ways that maintain balance and harmony in ecosystems. Understanding Our Surroundings What is a Habitat? A habitat is simply a place where an organism lives. It could be as vast as a forest or as small as the bark of a tree. Different habitats have different kinds of plants and animals that interact with each other and adapt to survive in their surrounding conditions. Every habitat has its own unique combination of living beings (biotic components) and non-living elements (abiotic components) that create the conditions necessary for life. Biotic and Abiotic Components Biotic Components All living organisms in a habitat: Plants (trees, grass, algae) Animals (fish, birds, insects) Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) Abiotic Components All non-living elements in a habitat: Water Soil Air Sunlight Temperature Every organism needs specific conditions to survive. Different habitats offer different living conditions, which is why some organisms live on land while others live in water. Populations and Communities Population A group of the same type of organisms living together in a habitat at a given time. Example: All the fish of the same species in a pond Community Different populations sharing the same habitat and interacting with each other. Example: All plants, animals, and microorganisms in a forest Ecosystem The community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment. Example: A pond with all its living organisms and physical conditions Types of Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystems Ponds Lakes Rivers Oceans Terrestrial Ecosystems Forests Grasslands Deserts Mountains Ecosystems can be large or small, natural or human-made. Human-made ecosystems include agricultural fields, fish ponds, and parks. Interactions in an Ecosystem Biotic-Abiotic Interactions Living organisms interact with non-living elements: Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis Fish need water to survive Earthworms live in moist soil Biotic-Biotic Interactions Living organisms interact with other living organisms: Predator-prey relationships Competition for resources Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism Abiotic-Abiotic Interactions Non-living elements interact with other non-living elements: Sunlight warming water Wind creating waves on water Temperature affecting humidity These interactions create a complex web that maintains balance in the ecosystem. Food Chains: Who Eats Whom? A food chain is a simple sequence showing 'who eats whom' in an ecosystem. It represents the flow of energy from one organism to ano

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12.How Nature Work i Har o y 8th class Science curiosity By:K Sandeep Swamy(M.Sc,B.Ed) For Online Classes (IITJEE & NEET foundation and academics) contact : 9491878325 Subscribe Samyans Eduhub youtube channel Nature is a complex web of relationships where every organism plays a vital role. From the smallest microbes to the largest mammals, all living beings interact with each other and their environment in ways that maintain balance and harmony in ecosystems.
U der ta di g Our Surrou di g W at i a Habitat? A habitat is simply a place where an organism lives. It could be as vast as a forest or as small as the bark of a tree. Different habitats have different kinds of plants and animals that interact with each other and adapt to survive in their surrounding conditions. Every habitat has its own unique combination of living beings (biotic components) and non-living elements (abiotic components) that create the conditions necessary for life.
Biotic a d Abiotic Co po e t Biotic Co po e t All living organisms in a habitat: Plants (trees, grass, algae) Animals (fish, birds, insects) Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) Abiotic Co po e t All non-living elements in a habitat: Water Soil Air Sunlight Temperature Every organism needs specific conditions to survive. Different habitats offer different living conditions, which is why some organisms live on land while others live in water.
Populatio a d Co u itie Populatio A group of the same type of organisms living together in a habitat at a given time. Example: All the fish of the same species in a pond Co u ity Different populations sharing the same habitat and interacting with each other. Example: All plants, animals, and microorganisms in a forest Eco y te The community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment. Example: A pond with all its living organisms and physical conditions
Type of Eco y te Aquatic Eco y te Ponds Lakes Rivers Oceans Terre trial Eco y te Forests Grasslands Deserts Mountains Ecosystems can be large or small, natural or human-made. Human-made ecosystems include agricultural fields, fish ponds, and parks.
I teractio i a Eco y te Biotic-Abiotic I teractio Living organisms interact with non-living elements: Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis Fish need water to survive Earthworms live in moist soil Biotic-Biotic I teractio Living organisms interact with other living organisms: Predator-prey relationships Competition for resources Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism Abiotic-Abiotic I teractio Non-living elements interact with other non-living elements: Sunlight warming water Wind creating waves on water Temperature affecting humidity These interactions create a complex web that maintains balance in the ecosystem.
Food C ai : W o Eat W o ? A food chain is a simple sequence showing 'who eats whom' in an ecosystem. It represents the flow of energy from one organism to another. Producer (Fir t Trop ic Level) Plants and algae that make their own food through photosynthesis. Pri ary Co u er (Seco d Trop ic Level) Herbivores that eat plants, such as deer, grasshoppers, and hares. Seco dary Co u er (T ird Trop ic Level) Carnivores that eat herbivores, such as frogs, small birds, and foxes. Tertiary Co u er (Fourt Trop ic Level) Large carnivores that eat other carnivores, such as eagles and tigers.
Type of Co u er Herbivore Animals that eat only plants and plant products. Examples: Deer, hare, grasshopper Car ivore Animals that eat only other animals. Examples: Tiger, snake, vulture O ivore Animals that eat both plants and animals. Examples: Fox, crow, human Each type of consumer plays a specific role in maintaining the balance of an ecosystem by controlling population sizes and energy flow.
Food Web : I terco ected Food C ai In reality, food chains are interconnected with each other to form a network called a food web. Each organism may be eaten by two or more types of organisms, creating multiple pathways for energy flow. For example, grass may be eaten by grasshoppers, hares, and deer. These herbivores may then be eaten by different predators like frogs, snakes, foxes, and eagles, creating a complex web of feeding relationships.
Ecological Pyra id An ecological pyramid represents the number, energy, or biomass at each trophic level in a food chain. The pyramid shape occurs because: Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next The number of organisms decreases as you move up the trophic levels Producers are always the most abundant, forming the base of the pyramid Top predators are the least abundant, forming the apex of the pyramid
Deco po er : Nature' Recycler Role of Deco po er Decomposers break down dead plants, animals, and waste materials into simpler substances, returning nutrients to the soil. This process is called decomposition. Fungi (like mushrooms) break down dead plants Bacteria decompose animal remains Beetles and flies help break down animal droppings Mushrooms growing on dead organic matter are examples of decomposers at work. Without decomposers, dead material would accumulate, and nutrients would be locked away instead of being recycled.
Ecological Relatio ip Mutuali Both organisms benefit from the relationship. Example: Honeybees and flowers - bees get nectar while flowers get pollinated. Co e ali One organism benefits while the other is not affected. Example: Orchids growing on trees - orchids get support while trees are unaffected. Para iti One organism benefits while the other is harmed. Example: Ticks on dogs - ticks get food while dogs suffer from blood loss. These relationships, along with competition for resources, help maintain balance in ecosystems by controlling population sizes and resource distribution.
T e Ripple Effect: O e C a ge Lead to A ot er Ecosystems are delicately balanced. A small change in one component can lead to a cascade of effects throughout the system. Initial: Pond plants die from pollution Effect 1: Reduced oxygen in water Effect 2: Fish population declines Effect 3: Insect population booms Effect 4: Crops damaged on farmlands
Ca e Study: I dia Bullfrog In the 1980s, India was a significant exporter of frog legs, especially of the Indian bullfrog. This large-scale harvesting led to a decline in frog populations. Since frogs eat insects, their reduced numbers resulted in a rise in agricultural pests. This forced farmers to use more synthetic pesticides, which harmed the environment, soil and water quality, and affected overall environmental and human health. The Government of India banned the export of frog legs to prevent further ecological damage, demonstrating how human intervention can disrupt and then restore ecological balance.
Eco y te Service : Be efit to Hu a Provi io i g Service Food (fruits, vegetables, meat) Fresh water Timber and fiber Medicinal resources Regulati g Service Climate regulation Flood control Disease regulation Water purification Cultural Service Aesthetic value Recreation Spiritual enrichment Educational value Ecosystems provide numerous benefits that support human well-being, showing how closely nature and humans are connected.
T reate ed Eco y te : T e Su darba The Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest, is located where the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers meet between India and Bangladesh. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. Ecological I porta ce Home to diverse flora and fauna, including endangered species Protects coastal areas from storms and floods Absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen Provides livelihoods for local communities T reat Deforestation for fuelwood and farming Illegal hunting and overuse of forest resources Pollution from industrial waste and untreated sewage Climate change and rising sea levels
Protected Area i I dia Protected areas are parts of land or water set aside to conserve wildlife and their habitats. India has many protected areas that help protect entire habitats including endangered animals, birds, and rare plants. Ji Corbett Natio al Park, Uttarak a d India's oldest national park, known for its Bengal tigers Ma a Natio al Park, A a UNESCO World Heritage Site with diverse wildlife Nilgiri Bio p ere Re erve, We ter G at First biosphere reserve in India with rich biodiversity Keibul La jao Natio al Park, Ma ipur World's only floating national park, home to the endangered Sangai deer
Su tai able Far i g Practice T e Gree Revolutio a d It I pact Between 1950 and 1965, India faced a food crisis due to low crop production. The Green Revolution introduced tractors, machines, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides, which helped increase food production significantly. However, these farming methods are now considered unsustainable because of the overuse of synthetic chemicals, excessive groundwater extraction, and monoculture (growing only one type of crop repeatedly). Long-term use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides can affect soil health by decreasing friendly microorganisms and lowering organic matter (humus), making soil prone to erosion and reducing natural pest control.
Su tai able Alter ative Orga ic Far i g Uses natural fertilizers and pest control methods without synthetic chemicals. Compost and manure instead of synthetic fertilizers Natural predators and crop rotation for pest control Maintains soil health and biodiversity Traditio al K owledge Ancient texts like Vrikshayurveda emphasize soil health and nourishment. Kunapa Jala: a liquid fertilizer made from animal and plant waste Fermentation breaks complex substances into simpler ones Continuous nourishment of soil through organic manure I tegrated Pe t Ma age e t Combines different strategies to control pests with minimal environmental impact. Biological control using natural predators Crop rotation to break pest cycles Minimal use of pesticides only when necessary
Key Takeaway : How Nature Work i Har o y 1 Eco y te are Co plex Network Habitats contain biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact to form ecosystems, which can be terrestrial or aquatic. 2 Food C ai S ow E ergy Flow Producers make their own food, while consumers eat plants or animals. Decomposers break down dead matter and recycle nutrients, completing the cycle. 3 Bala ce i E e tial Ecological relationships like mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and competition help maintain balance in ecosystems by controlling populations. 4 Hu a Actio Have Co eque ce Activities like pollution, deforestation, and overexploitation threaten ecosystems. Sustainable practices in farming and conservation efforts are vital for protecting nature's harmony.