1.understanding importance of social science and 2.shaping of the earth"s surface Grade 9 Social Science 200 questions and answers for revision //prepared by K SANDEEP SWAMY(M.Sc,B.Ed)//FOR ONLINE CLASSES CONTACT 9491878325

1.understanding importance of social science and 2.shaping of the earth"s surface Grade 9 Social Science 200 questions and answers for revision //prepared by K SANDEEP SWAMY(M.Sc,B.Ed)//FOR ONLINE CLASSES CONTACT 9491878325

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  SocialScienceStudyMaterial(Grade9) Prepared by KSandeep Swamy for Online Classes Contact: 9491878325 Chapter 1: Understanding Importance of Social Science 1. What is Social Science? Ans. The scientific study of human society and social relationships. 2. Why is studying social science important? Ans. It helps us understand our society, history, and how the world works. 3. Name the main branches of Social Science. Ans. History, Geography, Political Science, Eco- nomics, and Sociology. 4. What does History study? Ans. It studies past events, human evolution, and civ- ilizations. 5. What is the focus of Geography? Ans. The physical features of the earth and human- environment interaction. 6. Which branch deals with government and laws? Ans. Political Science (Civics). 7. What does Economics focus on? Ans. The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. 8. What is Sociology? Ans. The study of human society, social structures, and social interactions. 9. Define ’Society’. Ans. A large group of people who live together in an organized way. 10. What is a ’Community’? Ans. A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common. 11. How does Social Science help citizens? Ans. It makes them informed, responsible, and ac- tive participants in democracy. 12. What do we mean by ’Human Evolution’? Ans. The lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. 13. What is culture? Ans. The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation or people. 14. How are history and geography connected? Ans. Geography often shapes the historical events of a region. 15. What is an economy? Ans. The wealth and resources of a country or region. 16. Who is known as the father of History? Ans. Herodotus. 17. Who is considered the father of Economics? Ans. Adam Smith. 18. What is the primary unit of society? Ans. The family. 19. What is a ’State’ in Political Science? Ans. An organized political community living under a single system of government. 20. Why do we need laws? Ans. To maintain order, peace, and justice in society. 21. What is socialization? Ans. The process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society. 22. What are ’Resources’ in Geography? Ans. Anything that can be used to satisfy human needs. 23. What is environmental determinism? Ans. The belief that the physical environment shapes human culture and actions. 24. What is a primary historical source? Ans. Original materials from the time period being studied (e.g., artifacts, diaries). 25. What is a secondary historical source? Ans. Interpretations or analyses based on primary sources (e.g., history textbooks). 26. What is archaeology? Ans. The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites. 27. Define ’Civic Duty’. Ans. The responsibilities of a citizen towards their community and nation. 1
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  28. What doesthe term ’Democracy’ mean? Ans. A system of government elected by the whole population. 29. What is meant by ’Social Diversity’? Ans. The presence of different social groups, cul- tures, and ethnicities in a society. 30. What is equality? Ans. The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities. 31. Why is critical thinking important in social sci- ence? Ans. It helps in analyzing facts, recognizing bias, and forming logical opinions. 32. What is globalization? Ans. The interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and populations across the world. 33. What is heritage? Ans. Property or traditions passed down from previ- ous generations. 34. Define ’Topography’. Ans. The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area. 35. What is a map? Ans. A visual representation of an entire area or a part of an area. 36. What do cartographers do? Ans. They draw and produce maps. 37. What is a chronological order? Ans. The arrangement of events in the order they oc- curred in time. 38. What is an institution in sociology? Ans. Established patterns of behavior or relation- ships in a society (e.g., education, marriage). 39. What does ’scarcity’ mean in economics? Ans. The limited availability of a resource in compar- ison to the limitless wants. 40. What is a Constitution? Ans. A set of fundamental principles by which a state is governed. 41. What is an ecosystem? Ans. A biological community of interacting organ- isms and their physical environment. 42. What is migration? Ans. Movement of people from one place to another with the intent to settle. 43. What is a census? Ans. An official count or survey of a population. 44. How does technology impact society? Ans. It changes how people communicate, work, and interact with the environment. 45. What is human rights? Ans. Basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world. 46. What is sustainable development? Ans. Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations. 47. What is trade? Ans. The action of buying and selling goods and ser- vices. 48. What is a market? Ans. A place or mechanism where buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods. 49. What is the role of media in society? Ans. To inform, educate, and act as a watchdog in a democracy. 50. What is poverty? Ans. The state of not having enough material pos- sessions or income for a person’s basic needs. 51. What is urbanization? Ans. The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. 52. Define ’Social Justice’. Ans. Justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, op- portunities, and privileges within a society. 53. What is an empire? Ans. An extensive group of states or countries ruled over by a single monarch or state. 54. What are prehistoric times? Ans. The period of time before written records were kept. 55. What is anthropology? Ans. The study of human societies and cultures and their development. 56. What is a physical map? Ans. A map showing natural features like mountains and rivers. 57. What is a political map? Ans. A map showing borders, cities, states, and coun- tries. 58. What is latitude? Ans. Imaginary horizontal lines measuring distance north or south of the equator. 59. What is longitude? Ans. Imaginary vertical lines measuring distance east or west of the prime meridian. 60. What is climate? Ans. The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period. 61. What are natural resources? Ans. Materials or substances occurring in nature which can be exploited for economic gain. 2
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  62. What isagriculture? Ans. The science or practice of farming, including cul- tivation of the soil for growing crops. 63. What is an industry? Ans. Economic activity concerned with the process- ing of raw materials and manufacture of goods. 64. What does GDP stand for? Ans. Gross Domestic Product. 65. What is a republic? Ans. A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives. 66. What is a monarchy? Ans. A form of government with a monarch (king or queen) at the head. 67. What is secularism? Ans. The principle of separation of the state from re- ligious institutions. 68. Define ’Sovereignty’. Ans. The supreme and absolute authority of a state within its territorial boundaries. 69. What is an artifact? Ans. An object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest. 70. What is a manuscript? Ans. A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed. 71. What are epics? Ans. Long narrative poems detailing the deeds of heroic figures. 72. What is oral history? Ans. The collection and study of historical informa- tion using interviews with people who lived through past events. 73. What is gender equality? Ans. The state in which access to rights or opportu- nities is unaffected by gender. 74. What is a mixed economy? Ans. An economic system combining private and state enterprise. 75. What is a capitalist economy? Ans. An economy where private individuals own and control resources and businesses. 76. What is a socialist economy? Ans. An economy where the means of production are owned by the state/public. 77. What is inflation? Ans. A general increase in prices and fall in the pur- chasing value of money. 78. What is unemployment? Ans. The state of being without a job while actively looking for one. 79. What is an NGO? Ans. Non-Governmental Organization, working for social causes without government affiliation. 80. What is a fundamental right? Ans. Basic human rights enshrined in the Constitu- tion for every citizen. 81. What is a fundamental duty? Ans. Moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism. 82. What is universal adult franchise? Ans. The right of all adult citizens to vote in elections. 83. What is a parliament? Ans. The highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons (or similar bodies). 84. What is an executive body? Ans. The branch of government responsible for im- plementing and enforcing laws. 85. What is the judiciary? Ans. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law. 86. What is local self-government? Ans. Management of local affairs by local bodies elected by the people. 87. What is a Gram Panchayat? Ans. A basic village governing institute in Indian vil- lages. 88. What is environmental degradation? Ans. The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources. 89. What is global warming? Ans. A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere. 90. What is conservation? Ans. Prevention of wasteful use of a resource. 91. Define ’Demography’. Ans. The statistical study of human populations. 92. What is literacy rate? Ans. The percentage of people in a certain age group who can read and write. 93. What is life expectancy? Ans. The average period that a person may expect to live. 94. What is a metropolis? Ans. A very large and densely populated industrial and commercial city. 95. What is rural area? Ans. A geographic area that is located outside towns and cities (countryside). 3
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  96. What isa social movement? Ans. A loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal. 97. What is a revolution? Ans. A forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favor of a new system. 98. What is a treaty? Ans. A formally concluded and ratified agreement between states. 99. What is foreign policy? Ans. A government’s strategy in dealing with other nations. 100. Why do we celebrate national days? Ans. To remember historical struggles, foster unity, and honor our heritage. 4
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  Chapter 2: Shapingof the Earth’s Surfaces 1. What are Geomorphic processes? Ans. The internal and external forces that shape the Earth’s surface. 2. Name the two main types of geomorphic forces. Ans. Endogenic (internal) and Exogenic (external) forces. 3. What are Endogenic forces? Ans. Forces originating from within the Earth, like earthquakes and volcanoes. 4. What are Exogenic forces? Ans. Forces occurring on or above the Earth’s sur- face, like wind and water. 5. What is the Lithosphere? Ans. The solid, outer part of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle. 6. Who proposed the Continental Drift Theory? Ans. Alfred Wegener in 1912. 7. What was ’Pangaea’? Ans. The single supercontinent that existed millions of years ago. 8. What was ’Panthalassa’? Ans. The massive global ocean that surrounded Pan- gaea. 9. What does the Plate Tectonics theory state? Ans. The Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large moving plates. 10. What causes tectonic plates to move? Ans. Convection currents in the Earth’s mantle. 11. What is a Divergent boundary? Ans. A boundary where two plates move away from each other. 12. What landform is created at divergent bound- aries? Ans. Mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. 13. What is a Convergent boundary? Ans. A boundary where two plates move towards each other and collide. 14. What landform is created by convergent bound- aries? Ans. Fold mountains and deep ocean trenches. 15. What happens at a Transform boundary? Ans. Two plates slide past one another horizontally. 16. What is a major consequence of a transform boundary? Ans. Frequent and severe earthquakes. 17. What is folding? Ans. The bending of rock layers due to compres- sional forces inside the Earth. 18. Name an example of Fold Mountains. Ans. The Himalayas. 19. What is an anticline? Ans. The upward-arching fold in a rock layer. 20. What is a syncline? Ans. The downward-bending fold (valley) in a rock layer. 21. What is faulting? Ans. The fracturing and displacement of rock layers due to tension. 22. What is a rift valley? Ans. A lowland region formed by the subsidence of land between two faults. 23. Name a famous rift valley. Ans. The Great Rift Valley in Africa. 24. What are block mountains? Ans. Mountains formed when large blocks of earth are uplifted between faults. 25. What is an earthquake? Ans. A sudden shaking of the ground caused by the release of energy in the Earth’s crust. 26. What is the focus (hypocenter) of an earthquake? Ans. The exact point inside the Earth where the earthquake originates. 27. What is the epicenter? Ans. The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus. 28. What instrument records earthquakes? Ans. A seismograph. 29. Which scale measures the magnitude of an earth- quake? Ans. The Richter scale. 30. What are seismic waves? Ans. Waves of energy that travel through the Earth during an earthquake. 31. Name the three types of seismic waves. Ans. P-waves, S-waves, and Surface waves. 32. What is a volcano? Ans. A vent in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash, and gases erupt. 33. What is magma? Ans. Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface. 34. What is lava? Ans. Magma that reaches the Earth’s surface. 5
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  35. What isthe ’Ring of Fire’? Ans. A major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions oc- cur. 36. Name the three types of volcanoes based on erup- tion frequency. Ans. Active, Dormant, and Extinct volcanoes. 37. What is an active volcano? Ans. A volcano that has erupted recently and is ex- pected to erupt again. 38. What is a dormant volcano? Ans. A volcano that is currently ’sleeping’ but could awaken in the future. 39. What is an extinct volcano? Ans. A volcano that has not erupted in thousands of years and is unlikely to erupt again. 40. What is a crater? Ans. The bowl-shaped depression at the top of a vol- cano. 41. What is a caldera? Ans. A large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses into its magma chamber. 42. What is weathering? Ans. The breaking down of rocks into smaller parti- cles in their original place. 43. Is weathering a static or dynamic process? Ans. It is a static process (in-situ). 44. Name the three types of weathering. Ans. Physical, Chemical, and Biological weathering. 45. What is physical weathering? Ans. The breakdown of rocks without any change in their chemical composition. 46. What causes physical weathering? Ans. Temperature changes, frost action, and wind. 47. What is frost wedging? Ans. Water freezing in rock cracks, expanding, and splitting the rock. 48. What is chemical weathering? Ans. The decomposition of rocks due to chemical re- actions, mostly involving water. 49. What is oxidation in rocks? Ans. The reaction of rock minerals with oxygen, caus- ing rust (especially in iron-rich rocks). 50. What is biological weathering? Ans. The breakdown of rocks caused by living organ- isms like plants and burrowing animals. 51. What is mass wasting? Ans. The downhill movement of rock and soil due to gravity. 52. What is erosion? Ans. The wearing away and carrying away of rock particles by agents like water, wind, or ice. 53. Is erosion a static or dynamic process? Ans. It is a dynamic process. 54. What is deposition? Ans. The dropping or settling of eroded materials in a new location. 55. What is the most powerful agent of erosion glob- ally? Ans. Running water (Rivers). 56. What is the source of a river? Ans. The place where a river begins, usually in moun- tains or hills. 57. What is a V-shaped valley? Ans. A valley carved out by a fast-moving river in its youthful stage. 58. What is a waterfall? Ans. A steep drop in the bed of a river where water falls vertically. 59. What are meanders? Ans. Large, sweeping curves or loops in a river’s course. 60. What is an oxbow lake? Ans. A U-shaped body of water formed when a me- ander is cut off from the main river. 61. What is a floodplain? Ans. The flat area alongside a river that gets flooded when the river overflows. 62. What are levees? Ans. Natural embankments built up along the banks of a river by flood deposition. 63. What is a delta? Ans. A triangular deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river where it enters the sea. 64. What is an estuary? Ans. The tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream. 65. What is a glacier? Ans. A large, slow-moving mass of ice. 66. Where are glaciers mostly found? Ans. In high mountain regions and polar areas. 67. What type of valley is formed by a glacier? Ans. A U-shaped valley. 68. What is a cirque (or corrie)? Ans. A bowl-shaped hollow created by glacial erosion in mountains. 69. What are moraines? Ans. Accumulations of dirt and rocks that have fallen onto the glacier surface or have been pushed along by the glacier as it moves. 6
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  70. What isa fjord? Ans. A long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, formed by submergence of a glaciated val- ley. 71. In which regions is wind erosion most prominent? Ans. In deserts and arid regions. 72. What is deflation in wind erosion? Ans. The lifting and removal of loose, fine-grained material by wind. 73. What is abrasion? Ans. The wearing down of rock surfaces by wind- blown sand or water-borne particles. 74. What are mushroom rocks? Ans. Rocks with a broad upper part and a narrow base, formed by wind abrasion. 75. What are sand dunes? Ans. Mounds or ridges of sand piled up by the wind. 76. What is Loess? Ans. Fine, wind-blown dust deposited over large ar- eas, creating fertile soil. 77. What agent creates coastal landforms? Ans. Sea waves. 78. What is a sea cliff? Ans. A steep rock face at the edge of the sea, formed by wave erosion. 79. What are sea caves? Ans. Hollowed out features at the base of a cliff formed by constant wave pounding. 80. What is a sea arch? Ans. A natural arch formed when a sea cave is eroded all the way through a headland. 81. What is a sea stack? Ans. A pillar of rock left standing alone in the sea af- ter a sea arch collapses. 82. What is a beach? Ans. A pebbly or sandy shore, formed by deposition of materials by waves. 83. What is a sandbar? Ans. A long, narrow sandbank built by wave action, usually submerged or partly exposed. 84. What is a lagoon? Ans. A stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a low sandbank or coral reef. 85. What is soil erosion? Ans. The removal of the nutrient-rich topsoil by wa- ter, wind, or human activity. 86. What causes man-made soil erosion? Ans. Deforestation, overgrazing, and improper agri- cultural practices. 87. What is terracing? Ans. Cutting flat steps into a hill to prevent soil ero- sion during farming. 88. What is afforestation? Ans. Planting trees on barren land to prevent erosion and increase forest cover. 89. What is a topographic map? Ans. A map that shows the physical features of the land, using contour lines to indicate elevation. 90. What do contour lines represent? Ans. Lines drawn on a map joining places of equal height above sea level. 91. What happens when contour lines are close to- gether? Ans. It indicates a steep slope. 92. What happens when contour lines are far apart? Ans. It indicates a gentle slope. 93. What is a plateau? Ans. An elevated flat land, also known as a tableland. 94. What is a plain? Ans. A large area of flat land with few trees, generally highly fertile. 95. Why are plains densely populated? Ans. Because of fertile soil, availability of water, and flat terrain for easy construction and transport. 96. What is the lithospheric plate made of? Ans. The crust and the uppermost solid part of the mantle. 97. What is a tsunami? Ans. A series of large ocean waves typically caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption. 98. Why is the study of geomorphology important? Ans. It helps us understand natural hazards, locate resources, and manage land use effectively. — End of Study Material — 7