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1. LEARNING AND TEACHING, MEANING, NATURE, RELATIONSHIP_47af47dc9978891c2a11dee9ba39a1be.pptx

All the topics about teaching and learning

Education◦
LEARNING & TEACHING Concept, Nature, Relevance & Relationship
Teaching: Definitions • H. C. Morrison, “Teaching is an intimate contact between a more mature personality & a less mature one which is designed to further education of the latter.” • B.O. Smith, “Teaching is a system of actions intended to produce learning.” • N. L. Gage, “Teaching is a form of interpersonal influence aimed at changing the behavior potential of another person.” • Clarke, Teaching refers to “activities that are designed and performance to produce change in student (pupils) behavior.” • Thomas F. Green, “Teaching is the task of teacher which is performed for the development of a child.” • Brown, “Teaching may be considered as a many sided activity which includes a host of activities like questioning, giving information, listening and such others.”
Nature OF Teaching 1. Complex social process: Teaching is a complex process that is greatly influenced by the social factors, is concerned with the human factors that are dynamic & not static. 2. Both art as well as science: It involves practice of certain existing & established principles besides exercise of talent & creativity. A teacher has to use certain procedures, techniques, skills that can be studied systematically to make teaching a science, besides she adds creativity & inspiration to the existing wall of knowledge to make it more effective which makes teaching an art. 3. Professional Activity: involves follow up of certain ethical principles & behavior. The professionalism in teaching involves both teachers & students. 4. An organized system: systematic activity related to the contents & pupil behavior with reference to the existing physical & social setup.
5. Dominance of Communication Skill (CS): success of teaching depends on the communication skills of the teacher, sound CSs to impart the required knowledge in an understandable form to the pupils’. 6. Scientific Observation & Analysis: can be observed, evaluated & assessed on certain grounds like teacher behavior, students’ performance, pupil-teacher interaction & modification in pupil’s behavior. 7. Interactive Process: interactive process between the teacher & pupils aimed to attain the objectives of modification in learners’ behavior & effective delivery of contents/knowledge. 8. Different forms & styles: formal & informal, directional & instructional, training , indoctrination, descriptive, or remedial etc. exist. 9. Specialized skills: teaching is not just delivery of contents or writing on BB or dictating the notes to students, includes a set of component skills that aim at realization of a specified set of instructional objectives.
Relevance of Teaching 1. Modification of pupil’s behavior: It brings significant changes in pupils’ behavior, stable modifications in the cognitive, affective & psychomotor domains of individual’s behavior. 2. Development of skills: Teaching involves shaping the conduct and development of various skills among students for performing highly specific tasks. These skills can be developed by providing desired knowledge about the concept, operation & mechanism of various processes. 3. Evaluation of behavior: It involves the evaluation of demonstrable, intelligent & complex behavior, about development of knowledge & understanding in an individual about a thing, system or process.
4. Facilitate the learning process: It aims at facilitating the learning process by supporting the programmed material, computer, teaching machine, TV & other teaching aids. 5. Development of communicative skills: Teaching involves interaction which influences the personality, attitude & interest of the students in a positive way. Healthy interaction in & out of classroom removes the hesitation of students & develops the communication skills of pupils’. 6. Development of critical thinking: Teaching stimulates the learner to think & reason, provides learning experiences or situations that ensure understanding, application & critical thinking based on the theories of learning.
Learning: Definitions 1. Gardner Murphy: “The term learning covers every modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements.” 2. Henry P. Smith: “Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior as the result of experience.” 3. Crow & Crow: “Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitudes. It involves new ways of doing things & it operates in individuals attempts to overcome obstacles or to adjust to new situations. It represents progressive changes in behavior. It enables him to satisfy
Nature of Learning Universal Experiential All sides learning Continuous Behavior Modification Adjustment Practice Relatively permanent change Growth & development Not directly observable
Nature of learning 1. Universal: Every living creature is involved in continuous learning. Learning takes place everywhere & at all times as we interact in different situations and gain experience & build our knowledge. 2. Experiential: Based on some kind of experience, which we develop from different situations under varied circumstances (direct or indirect). 3. All sides learning: Learning takes place from all sides, from our friends, parents, neighbors, teachers, environment, nature, media etc. 4. Continuous: Learning takes place from womb to tomb, from birth to death, i.e., it denotes the lifelong nature of learning. 5. Behavior modification: Learning involves change in behavior of the learner, which is influenced by the previous behavior of the individual. It involves set of activities that leave a temporary or mostly permanent effect on the behavior of an individual.
6. Adjustment: Learning assists in adjusting an individual adequately to the new situations, involves modifying, adapting & developing their original nature. An individual acquires new forms of behavior as a result of these adjustments. 7. Practice: Drill & practice lie at the heart of learning, for longer retention of information, meaningful practice & repetition is essential. 8. Relatively permanent change: Learning makes relatively permanent changes in the behavior, skill & orientation of a person. When a child has learnt how to add two numbers, he can add any two digits or numbers later on at all times. 9. Growth & development: Learning contributes to the growth & development of a person continuously. At all stages, the learner gains new visions of his future growth & new ideals of achievement in the direction of his effort. According to Woodworth, “All activity can be called learning so far it develops the individual.” 10. Not directly observable: Learning cannot be observed directly as it is an abstract concept. We can only consider whether some learning has taken place or not by comparing the pre-learning & post-learning outcomes.
Relevance of Learning 1. Takes previous knowledge into account: Mostly a person construct their own meaning by connecting new information & concepts to what he or she already believes. Concepts have multiple links with how a student thinks about the world. Effective learning often makes multiple connections of new ideas to old ones. 2. Progression from concrete to abstract: Concrete learning is tangible & directly accessible to their senses- visual, auditory, tactile & kinesthetic. With growth & experience, the ability to understand abstract concepts, manipulate symbols, reasons, logics & generalization takes place.
Relevance of Learning 3. Role of feedback 4. Enhanced performance 5. Confidence development 6. Curiosity 7. Creativity 8. Practice & drill
Relationship between Teaching & Learning 1. Teaching is dependent on learning but learning is not dependent on teaching: learn through trial & error & observations, experience, own intelligence, rational thinking, mistakes etc. 2. Learning precedes Teaching: before teaching, the teacher has to learn himself either formally or informally. A learner needs not to be a teacher but a teacher must be a learner. 3. Ongoing interaction & communication: between teacher & the learner which include stimulus, response, feedback, cooperative learning & growth.
Relationship between Teaching & Learning 4. Both teaching & learning may be formal or informal. 5. Both are goal oriented 6. One can observe teaching but not learning 7. Both teaching & learning require skills, creativity, intelligence & operate on definite principles. 8. Good teaching requires good communication skills & good learning requires good listening skills. 9. Only good learners become good teachers.