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POETRY
POETRY
          A type of literature
           that expresses
           ideas, feelings, or
           tells a story in a
           specific form
           (usually using lines
           and stanzas)
POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY
        POET                  SPEAKER

 The poet is the author   The speaker of the
 of the poem.             poem is the “narrator”
                          of the poem.
POETRY FORM

FORM - the                A word is dead
appearance of the         When it is said,
words on the page           Some say.
LINE - a group of
words together on one
line of the poem           I say it just
                          Begins to live
STANZA - a group of         That day.
lines arranged together
KINDS OF STANZAS
Couplet            =   a two line stanza
Triplet (Tercet)   =   a three line stanza
Quatrain           =   a four line stanza
Quintet            =   a five line stanza
Sestet (Sextet)    =   a six line stanza
Septet             =   a seven line stanza
Octave             =   an eight line stanza
SOUND EFFECTS
RHYTHM
         The beat created by
         the sounds of the
         words in a poem

         Rhythm can be created
         by meter, rhyme,
         alliteration and refrain.
METER
 A pattern of stressed and unstressed
  syllables.
 Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed
  syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a
  repeating pattern.
 When poets write in meter, they count out the
  number of stressed (strong) syllables and
  unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They
  they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.
METER cont.
 FOOT - unit of meter.    TYPES OF FEET
 A foot can have two or   The types of feet are
 three syllables.         determined by the
 Usually consists of      arrangement of
 one stressed and one     stressed and
 or more unstressed       unstressed syllables.
 syllables.               (cont.)
METER cont.
 TYPES OF FEET (cont.)

 Iambic - unstressed, stressed
 Trochaic - stressed, unstressed
 Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed
 Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed
METER cont.
Kinds of Metrical Lines
  monometer     =    one foot on a line
  dimeter       =    two feet on a line
  trimeter      =    three feet on a line
  tetrameter    =    four feet on a line
  pentameter    =    five feet on a line
  hexameter     =    six feet on a line
  heptameter    =    seven feet on a line
  octometer     =    eight feet on a line
FREE VERSE POETRY
 Unlike metered           Free verse poetry is
 poetry, free verse       very conversational -
 poetry does NOT have     sounds like someone
 any repeating patterns   talking with you.
 of stressed and
 unstressed syllables.    A more modern type
 Does NOT have            of poetry.
 rhyme.
BLANK VERSE POETRY
                                from Julius Ceasar

                           Cowards die many times before
 Written in lines of                   their deaths;
 iambic pentameter, but   The valiant never taste of death but
                                           once.
 does NOT use end
                           Of all the wonders that I yet have
 rhyme.                                   heard,
                           It seems to me most strange that
                                      men should fear;
                          Seeing that death, a necessary end,
                             Will come when it will come.
RHYME
Words sound alike                  LAMP
because they share the            STAMP
same ending vowel
and consonant sounds.
                         ¬ Share the short “a”
                           vowel sound
                         ¬ Share the combined
(A word always             “mp” consonant sound
rhymes with itself.)
END RHYME
A word at the end of one line rhymes with a
word at the end of another line

           Hector the Collector
          Collected bits of string.
     Collected dolls with broken heads
    And rusty bells that would not ring.
INTERNAL RHYME
A word inside a line rhymes with another
word on the same line.

   Once upon a midnight dreary, while I
       pondered weak and weary.

                From “The Raven”
                by Edgar Allan Poe
NEAR RHYME
a.k.a imperfect            ROSE
rhyme, close rhyme         LOSE

The words share      ¬ Different vowel
EITHER the same      sounds (long “o” and
vowel or consonant       “oo” sound)
sound BUT NOT         ¬ Share the same
BOTH                   consonant sound
RHYME SCHEME
A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually
end rhyme, but not always).



Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds
to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next
slide for an example.)
SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME
     The Germ by Ogden Nash

   A mighty creature is the germ,       a
 Though smaller than the pachyderm.     a
     His customary dwelling place       b
    Is deep within the human race.      b
  His childish pride he often pleases   c
  By giving people strange diseases.    c
   Do you, my poppet, feel infirm?      a
    You probably contain a germ.        a
ONOMATOPOEIA
Words that imitate the sound they are
naming
          BUZZ
OR sounds that imitate another sound

   “The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of
     each purple curtain . . .”
ALLITERATION
 Consonant sounds repeated at the
 beginnings of words

 If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
 peppers, how many pickled peppers did
 Peter Piper pick?
CONSONANCE
Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

The repeated consonant sounds can be
anywhere in the words

      “silken, sad, uncertain, rustling . . “
ASSONANCE
Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines
of poetry.

(Often creates near rhyme.)

   Lake     Fate       Base       Fade
     (All share the long “a” sound.)
ASSONANCE cont.
Examples of ASSONANCE:
  “Slow the low gradual moan came in the
                 snowing.”
                          - John Masefield


“Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.”
                       - William Shakespeare
REFRAIN
 A sound, word, phrase   “Quoth the raven,
 or line repeated        ‘Nevermore.’”
 regularly in a poem.
SOME TYPES OF POETRY
WE WILL BE STUDYING
LYRIC
 A short poem
 Usually written in first person point of view
 Expresses an emotion or an idea or
 describes a scene
 Do not tell a story and are often musical
 (Many of the poems we read will be lyrics.)
HAIKU

A Japanese poem
written in three lines     An old silent pond . . .
                         A frog jumps into the pond.
  Five Syllables           Splash! Silence again.
 Seven Syllables
  Five Syllables
CINQUAIN

  A five line poem            How frail
containing 22 syllables
                           Above the bulk
   Two Syllables       Of crashing water hangs
   Four Syllables     Autumnal, evanescent, wan
    Six Syllables            The moon.
   Eight Syllables
   Two Syllables
SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET
A fourteen line poem with        Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
                                Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
      a specific rhyme       Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
          scheme.             And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
                               Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
                                And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
                              And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
 The poem is written in     By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed.
 three quatrains and ends         But thy eternal summer shall not fade

      with a couplet.           Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
                            Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade,
                                When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st
                               So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
  The rhyme scheme is          So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

 abab cdcd efef gg
NARRATIVE POEMS
A poem that tells a      Examples of Narrative
story.                          Poems
Generally longer than
the lyric styles of         “The Raven”
poetry b/c the poet      “The Highwayman”
needs to establish
characters and a plot.    “Casey at the Bat”
                         “The Walrus and the
                              Carpenter”
CONCRETE POEMS
                                      Poetry
In concrete poems, the              Is like
words are arranged to                Flames,
                                   Which are
create a picture that          Swift and elusive
relates to the content        Dodging realization
                           Sparks, like words on the
of the poem.              Paper, leap and dance in the
                         Flickering firelight. The fiery
                         Tongues, formless and shifting
                         Shapes, tease the imiagination.
                             Yet for those who see,
                             Through their mind’s
                                 Eye, they burn
                                  Up the page.
FIGURATIVE
LANGUAGE
SIMILE
 A comparison of two things using “like, as
 than,” or “resembles.”

 “She is as beautiful as a sunrise.”
METAPHOR
A direct comparison of two unlike things

“All the world’s a stage, and we are merely
players.”
                      - William Shakespeare
EXTENDED METAPHOR
A metaphor that goes several lines or
possible the entire length of a work.
IMPLIED METAPHOR
 The comparison is hinted at but not clearly
 stated.

 “The poison sacs of the town began to
 manufacture venom, and the town swelled
 and puffed with the pressure of it.”
                            - from The Pearl
                         - by John Steinbeck
Hyperbole
Exaggeration often used for emphasis.
Litotes
Understatement - basically the opposite of
hyperbole. Often it is ironic.

Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy”
Idiom
An expression where the literal meaning of
the words is not the meaning of the
expression. It means something other than
what it actually says.

Ex. It’s raining cats and dogs.
PERSONIFICATION
 An animal                   from “Ninki”
 given human-              by Shirley Jackson
 like qualities
                   “Ninki was by this time irritated
 or an object      beyond belief by the general air of
 given life-like   incompetence exhibited in the
 qualities.        kitchen, and she went into the living
                   room and got Shax, who is
                   extraordinarily lazy and never catches
                   his own chipmunks, but who is, at
                   least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw
                   clearly, to a man with a gun.
OTHER
POETIC DEVICES
SYMBOLISM
When a person, place,
thing, or event that has       = Innocence
meaning in itself also
represents, or stands
for, something else.
                               =    America



                           =       Peace
Allusion
Allusion comes from      A tunnel walled and overlaid
the verb “allude”        With dazzling crystal: we
which means “to refer       had read
to”                      Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous
                            cave,
An allusion is a
                         And to our own his name we
reference to something      gave.
famous.
                           From “Snowbound”
                           John Greenleaf Whittier
IMAGERY
Language that appeals to the senses.
Most images are visual, but they can also
appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste,
or smell.

     then with cracked hands that ached
     from labor in the weekday weather . . .
                  from “Those Winter Sundays”
Parody

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Poetry Terminology

  • 2. POETRY  A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)
  • 3. POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY POET SPEAKER The poet is the author The speaker of the of the poem. poem is the “narrator” of the poem.
  • 4. POETRY FORM FORM - the A word is dead appearance of the When it is said, words on the page Some say. LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem I say it just Begins to live STANZA - a group of That day. lines arranged together
  • 5. KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = a two line stanza Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza Quatrain = a four line stanza Quintet = a five line stanza Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza Septet = a seven line stanza Octave = an eight line stanza
  • 7. RHYTHM The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.
  • 8. METER  A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.  Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.  When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.
  • 9. METER cont. FOOT - unit of meter. TYPES OF FEET A foot can have two or The types of feet are three syllables. determined by the Usually consists of arrangement of one stressed and one stressed and or more unstressed unstressed syllables. syllables. (cont.)
  • 10. METER cont. TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Iambic - unstressed, stressed Trochaic - stressed, unstressed Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed
  • 11. METER cont. Kinds of Metrical Lines monometer = one foot on a line dimeter = two feet on a line trimeter = three feet on a line tetrameter = four feet on a line pentameter = five feet on a line hexameter = six feet on a line heptameter = seven feet on a line octometer = eight feet on a line
  • 12. FREE VERSE POETRY Unlike metered Free verse poetry is poetry, free verse very conversational - poetry does NOT have sounds like someone any repeating patterns talking with you. of stressed and unstressed syllables. A more modern type Does NOT have of poetry. rhyme.
  • 13. BLANK VERSE POETRY from Julius Ceasar Cowards die many times before Written in lines of their deaths; iambic pentameter, but The valiant never taste of death but once. does NOT use end Of all the wonders that I yet have rhyme. heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come.
  • 14. RHYME Words sound alike LAMP because they share the STAMP same ending vowel and consonant sounds. ¬ Share the short “a” vowel sound ¬ Share the combined (A word always “mp” consonant sound rhymes with itself.)
  • 15. END RHYME A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring.
  • 16. INTERNAL RHYME A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe
  • 17. NEAR RHYME a.k.a imperfect ROSE rhyme, close rhyme LOSE The words share ¬ Different vowel EITHER the same sounds (long “o” and vowel or consonant “oo” sound) sound BUT NOT ¬ Share the same BOTH consonant sound
  • 18. RHYME SCHEME A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always). Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)
  • 19. SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME The Germ by Ogden Nash A mighty creature is the germ, a Though smaller than the pachyderm. a His customary dwelling place b Is deep within the human race. b His childish pride he often pleases c By giving people strange diseases. c Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? a You probably contain a germ. a
  • 20. ONOMATOPOEIA Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ OR sounds that imitate another sound “The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of each purple curtain . . .”
  • 21. ALLITERATION Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?
  • 22. CONSONANCE Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . . The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words “silken, sad, uncertain, rustling . . “
  • 23. ASSONANCE Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. (Often creates near rhyme.) Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long “a” sound.)
  • 24. ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE: “Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.” - John Masefield “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” - William Shakespeare
  • 25. REFRAIN A sound, word, phrase “Quoth the raven, or line repeated ‘Nevermore.’” regularly in a poem.
  • 26. SOME TYPES OF POETRY WE WILL BE STUDYING
  • 27. LYRIC A short poem Usually written in first person point of view Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene Do not tell a story and are often musical (Many of the poems we read will be lyrics.)
  • 28. HAIKU A Japanese poem written in three lines An old silent pond . . . A frog jumps into the pond. Five Syllables Splash! Silence again. Seven Syllables Five Syllables
  • 29. CINQUAIN A five line poem How frail containing 22 syllables Above the bulk Two Syllables Of crashing water hangs Four Syllables Autumnal, evanescent, wan Six Syllables The moon. Eight Syllables Two Syllables
  • 30. SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET A fourteen line poem with Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. a specific rhyme Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, scheme. And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, The poem is written in By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. three quatrains and ends But thy eternal summer shall not fade with a couplet. Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, The rhyme scheme is So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. abab cdcd efef gg
  • 31. NARRATIVE POEMS A poem that tells a Examples of Narrative story. Poems Generally longer than the lyric styles of “The Raven” poetry b/c the poet “The Highwayman” needs to establish characters and a plot. “Casey at the Bat” “The Walrus and the Carpenter”
  • 32. CONCRETE POEMS Poetry In concrete poems, the Is like words are arranged to Flames, Which are create a picture that Swift and elusive relates to the content Dodging realization Sparks, like words on the of the poem. Paper, leap and dance in the Flickering firelight. The fiery Tongues, formless and shifting Shapes, tease the imiagination. Yet for those who see, Through their mind’s Eye, they burn Up the page.
  • 34. SIMILE A comparison of two things using “like, as than,” or “resembles.” “She is as beautiful as a sunrise.”
  • 35. METAPHOR A direct comparison of two unlike things “All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.” - William Shakespeare
  • 36. EXTENDED METAPHOR A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work.
  • 37. IMPLIED METAPHOR The comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated. “The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it.” - from The Pearl - by John Steinbeck
  • 39. Litotes Understatement - basically the opposite of hyperbole. Often it is ironic. Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy”
  • 40. Idiom An expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says. Ex. It’s raining cats and dogs.
  • 41. PERSONIFICATION An animal from “Ninki” given human- by Shirley Jackson like qualities “Ninki was by this time irritated or an object beyond belief by the general air of given life-like incompetence exhibited in the qualities. kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun.
  • 43. SYMBOLISM When a person, place, thing, or event that has = Innocence meaning in itself also represents, or stands for, something else. = America = Peace
  • 44. Allusion Allusion comes from A tunnel walled and overlaid the verb “allude” With dazzling crystal: we which means “to refer had read to” Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave, An allusion is a And to our own his name we reference to something gave. famous. From “Snowbound” John Greenleaf Whittier
  • 45. IMAGERY Language that appeals to the senses. Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell. then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather . . . from “Those Winter Sundays”