SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 28
Download to read offline
1




U.S. - JAPAN ALLIANCE:
ASSESSMENT AND PROSPECTS
2




Question
• What is the article5 in The alliance of U.S-
 Japan.
 • Secretary of State Hillary Clinton “Our alliance with
  Japan remains the cornerstone of American
  engagement with the region,” Jan 18, 2013
• Why Japan and the U.S. government
 emphasis on alliance and Treaty article5?
3




1945-1950
• “Truman Doctrine”…Communism “containment”
• The U.S. decided to make Japan production plant of
  western countries.
• During the China and Soviet opposed holding “A Peace
  preliminary conference with Japan”, Director of Policy
  Planning G.F. Kennan intervened occupation policy of
  Japan. Kennan claimed before conclude a treaty with
  Japan, The U.S. must intensify economic political
  stabilization of Japan. That makes Japan to protect fall
  into The Soviet sphere of influence.
4




The Korean War (1950)




                  “Oh!
                  Communists
                  keep moving
                  south!”
5




1945-1950
• In 1949, A Peace conference with Japan negotiation
  progressed at a snail's pace. Macarthur obtain consensus from
  Joint Chiefs of Staff to conclude peace treaty with Japan in
  exchange for a policy of to use the whole territory of Japan
  with free.
• Break out of Korean War
• Macarthur dispatched the Eighth United States Army to the
  Korean War and command to Japan Government to make
  Police Reserve Force to make up for deterioration of public
  order.
• President Truman considered Japan’s remilitarize is
  indispensable, so he opposed the peace treaty with Japan. But
  if anything, Dulles considered to conclude a treaty with
  Japan is important as an ally. Finally, Truman was
  persuaded.
6


1951 Treaty of San Francisco
(Treaty of Peace with Japan)
• Prime minister Yoshida precede rebuilding of an
  economy. He opposed the demand of rearmament.
• In Japan, Abe Yoshishige, Maruyama Masao, other
  intellectual and the Socialist Party clamed an overall
  peace (include the Soviet and China) based on pacifism
  in the Constitution of Japan.
• October, This matter has been debated in the diet
  deliberations. The government party LDP and Democrats
  agreed but the Socialist couldn’t settle the matter, so the
  Socialist party broke up.
7


1951 Treaty of San Francisco
(Treaty of Peace with Japan)
• September 8th Prime Minister Yoshida signed Treaty of
 Peace with Japan, and Security Treaty Between the
 United States and Japan.
8


1951 Treaty of San Francisco
(Treaty of Peace with Japan)
• Prime minister Yoshida didn’t want to do remilitarize but, If
  Japan don’t comply with a request, it is difficult to
  propel peace treaty, so Yoshida met the demand.
• About Security Treaty Between the United States and
  Japan (1951), the U.S. didn’t have obligation of defense
  of the Japan territories.
• “Far East clause”… The U.S. can use bases in Japan to
  keep security of far east.
9


The difference of two treaties 1951 and
1960
                          Security Treaty         Treaty of Mutual
                          Between the United      Cooperation and
                          States and Japan        Security between the
                          (1951)                  United States and
                                                  Japan (1960)
The obligation to         NO                      YES (Act to meet the
defense of Japan                                  common danger:Article5)
The article of internal   YES ( The U.S. can put    NO
disturbance               down large-scale internal
                          riots and
                          disturbances :Article1)
Japan will not grant to   YES (Article2)          NO
any third power
The expiration of treaty NO                       YES (Article10)
10




1945-1950 Conclusion
• In 1951, Japan signed “One side peace” and “Security
  Treaty Between the United States and Japan ”, this meant
  officially belonged to Western Bloc.
• The U.S. had expectations and anxiety to Japan, because
  as the Japanese economic military power developed,
  Japan might behave freely. Such a behavior not always
  accord the U.S. interests. (U.S. Objectives and Courses of
  Action with Respect to Japan NSC125/1)
11




Cold War and U.S – Japan relationship
• China and Soviet take a peace offensive to Japan, and
  also Indochina tail spinning made the U.S. uneasiness.
• President Dwight D. Eisenhower argued “The domino
  theory” and , declared “Japan is the key of defense”.
• Japan was regarded as keystone of containment policy in
  far east. The U.S. consider Japan important country in
  terms of technical and economic potential power.
12


The U.S. as guardian of Japan and
comeback to international society
• A principle of non-compensation.
• Entry into IMF, the World Bank and GATT(1952)
• Treaty of commerce and navigation(1953, Apr)
• The U.S. wished Japan’s economic
 independence, because aid toward Japan and special
 procurements came from U.S. citizen’s taxes.
13


The U.S. as guardian of Japan and
comeback to international society
• The U.S. forced Japan to embargo on the export to
  China, but it is unwelcome to import Japan’s cheep
  goods, so the U.S. support Japan to join World
  economy system.
• As rising strategic importance of Japan in Asia, the U.S.
  behaved as Japan’s guardian.
14




Soviet – Japan relationship in 1954-1956
• Prime minister Hatoyama started the recovery of
  Japanese-Soviet diplomatic relations negotiation in 1954.
• Secretary of State Dulles “If Japan make a concession
  with Soviet, it is possible to make Okinawa eternal
  territory of the U.S.”
• Finally, Hatoyama went to Moscow, pigeonholed the
  Northern Territories issue and signed a treaty of Soviet–
  Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956.
16


The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty in 1960.
• Prime minister Kishi want to make U.S – Japan as equal
  relationship.
• At that time in Japan, the Socialist party united and
  conservative parties also united. (1955-system
  established of two-party system)
17


The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty in 1960.
• A Principle of Macarthur’s Treaty Revise opinion
1. Make a new treaty
2. If possible the U.S. make Japan as a partner besides
   retain “most important” military power and supply
   facilities, It is not important to send reinforcements to
   the U.S. except for limited area.
18




“Japan-U.S. Security Treaty brochure”
• Premise
1. Japan's security can not defend their own.
2. Japan's security is linked with regional security.
• Main modification from 1950
1. Clarify the obligations of the United States against Japan
   defense
2. For the sake of peace and security in the Far East, allowing
   the use of facilities and bases in the U.S. military.
• Common understanding between Japan and the U.S.
1. Cooperation between Japan and the United States is an
   important pillar in Asia.
2. Japan-US security arrangements are essential to world
   peace and stability in Asia.
                               Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
19


The difference of two treaties 1951 and
1960
                          Security Treaty         Treaty of Mutual
                          Between the United      Cooperation and
                          States and Japan        Security between the
                          (1951)                  United States and
                                                  Japan (1960)
The obligation to         NO                      YES (Act to meet the
defense of Japan                                  common danger:Article5)
The article of internal   YES ( The U.S. can put    NO
disturbance               down large-scale internal
                          riots and
                          disturbances :Article1)
Japan will not grant to   YES (Article2)          NO
any third power
The expiration of treaty NO                       YES (Article10)
20


The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty in 1960.
• “Joint communique of Japanese Prime Minister Kishi and
  U.S. President Eisenhower”
• 「The President reaffirmed the United States position that
  Japan possesses residual sovereignty over these islands
  (Ryukyu). He pointed out, however, that so long as the
  conditions of threat and tension exist in the Far East
  the United States will find it necessary to continue the
  present status.」
• In Japan, started campaign against the Japan‐U.S.
  Security Treaty. (Peace movement?)
21
22


The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty in 1960.
• China and Soviet welcomed this campaign, called “Victory
  of Japanese people”. This event gave the U.S. a shock.
• Reischauer analyzed “Japan’s democracy is fragile. It is
  important to promote Japanese economic growth.”
• Reiscauer’s analysis and Japanese Prime minister
  Ikeda’s policy “income doubling plan” are compatible idea.
• Arrival of economic season
23




Independent diplomacy of Japan in 70’s
• In 1972, Seven months after the Nixon surprise visit to
  China, Prime minister Tanaka established normalization
  with China earlier than U.S. . The presidential aide
  Henry Kissinger showed displeasure about this.
• In 1973, The oil crisis happened. Japan rely on almost oil
  in Arab, so Japan affirm the Arab States middle east
  policies. Kissinger at that time also checked Japan’s
  independent oil policy.
24


Redefinition of U.S. - Japan Security
Treaty after the end of cold war.
• After the end of cold war, The U.S. could not keep the
  hegemony no longer, but the U.S – Japan alliance not
  always much this post-hegemony period.
• Clinton Administration strengthened economic and
  security policy with growing Asia countries.
25


Redefinition of U.S. - Japan Security
Treaty after the end of cold war.
• In 1994, informal gathering for discussions on defense
 published “Higuchi report” in Japan. This report shows
 “Japan should more cooperate with international
 society than U.S.”

• Joseph Samuel Nye redefined a position of east Asia of
 U.S. and emphasize importance of the U.S. – Japan
 alliance. This report called “1st Nye report”.
26


Japan’s two major tides of diplomacy
with U.S.
• There are two major tides of diplomacy of Japan.

• “The U.S. is one of the important country of Japan.”
• ⇨ Independence from U.S.. (ex. Tanaka,
  Hatoyama, Ozawa…)
• “The U.S. is special friendly country of Japan.”
•⇨   Pro-Americans conservatives.(ex. Yoshida,
 Ikeda, Koizumi…)
27




Where the U.S. – Japan Alliance go?
• “Equal relationship” has always
  been the key word on U.S –
   Japan relationship after WWII.
• In 2005, “Security Consultative Committee Document
  U.S.-Japan Alliance: Transformation and Realignment for
  the Future”
• In 2012, “The U.S-Japan Alliance ANCHORING
  STABILITY IN ASIA” This report called “3rd Nye report”
• U.S. – Japan Alliance need for Peace and stability of
  Japan and Asia-Pacific region.

• ⇨ Pro- Americans conservatives idea???
28




My Answer
• If the U.S. had not assured Japan on islands,
 alliance system would have collapsed in the near
 future.
 1. If the super-conservatives have political force, they
    claim military expansion. They are not pro-Americans.
    (demand Nuclear arms…)
30




Thank you

More Related Content

What's hot

feminism in ir.pptx
feminism in ir.pptxfeminism in ir.pptx
feminism in ir.pptxUday Ashish
 
International Security 3
International Security 3International Security 3
International Security 3alw1125
 
International Political Economy
International Political EconomyInternational Political Economy
International Political Economybrianbelen
 
Lecture no. 10 foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influ...
Lecture no. 10  foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influ...Lecture no. 10  foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influ...
Lecture no. 10 foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influ...Dildar Ali
 
Cold War: The war that changed the table of international relations
Cold War: The war that changed the table of international relationsCold War: The war that changed the table of international relations
Cold War: The war that changed the table of international relationsarokiya17
 
Disarmament & Arms Control
Disarmament & Arms ControlDisarmament & Arms Control
Disarmament & Arms Controlgueste59d722
 
Theories of International Relations-Introduction
Theories of International Relations-IntroductionTheories of International Relations-Introduction
Theories of International Relations-IntroductionKeshab Giri
 
Arms Control AND Disarmament
Arms Control AND DisarmamentArms Control AND Disarmament
Arms Control AND DisarmamentUltraspectra
 
The history and evolution of foreign policy analysis
The history and evolution of foreign policy analysisThe history and evolution of foreign policy analysis
The history and evolution of foreign policy analysisibrahimkoncak
 
Foreign Policy and Level of Analysis Problem
Foreign Policy and Level of Analysis ProblemForeign Policy and Level of Analysis Problem
Foreign Policy and Level of Analysis ProblemAbdul Basit Adeel
 
Global Issues - International Security
Global  Issues - International  SecurityGlobal  Issues - International  Security
Global Issues - International Securityguest2f82ae
 
Basic class of strategic studies
Basic class of strategic studiesBasic class of strategic studies
Basic class of strategic studiesUmmeSayeda
 
Modern Nation-state System: Challenhes & Prospects
Modern Nation-state System: Challenhes & ProspectsModern Nation-state System: Challenhes & Prospects
Modern Nation-state System: Challenhes & ProspectsShahid Hussain Raja
 
Carl von clausewitz
Carl von clausewitzCarl von clausewitz
Carl von clausewitzShafiq Ridz
 

What's hot (20)

feminism in ir.pptx
feminism in ir.pptxfeminism in ir.pptx
feminism in ir.pptx
 
International Security 3
International Security 3International Security 3
International Security 3
 
Changing of USA Foreign Policy
Changing of USA Foreign PolicyChanging of USA Foreign Policy
Changing of USA Foreign Policy
 
International Political Economy
International Political EconomyInternational Political Economy
International Political Economy
 
International relations
International relationsInternational relations
International relations
 
Lecture no. 10 foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influ...
Lecture no. 10  foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influ...Lecture no. 10  foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influ...
Lecture no. 10 foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influ...
 
Cold War: The war that changed the table of international relations
Cold War: The war that changed the table of international relationsCold War: The war that changed the table of international relations
Cold War: The war that changed the table of international relations
 
Disarmament & Arms Control
Disarmament & Arms ControlDisarmament & Arms Control
Disarmament & Arms Control
 
Presentation1
Presentation1Presentation1
Presentation1
 
Cold War
Cold War Cold War
Cold War
 
Theories of International Relations-Introduction
Theories of International Relations-IntroductionTheories of International Relations-Introduction
Theories of International Relations-Introduction
 
Arms Control AND Disarmament
Arms Control AND DisarmamentArms Control AND Disarmament
Arms Control AND Disarmament
 
The history and evolution of foreign policy analysis
The history and evolution of foreign policy analysisThe history and evolution of foreign policy analysis
The history and evolution of foreign policy analysis
 
Foreign Policy and Level of Analysis Problem
Foreign Policy and Level of Analysis ProblemForeign Policy and Level of Analysis Problem
Foreign Policy and Level of Analysis Problem
 
Global Issues - International Security
Global  Issues - International  SecurityGlobal  Issues - International  Security
Global Issues - International Security
 
Usa foreign policy
Usa foreign policyUsa foreign policy
Usa foreign policy
 
Theories of I.R-2
Theories of I.R-2Theories of I.R-2
Theories of I.R-2
 
Basic class of strategic studies
Basic class of strategic studiesBasic class of strategic studies
Basic class of strategic studies
 
Modern Nation-state System: Challenhes & Prospects
Modern Nation-state System: Challenhes & ProspectsModern Nation-state System: Challenhes & Prospects
Modern Nation-state System: Challenhes & Prospects
 
Carl von clausewitz
Carl von clausewitzCarl von clausewitz
Carl von clausewitz
 

Similar to U.S. - Japan Alliance: Assessment and Prospects

The future of the us japanese security agreements
The future of the us japanese security agreementsThe future of the us japanese security agreements
The future of the us japanese security agreementsJodi Dobinsky
 
The future of the us japanese security agreements
The future of the us japanese security agreementsThe future of the us japanese security agreements
The future of the us japanese security agreementsEllen Henderson
 
EAS321 Unit 6 lecture slides
EAS321 Unit 6 lecture slidesEAS321 Unit 6 lecture slides
EAS321 Unit 6 lecture slidesAimee Richmond
 
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941Sandra Waters
 
Japan and imperialism
Japan and imperialismJapan and imperialism
Japan and imperialismJim McCollum
 
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941Predrag Kandic
 
Causes of wwii pacific war
Causes of wwii pacific warCauses of wwii pacific war
Causes of wwii pacific warbrianphamm
 
Miki, hideo thoughts on a military history of the occupation of japan - the ...
Miki, hideo  thoughts on a military history of the occupation of japan - the ...Miki, hideo  thoughts on a military history of the occupation of japan - the ...
Miki, hideo thoughts on a military history of the occupation of japan - the ...RareBooksnRecords
 
The Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After...
The Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After...The Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After...
The Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After...Darlene Hernandez
 
How Did The Meiji Restoration Change Japan
How Did The Meiji Restoration Change JapanHow Did The Meiji Restoration Change Japan
How Did The Meiji Restoration Change JapanHeidi Brown
 
"US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The Years"
"US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The Years""US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The Years"
"US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The Years"Eling Price
 
How Did Imperialism Affect Japan
How Did Imperialism Affect JapanHow Did Imperialism Affect Japan
How Did Imperialism Affect JapanJennifer Simmons
 
Foreign Policy (1920-1941)
Foreign Policy (1920-1941)Foreign Policy (1920-1941)
Foreign Policy (1920-1941)kbeacom
 
How Japan Became A Successful Empire Essay
How Japan Became A Successful Empire EssayHow Japan Became A Successful Empire Essay
How Japan Became A Successful Empire EssayGwen Hoffman
 
Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq Analysis
Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq AnalysisWhy Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq Analysis
Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq AnalysisLisa Kennedy
 
Percy l. greaves, jr. was pearl harbor unavoidable - - journal of historic...
Percy l. greaves, jr.   was pearl harbor unavoidable -  - journal of historic...Percy l. greaves, jr.   was pearl harbor unavoidable -  - journal of historic...
Percy l. greaves, jr. was pearl harbor unavoidable - - journal of historic...RareBooksnRecords
 
Pearl Harbor Speech Rhetorical Devices
Pearl Harbor Speech Rhetorical DevicesPearl Harbor Speech Rhetorical Devices
Pearl Harbor Speech Rhetorical DevicesGinger Schiffli
 
Zach moore ppt
Zach moore pptZach moore ppt
Zach moore pptzchmo20
 

Similar to U.S. - Japan Alliance: Assessment and Prospects (20)

The future of the us japanese security agreements
The future of the us japanese security agreementsThe future of the us japanese security agreements
The future of the us japanese security agreements
 
The future of the us japanese security agreements
The future of the us japanese security agreementsThe future of the us japanese security agreements
The future of the us japanese security agreements
 
Eas321 unit 6
Eas321 unit 6Eas321 unit 6
Eas321 unit 6
 
EAS321 Unit 6 lecture slides
EAS321 Unit 6 lecture slidesEAS321 Unit 6 lecture slides
EAS321 Unit 6 lecture slides
 
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
 
Japan and imperialism
Japan and imperialismJapan and imperialism
Japan and imperialism
 
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
American foreignpolicy 1920to1941
 
Causes of wwii pacific war
Causes of wwii pacific warCauses of wwii pacific war
Causes of wwii pacific war
 
Miki, hideo thoughts on a military history of the occupation of japan - the ...
Miki, hideo  thoughts on a military history of the occupation of japan - the ...Miki, hideo  thoughts on a military history of the occupation of japan - the ...
Miki, hideo thoughts on a military history of the occupation of japan - the ...
 
The Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After...
The Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After...The Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After...
The Legacy Of Imperialism And Democracy Building After...
 
How Did The Meiji Restoration Change Japan
How Did The Meiji Restoration Change JapanHow Did The Meiji Restoration Change Japan
How Did The Meiji Restoration Change Japan
 
"US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The Years"
"US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The Years""US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The Years"
"US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The Years"
 
How Did Imperialism Affect Japan
How Did Imperialism Affect JapanHow Did Imperialism Affect Japan
How Did Imperialism Affect Japan
 
Foreign Policy (1920-1941)
Foreign Policy (1920-1941)Foreign Policy (1920-1941)
Foreign Policy (1920-1941)
 
How Japan Became A Successful Empire Essay
How Japan Became A Successful Empire EssayHow Japan Became A Successful Empire Essay
How Japan Became A Successful Empire Essay
 
Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq Analysis
Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq AnalysisWhy Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq Analysis
Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq Analysis
 
Percy l. greaves, jr. was pearl harbor unavoidable - - journal of historic...
Percy l. greaves, jr.   was pearl harbor unavoidable -  - journal of historic...Percy l. greaves, jr.   was pearl harbor unavoidable -  - journal of historic...
Percy l. greaves, jr. was pearl harbor unavoidable - - journal of historic...
 
Lesson #6 wwii
Lesson #6 wwiiLesson #6 wwii
Lesson #6 wwii
 
Pearl Harbor Speech Rhetorical Devices
Pearl Harbor Speech Rhetorical DevicesPearl Harbor Speech Rhetorical Devices
Pearl Harbor Speech Rhetorical Devices
 
Zach moore ppt
Zach moore pptZach moore ppt
Zach moore ppt
 

Recently uploaded

Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 

U.S. - Japan Alliance: Assessment and Prospects

  • 1. 1 U.S. - JAPAN ALLIANCE: ASSESSMENT AND PROSPECTS
  • 2. 2 Question • What is the article5 in The alliance of U.S- Japan. • Secretary of State Hillary Clinton “Our alliance with Japan remains the cornerstone of American engagement with the region,” Jan 18, 2013 • Why Japan and the U.S. government emphasis on alliance and Treaty article5?
  • 3. 3 1945-1950 • “Truman Doctrine”…Communism “containment” • The U.S. decided to make Japan production plant of western countries. • During the China and Soviet opposed holding “A Peace preliminary conference with Japan”, Director of Policy Planning G.F. Kennan intervened occupation policy of Japan. Kennan claimed before conclude a treaty with Japan, The U.S. must intensify economic political stabilization of Japan. That makes Japan to protect fall into The Soviet sphere of influence.
  • 4. 4 The Korean War (1950) “Oh! Communists keep moving south!”
  • 5. 5 1945-1950 • In 1949, A Peace conference with Japan negotiation progressed at a snail's pace. Macarthur obtain consensus from Joint Chiefs of Staff to conclude peace treaty with Japan in exchange for a policy of to use the whole territory of Japan with free. • Break out of Korean War • Macarthur dispatched the Eighth United States Army to the Korean War and command to Japan Government to make Police Reserve Force to make up for deterioration of public order. • President Truman considered Japan’s remilitarize is indispensable, so he opposed the peace treaty with Japan. But if anything, Dulles considered to conclude a treaty with Japan is important as an ally. Finally, Truman was persuaded.
  • 6. 6 1951 Treaty of San Francisco (Treaty of Peace with Japan) • Prime minister Yoshida precede rebuilding of an economy. He opposed the demand of rearmament. • In Japan, Abe Yoshishige, Maruyama Masao, other intellectual and the Socialist Party clamed an overall peace (include the Soviet and China) based on pacifism in the Constitution of Japan. • October, This matter has been debated in the diet deliberations. The government party LDP and Democrats agreed but the Socialist couldn’t settle the matter, so the Socialist party broke up.
  • 7. 7 1951 Treaty of San Francisco (Treaty of Peace with Japan) • September 8th Prime Minister Yoshida signed Treaty of Peace with Japan, and Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan.
  • 8. 8 1951 Treaty of San Francisco (Treaty of Peace with Japan) • Prime minister Yoshida didn’t want to do remilitarize but, If Japan don’t comply with a request, it is difficult to propel peace treaty, so Yoshida met the demand. • About Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan (1951), the U.S. didn’t have obligation of defense of the Japan territories. • “Far East clause”… The U.S. can use bases in Japan to keep security of far east.
  • 9. 9 The difference of two treaties 1951 and 1960 Security Treaty Treaty of Mutual Between the United Cooperation and States and Japan Security between the (1951) United States and Japan (1960) The obligation to NO YES (Act to meet the defense of Japan common danger:Article5) The article of internal YES ( The U.S. can put NO disturbance down large-scale internal riots and disturbances :Article1) Japan will not grant to YES (Article2) NO any third power The expiration of treaty NO YES (Article10)
  • 10. 10 1945-1950 Conclusion • In 1951, Japan signed “One side peace” and “Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan ”, this meant officially belonged to Western Bloc. • The U.S. had expectations and anxiety to Japan, because as the Japanese economic military power developed, Japan might behave freely. Such a behavior not always accord the U.S. interests. (U.S. Objectives and Courses of Action with Respect to Japan NSC125/1)
  • 11. 11 Cold War and U.S – Japan relationship • China and Soviet take a peace offensive to Japan, and also Indochina tail spinning made the U.S. uneasiness. • President Dwight D. Eisenhower argued “The domino theory” and , declared “Japan is the key of defense”. • Japan was regarded as keystone of containment policy in far east. The U.S. consider Japan important country in terms of technical and economic potential power.
  • 12. 12 The U.S. as guardian of Japan and comeback to international society • A principle of non-compensation. • Entry into IMF, the World Bank and GATT(1952) • Treaty of commerce and navigation(1953, Apr) • The U.S. wished Japan’s economic independence, because aid toward Japan and special procurements came from U.S. citizen’s taxes.
  • 13. 13 The U.S. as guardian of Japan and comeback to international society • The U.S. forced Japan to embargo on the export to China, but it is unwelcome to import Japan’s cheep goods, so the U.S. support Japan to join World economy system. • As rising strategic importance of Japan in Asia, the U.S. behaved as Japan’s guardian.
  • 14. 14 Soviet – Japan relationship in 1954-1956 • Prime minister Hatoyama started the recovery of Japanese-Soviet diplomatic relations negotiation in 1954. • Secretary of State Dulles “If Japan make a concession with Soviet, it is possible to make Okinawa eternal territory of the U.S.” • Finally, Hatoyama went to Moscow, pigeonholed the Northern Territories issue and signed a treaty of Soviet– Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956.
  • 15. 16 The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960. • Prime minister Kishi want to make U.S – Japan as equal relationship. • At that time in Japan, the Socialist party united and conservative parties also united. (1955-system established of two-party system)
  • 16. 17 The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960. • A Principle of Macarthur’s Treaty Revise opinion 1. Make a new treaty 2. If possible the U.S. make Japan as a partner besides retain “most important” military power and supply facilities, It is not important to send reinforcements to the U.S. except for limited area.
  • 17. 18 “Japan-U.S. Security Treaty brochure” • Premise 1. Japan's security can not defend their own. 2. Japan's security is linked with regional security. • Main modification from 1950 1. Clarify the obligations of the United States against Japan defense 2. For the sake of peace and security in the Far East, allowing the use of facilities and bases in the U.S. military. • Common understanding between Japan and the U.S. 1. Cooperation between Japan and the United States is an important pillar in Asia. 2. Japan-US security arrangements are essential to world peace and stability in Asia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
  • 18. 19 The difference of two treaties 1951 and 1960 Security Treaty Treaty of Mutual Between the United Cooperation and States and Japan Security between the (1951) United States and Japan (1960) The obligation to NO YES (Act to meet the defense of Japan common danger:Article5) The article of internal YES ( The U.S. can put NO disturbance down large-scale internal riots and disturbances :Article1) Japan will not grant to YES (Article2) NO any third power The expiration of treaty NO YES (Article10)
  • 19. 20 The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960. • “Joint communique of Japanese Prime Minister Kishi and U.S. President Eisenhower” • 「The President reaffirmed the United States position that Japan possesses residual sovereignty over these islands (Ryukyu). He pointed out, however, that so long as the conditions of threat and tension exist in the Far East the United States will find it necessary to continue the present status.」 • In Japan, started campaign against the Japan‐U.S. Security Treaty. (Peace movement?)
  • 20. 21
  • 21. 22 The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960. • China and Soviet welcomed this campaign, called “Victory of Japanese people”. This event gave the U.S. a shock. • Reischauer analyzed “Japan’s democracy is fragile. It is important to promote Japanese economic growth.” • Reiscauer’s analysis and Japanese Prime minister Ikeda’s policy “income doubling plan” are compatible idea. • Arrival of economic season
  • 22. 23 Independent diplomacy of Japan in 70’s • In 1972, Seven months after the Nixon surprise visit to China, Prime minister Tanaka established normalization with China earlier than U.S. . The presidential aide Henry Kissinger showed displeasure about this. • In 1973, The oil crisis happened. Japan rely on almost oil in Arab, so Japan affirm the Arab States middle east policies. Kissinger at that time also checked Japan’s independent oil policy.
  • 23. 24 Redefinition of U.S. - Japan Security Treaty after the end of cold war. • After the end of cold war, The U.S. could not keep the hegemony no longer, but the U.S – Japan alliance not always much this post-hegemony period. • Clinton Administration strengthened economic and security policy with growing Asia countries.
  • 24. 25 Redefinition of U.S. - Japan Security Treaty after the end of cold war. • In 1994, informal gathering for discussions on defense published “Higuchi report” in Japan. This report shows “Japan should more cooperate with international society than U.S.” • Joseph Samuel Nye redefined a position of east Asia of U.S. and emphasize importance of the U.S. – Japan alliance. This report called “1st Nye report”.
  • 25. 26 Japan’s two major tides of diplomacy with U.S. • There are two major tides of diplomacy of Japan. • “The U.S. is one of the important country of Japan.” • ⇨ Independence from U.S.. (ex. Tanaka, Hatoyama, Ozawa…) • “The U.S. is special friendly country of Japan.” •⇨ Pro-Americans conservatives.(ex. Yoshida, Ikeda, Koizumi…)
  • 26. 27 Where the U.S. – Japan Alliance go? • “Equal relationship” has always been the key word on U.S – Japan relationship after WWII. • In 2005, “Security Consultative Committee Document U.S.-Japan Alliance: Transformation and Realignment for the Future” • In 2012, “The U.S-Japan Alliance ANCHORING STABILITY IN ASIA” This report called “3rd Nye report” • U.S. – Japan Alliance need for Peace and stability of Japan and Asia-Pacific region. • ⇨ Pro- Americans conservatives idea???
  • 27. 28 My Answer • If the U.S. had not assured Japan on islands, alliance system would have collapsed in the near future. 1. If the super-conservatives have political force, they claim military expansion. They are not pro-Americans. (demand Nuclear arms…)