The document discusses the history and development of the U.S.-Japan alliance from 1945-present. It focuses on key events that shaped the alliance, including the 1951 Treaty of San Francisco that established their security relationship, and the 1960 revision which added an obligation for mutual defense. The alliance has evolved over the Cold War and post-Cold War eras, with debates around Japan's independence from and dependence on the U.S. The future of the alliance remains important for peace and stability in Asia.
2. 2
Question
• What is the article5 in The alliance of U.S-
Japan.
• Secretary of State Hillary Clinton “Our alliance with
Japan remains the cornerstone of American
engagement with the region,” Jan 18, 2013
• Why Japan and the U.S. government
emphasis on alliance and Treaty article5?
3. 3
1945-1950
• “Truman Doctrine”…Communism “containment”
• The U.S. decided to make Japan production plant of
western countries.
• During the China and Soviet opposed holding “A Peace
preliminary conference with Japan”, Director of Policy
Planning G.F. Kennan intervened occupation policy of
Japan. Kennan claimed before conclude a treaty with
Japan, The U.S. must intensify economic political
stabilization of Japan. That makes Japan to protect fall
into The Soviet sphere of influence.
5. 5
1945-1950
• In 1949, A Peace conference with Japan negotiation
progressed at a snail's pace. Macarthur obtain consensus from
Joint Chiefs of Staff to conclude peace treaty with Japan in
exchange for a policy of to use the whole territory of Japan
with free.
• Break out of Korean War
• Macarthur dispatched the Eighth United States Army to the
Korean War and command to Japan Government to make
Police Reserve Force to make up for deterioration of public
order.
• President Truman considered Japan’s remilitarize is
indispensable, so he opposed the peace treaty with Japan. But
if anything, Dulles considered to conclude a treaty with
Japan is important as an ally. Finally, Truman was
persuaded.
6. 6
1951 Treaty of San Francisco
(Treaty of Peace with Japan)
• Prime minister Yoshida precede rebuilding of an
economy. He opposed the demand of rearmament.
• In Japan, Abe Yoshishige, Maruyama Masao, other
intellectual and the Socialist Party clamed an overall
peace (include the Soviet and China) based on pacifism
in the Constitution of Japan.
• October, This matter has been debated in the diet
deliberations. The government party LDP and Democrats
agreed but the Socialist couldn’t settle the matter, so the
Socialist party broke up.
7. 7
1951 Treaty of San Francisco
(Treaty of Peace with Japan)
• September 8th Prime Minister Yoshida signed Treaty of
Peace with Japan, and Security Treaty Between the
United States and Japan.
8. 8
1951 Treaty of San Francisco
(Treaty of Peace with Japan)
• Prime minister Yoshida didn’t want to do remilitarize but, If
Japan don’t comply with a request, it is difficult to
propel peace treaty, so Yoshida met the demand.
• About Security Treaty Between the United States and
Japan (1951), the U.S. didn’t have obligation of defense
of the Japan territories.
• “Far East clause”… The U.S. can use bases in Japan to
keep security of far east.
9. 9
The difference of two treaties 1951 and
1960
Security Treaty Treaty of Mutual
Between the United Cooperation and
States and Japan Security between the
(1951) United States and
Japan (1960)
The obligation to NO YES (Act to meet the
defense of Japan common danger:Article5)
The article of internal YES ( The U.S. can put NO
disturbance down large-scale internal
riots and
disturbances :Article1)
Japan will not grant to YES (Article2) NO
any third power
The expiration of treaty NO YES (Article10)
10. 10
1945-1950 Conclusion
• In 1951, Japan signed “One side peace” and “Security
Treaty Between the United States and Japan ”, this meant
officially belonged to Western Bloc.
• The U.S. had expectations and anxiety to Japan, because
as the Japanese economic military power developed,
Japan might behave freely. Such a behavior not always
accord the U.S. interests. (U.S. Objectives and Courses of
Action with Respect to Japan NSC125/1)
11. 11
Cold War and U.S – Japan relationship
• China and Soviet take a peace offensive to Japan, and
also Indochina tail spinning made the U.S. uneasiness.
• President Dwight D. Eisenhower argued “The domino
theory” and , declared “Japan is the key of defense”.
• Japan was regarded as keystone of containment policy in
far east. The U.S. consider Japan important country in
terms of technical and economic potential power.
12. 12
The U.S. as guardian of Japan and
comeback to international society
• A principle of non-compensation.
• Entry into IMF, the World Bank and GATT(1952)
• Treaty of commerce and navigation(1953, Apr)
• The U.S. wished Japan’s economic
independence, because aid toward Japan and special
procurements came from U.S. citizen’s taxes.
13. 13
The U.S. as guardian of Japan and
comeback to international society
• The U.S. forced Japan to embargo on the export to
China, but it is unwelcome to import Japan’s cheep
goods, so the U.S. support Japan to join World
economy system.
• As rising strategic importance of Japan in Asia, the U.S.
behaved as Japan’s guardian.
14. 14
Soviet – Japan relationship in 1954-1956
• Prime minister Hatoyama started the recovery of
Japanese-Soviet diplomatic relations negotiation in 1954.
• Secretary of State Dulles “If Japan make a concession
with Soviet, it is possible to make Okinawa eternal
territory of the U.S.”
• Finally, Hatoyama went to Moscow, pigeonholed the
Northern Territories issue and signed a treaty of Soviet–
Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956.
15. 16
The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty in 1960.
• Prime minister Kishi want to make U.S – Japan as equal
relationship.
• At that time in Japan, the Socialist party united and
conservative parties also united. (1955-system
established of two-party system)
16. 17
The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty in 1960.
• A Principle of Macarthur’s Treaty Revise opinion
1. Make a new treaty
2. If possible the U.S. make Japan as a partner besides
retain “most important” military power and supply
facilities, It is not important to send reinforcements to
the U.S. except for limited area.
17. 18
“Japan-U.S. Security Treaty brochure”
• Premise
1. Japan's security can not defend their own.
2. Japan's security is linked with regional security.
• Main modification from 1950
1. Clarify the obligations of the United States against Japan
defense
2. For the sake of peace and security in the Far East, allowing
the use of facilities and bases in the U.S. military.
• Common understanding between Japan and the U.S.
1. Cooperation between Japan and the United States is an
important pillar in Asia.
2. Japan-US security arrangements are essential to world
peace and stability in Asia.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
18. 19
The difference of two treaties 1951 and
1960
Security Treaty Treaty of Mutual
Between the United Cooperation and
States and Japan Security between the
(1951) United States and
Japan (1960)
The obligation to NO YES (Act to meet the
defense of Japan common danger:Article5)
The article of internal YES ( The U.S. can put NO
disturbance down large-scale internal
riots and
disturbances :Article1)
Japan will not grant to YES (Article2) NO
any third power
The expiration of treaty NO YES (Article10)
19. 20
The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty in 1960.
• “Joint communique of Japanese Prime Minister Kishi and
U.S. President Eisenhower”
• 「The President reaffirmed the United States position that
Japan possesses residual sovereignty over these islands
(Ryukyu). He pointed out, however, that so long as the
conditions of threat and tension exist in the Far East
the United States will find it necessary to continue the
present status.」
• In Japan, started campaign against the Japan‐U.S.
Security Treaty. (Peace movement?)
21. 22
The revision of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty in 1960.
• China and Soviet welcomed this campaign, called “Victory
of Japanese people”. This event gave the U.S. a shock.
• Reischauer analyzed “Japan’s democracy is fragile. It is
important to promote Japanese economic growth.”
• Reiscauer’s analysis and Japanese Prime minister
Ikeda’s policy “income doubling plan” are compatible idea.
• Arrival of economic season
22. 23
Independent diplomacy of Japan in 70’s
• In 1972, Seven months after the Nixon surprise visit to
China, Prime minister Tanaka established normalization
with China earlier than U.S. . The presidential aide
Henry Kissinger showed displeasure about this.
• In 1973, The oil crisis happened. Japan rely on almost oil
in Arab, so Japan affirm the Arab States middle east
policies. Kissinger at that time also checked Japan’s
independent oil policy.
23. 24
Redefinition of U.S. - Japan Security
Treaty after the end of cold war.
• After the end of cold war, The U.S. could not keep the
hegemony no longer, but the U.S – Japan alliance not
always much this post-hegemony period.
• Clinton Administration strengthened economic and
security policy with growing Asia countries.
24. 25
Redefinition of U.S. - Japan Security
Treaty after the end of cold war.
• In 1994, informal gathering for discussions on defense
published “Higuchi report” in Japan. This report shows
“Japan should more cooperate with international
society than U.S.”
• Joseph Samuel Nye redefined a position of east Asia of
U.S. and emphasize importance of the U.S. – Japan
alliance. This report called “1st Nye report”.
25. 26
Japan’s two major tides of diplomacy
with U.S.
• There are two major tides of diplomacy of Japan.
• “The U.S. is one of the important country of Japan.”
• ⇨ Independence from U.S.. (ex. Tanaka,
Hatoyama, Ozawa…)
• “The U.S. is special friendly country of Japan.”
•⇨ Pro-Americans conservatives.(ex. Yoshida,
Ikeda, Koizumi…)
26. 27
Where the U.S. – Japan Alliance go?
• “Equal relationship” has always
been the key word on U.S –
Japan relationship after WWII.
• In 2005, “Security Consultative Committee Document
U.S.-Japan Alliance: Transformation and Realignment for
the Future”
• In 2012, “The U.S-Japan Alliance ANCHORING
STABILITY IN ASIA” This report called “3rd Nye report”
• U.S. – Japan Alliance need for Peace and stability of
Japan and Asia-Pacific region.
• ⇨ Pro- Americans conservatives idea???
27. 28
My Answer
• If the U.S. had not assured Japan on islands,
alliance system would have collapsed in the near
future.
1. If the super-conservatives have political force, they
claim military expansion. They are not pro-Americans.
(demand Nuclear arms…)