Micro controller

1. Mini Project Report
Micro Controllers
( Life Line Of Automization )

2.  INTRODUCTION
 Starting Era Of Microcontrollers.
The first microcontroller was not controller it was microprocessor. Microprocessor was 4-bit
Intel 4004 released in 1971, another microprocessor released was Intel 8008. Then two
engineers Gary Boone and Michael Cochran succeeded in creating first microcontroller TMS
1000 which was commercially available in 1974. It was having combined read-only memory,
random access memory, processor and clock on one single integrated chip.
 What Is Micro Controller?
A microcontroller is a self-contained system with different peripherals, memory, and
processor according to complexity of work to be handled or system to be controlled. Apart
from this the main aim of microcontroller is to control product or device automatically.
Microcontroller can be said as a small computer on a single simple integrated circuit
containing processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
 Purpose For Making And Evaluating Microcontroller.
Microcontroller (sometime represented as MCU, µC) are designed such that it can controls
mixed signals and react on it according to programmed application. Due to which
applications such as automobile engine control system, implantable medical devices,
remote controls, office machines, power tools, robots etc can be controlled automatically.

3.  Detail Information About Microcontrollers
 Hardware Components Of Microcontrollers.
Big problem for designers is that hardware vs. software. Embedded system designers need
to design circuit by keeping otential of hardware and software with parameters such as
speed, complexity & program memory size. Following are the basic hardware component
that is in a microcontroller:-
1) Bus.
2) Volatile Memory.
3) Non-Volatile Memory.
4) Input/output Ports.
5) Oscillator.
6) Timer/Counter.
Hardware Building Bloc
Memory
Micro-
Processor
Input/Output Clock

4. 1) Buses: - In computer architecture, a bus is a communication system that transfers data
between components inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers
are all related hardware components and software, including communication protocols.
Buses carry data in bit serial form.
2) Volatile Memory: - It is a type of memory which require power source to maintain
storage of information. It retains its contents while power is on but when the power is
interrupted the storage immediately lost its data. Volatile memory includes RAM
(Random Access Memory), selectron tube, dekatron tubes etc.
a) Selectron Tube b) Dekatron Tube c) RAM
Buses

5. 3) Non-Volatile Memory: - It is a computer memory that can get back stored information
even when not in power. Non-volatile memory includes ROM (Read Only Memory), hard
disk, floppy disk and magnetic tape. It is typically used for the task of secondary storage,
or long-term persistent storage.
a) Magnetic Tape b) Floppy Disk c) ROM
4) Input/output Ports: - Port is group of pins which are matched internally and all of them
are similarly registered, pins are grouped which is so called ports denoted by A, B, C, D
and E. They all have several features in common which are as under :-
a) For practical reasons, many I/O pins have two or three functions. If a pin is
not used as i/o pins then ;
b) Every port has its “satellite”, i.e. the corresponding TRIS registered: TRISA,
TRISB, TRISC, TRISD and TRISE, which determines performance, but not the
contents of the port bits.

6. 5) Oscillator: - Every pulse generated by the oscillator enables harmonic and synchronous
operation of all circuits with in microcontroller. It is usually configured as to use quartz-
crystal for frequency stabilization. It is important to say that program instruction is
executed at the rate imposed by oscillator itself, but several times slower.
6) Timer/Counter :- If the registers use an internal quartz oscillator as a clock source then
it possible to measure the time between two events (if the register value T1 at the
moment measurement has started, and T2 at the moment it has finished, then the
elapsed time is equal to the subtraction T2 – T1). If the registers use pulses coming from
external source, then such a timer is turned into a counter.

7.  How Microcontroller Works?
When power is turned off, everything is still. The program is loaded into the
microcontroller, nothing indicates what is about to come next according to program. When
power supply is provided everything starts to happen in high speed. The control logical unit
keeps everything under control. It disables all other circuit except quartz crystal to operate.
While the preparation is in progress and the first millisecond go by.
When power supply voltage reaches maximum, oscillator frequency becomes stable. All
pins are configured as pins. The overall electronics starts operation in rhythm with pulse
sequence. From now on the time is measured in micro and nanoseconds.
Program Counter is set to zero. Instruction from that address is sent to instruction decoder
which recognizes it, after which it is executed with immediate effect. The value of the
Program Counter is incremented by 1 and whole process is repeated several million times
per second.

8.  Applications Of Microcontrollers:-
1) In mobile phones.
2) In automated automobiles.
3) In washing machines.
4) To control cameras.
5) In security alarms.
6) In developing faster responding systems.
 Conclusion Of The Report:-
After researching and collecting information about microcontrollers our group has
realized that it is an integrated technology which has made automization possible in
different field of engineering as well as non-engineering fields. This technology has
evolved over a pass few decades such that it has opened doors for artificial
intelligence!!!