Presented on Semantic's Subject of English Education Program Postgraduate Students

1. LOGIC
UNIT 12
NOORMA FITRIANA M. ZAIN
RIANA WIEKE ADININGTYAS

2. DEFINITION
 Logic deals with meanings in a language system, not with
actual behavior of any sort. Logic deals with
PROPOSITIONS. The terms “logic” and “logical” do not
apply directly to UTTERANCES (which are instances of
behavior)
 Jhon acted quite logically in locking his door.
Means: Jhon had good, well thought-out reasons for doing
what he did.
LOGIC is a word that means many things to different people.
Many everyday uses of the worg logic and logical could be
replaced by expressions such as reasonable behavior and
reasonable.

3. Logic is just one contributing factor in rational behavior.
Rational behavior involves:
a) Goals
b) Assumptions and knowledge
c) Calculating
Example of rational behavior:
 Goal : to alleviate my hunger
 Assumption and knowledge:
Hunger is alleviated by eating food.
Cheese is food.
There is a piece of cheese in front of me.
I am able to eat piece of cheese.

4. Calculations:
If hunger is alleviated by eating food and cheese is
food, then hunger is alleviated by eating cheese.
If hunger is alleviated by eating cheese, then my own
hunger would be alleviated by eating this piece of
cheese in front of me, and
Eating this piece of cheese would alleviate my hunger,
And my goal is to alleviate my hunger,
So therefore eating this piece of cheese would achieve
my goal.
(Rational) action: eating the cheese

5. There is a close analogy between logic and arithmetic (which is
why we have used the word calculation).
‘arithmetic fact’ = not only fact involving number but fact arising
from system of the rules, such as: (+), (-), (x), and (: )
A similarity between logic and arithmetic is the UNTHINKABLE
of alternatives
Example: “2 + 2 = 5”
it is unthinkable.
it is arithmetic contradiction
“All men are mortal and some men are not mortal”
it is unthinkable
it is a logical contradiction

6. LETS PRACTICE !
Mark each sentence for Contradiction (C) or for
Analytic (A) as appropriate.
1. Sandra is here and Sandra is not here
2. Either Sandra is here or Sandra is not here
3. If Sandra is here, Sandra is here
4. If everyone is here, no one is not here
5. If someone is here, the no one here

7. A NOTATION FOR SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS
Logic provides a notation for unambiguously representing the
essentials of proposition.
Simple proposition likes simple sentences, have just one
predicator, which write is CAPITAL LETTERS.
Example:
Abraham died would be presented by formula a DIE.
Fido is a dog  f DOG
Ted loves Alice  t LOVE a
Phil introduced Mary to Jack  p INTRODUCE m j
Unit 13

8. SIMPLE PROPOSITION
It is representable by a single PREDICATOR, drawn from the predicates in
the language, and number of ARGUMENTS, drawn from the names in the
language. This implies, among other things, that no formula for simple
proposition can have TWO (or more) predicators, and it cannot have
anything which is neither a predicate nor a name.
Example:
 j LOVE m  a well-formed formula for SP
 j m  not a well-formed formula, because it contains no predicator
 j IDOLIZE ADORE m  not a well-formed formula for SP, because it
contains two predicators
 j and h LOVE m  not well-formed formula for SP because it contains
something ‘and” which neither a predicator nor a name.

9. Rule: A simple formula consisting of a name and one-place predicate
is true of a situation in which the referent of the name is a
member of the extension of the predicate.
Example:
Mother is standing  m STAND is true of the situation
Son is sleeping  s SLEEP is false of the situation
see page 159

10. THANK YOU….