1. ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSE SUBJECT FUNCTION OBJECT FUNCTION Saliha readthebookswhich/thatwere sent bythecompany. Ezgi who/thatlikesreadingspendsmost of her time in library. Esra gotmarried at a datewhichwill be alwaysremembered. Thecontract(that/which) wesignedyesterdaywilltakeeffecttomorrow. Mybrother has marriedsomebody(whom/that) I reallylike. Wehavebeentothelibrary(which/that) the PM himselfopenedlastweek.
2. OBJECT FUNCTION PREPOSITION KULLANIMI This is thepolicianwho/whom/thatpeoplegossipabout. This is thepolicianaboutwhompeoplegossip. The DVD playerwhich/thatweareinterested in was far tooexpensive. The DVD player in whichweareinterestedwastoofafrexpensive. Not: Boşluk veya That kullanımında preposition başa gelmez. This is thepolician ø/thatpeoplegossipabout. Michael Jackson________whom I haveheard a lot was a famoussinger. I sawthatgirlyesterday_________whom I wentto a party. This is thestory_________whichour film is based. Youneedto be sure of theword_________whichstudentsarefamiliar. Theconditions____________minersareforcedtoworkareappalling. Themeans________which he triedtosolvethe problem is still a mystery. Marinesources__________whichJapanheavilyrelies, are not unlimited. Whitebloodcells_________whichobesityandsmokinghavedramaticeffects, can never be restoredoncetheyaredamaged.
3. POSSESSION WHOSE + NOUN/ THE NOUN OF WHICH Themanwhose son wasinvolved in an accidentcalled an ambulance. Thelatest model of thisbus, theexteriordimensions of which/whoseexteriordimensionsremainedunchanged has muchmoreluggagecapacity. Thebusraninto a bank whosestaffwasluckily on theirlunch break. NOT: İnsanlar için sadece WHOSE+NOUN, Diğerleri içinse WHOSE+NOUN yada THE NOUN OF WHICH kullanabilirsiniz. Themajority of thesubscriberswhosecountrywecouldidentifyare in the USA. Ourcompanyhavespearheaded a nationalsurvey, theresults of whichwehopetosharewithyousoon. PREPOSITION + WHOSE + NOUN The boy whosesisterI dancedwith in thepartywasmyfriend. The boy withwhosesisterI danced in thepartywasmyfriend.
4. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE WITH QUANTITY-AMOUNT-PROPORTION-POSSESSION-COMPARISON Thescientistsmadeseveraldiscoveries, especiallytwo of which(discoveries) wereimportant. Themanagerprovidedmewithvaluableinformation, a little of which (information) I willsharehere. She has had a total of 17 surgeries, several of which (surgeries) havecausedirreversibledamagetothebrain. Theminister, most of whose (his) speechcontainednationalisticviewpoints, wasabletocalmthepeopledown. The fort has twowatchtowers, thetaller of which (thetowers) wasdedicatedtoRamesses II, havebeenfound. A total of eighteensmalltemples, thelargest of which (temples) standsindependent of the rest of thestructure. India has approximately300crudeoilrefiningunits, 60-70percent of which (units) aresmall.
5. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE WITH QUANTITY-AMOUNT-PROPORTION-POSSESSION-COMPARISON OF WHOM/OF WHICH/WHOSE + NOUN NUMBER Theholigansbeganthrowingbottles, three of whichhit thereferee. Theholigansbeganthrowingbottles, of whichthreehit thereferee. Thepolicearrestedsixtypeople, 13 of whomwerereleased on politicalgrounds. Thepolicearrestedsixtypeople, of whom 13 werereleased on politicalgrounds. USE OF PREPOSITION Africa’snationalparkshavebecomevery popular withhunters,………….each of whichthegovernmentget 50.000 dollars. Thepresidentmade a longspeech,……..90 percent of which his supportersdid not agree.
6. EXAMPLES Thecompany,………mainlymid-classpeople, is in a crisis. theshareholders of whichare whoseshareholders most of whoseshareholders whoseoneshareholder all of whomareshareholders Iran has 32 producingoilfields,…….25 are on shoreand 5 offshore. which whose in which throughwhich of which This time thereemergedfromwithin seven candidatesforpartyleadership,……. a 30 year-oldwomanmember. whoseyoungestone is theyoungest of whom is theyoungercandidate of whom of whoseyoungercandidate theyoungerone of which Thetourist ,……….thepolicediscoveredgoldcoins, wasdetained. thesuitcase of which in thefirstsuitcase of which in whosesuitcase of whosesmallsuitcase whosesuitcase
7. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE -WHEN- Theyear Theday Theweek Cretaceousperiod is the time whenfloweringplantsstartedtoevolve. Mother’sday is thedaywhenpeopleexpresstheloveandthanksthattheyfeelfortheirmother. I stillrememberthetwoweekswhenwewentto Datça and had a wonderfulholiday. on which – duringwhich – in which – at which Turkishnationcan’tremembertheyear1999 whenan eartquake hit İstanbul. Turkishnationcan’tforgettheyear1999 which/that/ø an earthquake hit İstanbul in. Turkishnationcan’tforgettheyear 1999 in whichan earthquake hit İstanbul. NOT: Zaman ifadesi eğer zaman bildirmiyorsa that/which ile nitelenir. 10th of November is thedaythat/whichis remembered. 10th of November is thedaythat/which/ø weremembereveryyear.
8. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE -where- thehouse theisland thecity situation level point case position interaction association stage Thevillagewhere (in which) wespentourchildhood is on thesouthcoast. in which-on which-at which- throughwhich Thehumanrace has entereda stagewhereeverybody is dependent on eachother. WHENCE – WHEREBY(system,method,plan,technique) Twomonthslater, theshipproceededManila, whenceshereturnedto Hawaii. Language is a system of vocalsymbolswhereby (bymeans of which) humanbeingcommunicate. NOT: Yer bildirmeyen yer isimleri that/which veya ø ile nitelenir. I live in an housewhich/thathas got a lot of rooms. I live in an housewhich/that/ø I bought 20 yearsago.
9. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE -WHY- Everybody is tryingtofindoutthereasonwhy he leftthemeeting in themiddle. Everybody is tryingtofindoutthereasonforwhich he leftthemeeting in themiddle. NOT: THE REASON(S) sebep içermiyorsa that/which/ ø ile nitelenir. Thereasonthat/which/ ø I foundout in his lettersaboutthesuicidewaspersuasive. Thereasonswhich/thataregiven in his essaywerequiteconclusive. THAT’S WHY=SO I love Jet Li, that’swhy I havebought his moviestoday. Thereasonwhy I havebought Jet Li’smovies is that I lovehim.
10. COORDINATE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Her bosswanted her totypeallthelettersbeforesheleftforlunch, which(andthis) wasimpossible. Sherefusestolearnthecomputer, whichI think is nonsense. Preposition + which + time,point,case,event I sometimesdon’twanttostudy, in whichcaseI trytosleepand rest. The WW2 finished in 1945, bywhich time millions had died.
11. EXAMPLES Many EU membersregardenerggy as a crucialnationalissue,……….., accordingtoSpain, is an exaggeratedpoint of view. towhich which when whereby why Thelanguage………wederivemost of ourcookingterms is French. where that in which whence at which A team has discovered a mechanism (technique)……..a simpleorganism can produce 10 trillionvariesties of a single protein. which whence bywhich forwhich whose Onereason……..drugtestsareroutine in the USA is thataddictedworkerscount as disabled. throughwhich whereby which when why
12. THE ONE/THAT-THE ONES/THOSE Therearemanystrongwomen in Kiraz’sfamily, but theonethatsheadmiredthemost is her grandmother. Theinformationthatwasincluded in thebrochurewasdifferentfromthattheguidegave us(that of theguide’s). ALL – MUCH – SOME – MANY -SEVERAL “ALL” ve “ MUCH” tan sonra sadece “that veya ø” gelir. Forsomepeoplemoney is allthatmatters. There is not muchyou can do. “SOME-MANY-SEVERAL” dan sonra ø kullanımı yoktur. Chomsky is amongmanywhocameintopolitics in theVietmanWar. He writespoems. He has had severalwhichhavebeenpublished in magazines.
13. DISCONTINIOUS ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Ana cümlenin nesnesi olmadığında, yani cümle sadece özne ve yüklemden oluştuğunda ve sıfat cümleciği özneyi nitelemek durumundaysa, Nitelenen isim yer ve zaman bildiren bir öbeğin içindeyse, Forpeoplewhoareilliterate, instructionshavebeendevelopedthatusespecialsymbols. Exercisesareprovidedwhichallowstudentsto be creative. Therewerethreejacketsin thedisplay, one of whichwasratherexpensive. Lastyear, throughthe INTERPOL network, abouttwomillioncriminalmessageswereexchanged, 50 percent of whichwererelatedtodrugoffences.
14. WHAT + CLAUSE (IN NOUN CLAUSES) Whatkullanılarak kurulan cümlecikler relativeclause’lardan biraz farklıdır. What aslında nitelenen ismi de içinde ihtiva eder ve thethingwhich veya thethingswhich anlamındadır. Whatclause‘larda hem özne hem de nesne olarak kullanılabilirler. Önce iki ayrı cümlede verip bunların what ile birleştirilmiş halini görelim. He boughtsomething. Itwasveryexpensive. O bir şey satın aldı. O çok pahalıydı.What he boughtwasveryexpensive. Onun satın aldığı şey çok pahalıydı. Şimdi birkaç örnek daha verelim.What he saidsurprisedme. Onun dedikleri beni şaşırttı.Whatwesawlastnightwasterrible. Dün gece gördüklerimiz korkunçtu.Theydon’tunderstandwhat he says. Onun dediğini anlamıyorlar.I foundwhat I wanted. Aradığımı buldum.Waswhat he saidinteresting? Onun söylediği şeyler ilginç miydi?Didwhat I didannoythem? Benim yaptıklarım onları kızdırdı mı?He didn’twantto listen towhat I said. Benim dediklerimi dinlemek istemedi.
