Telefonica UK’s
LTE & Small Cell
Trials
Robert Joyce
Chief Radio Engineer
Telefonica UK

Telefonica UK Network Today
• 2G (GSM) Network (Launched 1994)
No. Sites: >11,000
Coverage: 99% Population Coverage
Capacity: 5Gbps
Capability: Voice, Data (240kbps DL/100kbps UL)
• 3G (UMTS) Network (Launched 2004)
No. Sites: >10,000 (U2100 & U900)
Coverage: >90% Population Coverage
UMTS Capacity: >50Gbps
Capability: Voice, Data (42Mbps DL/ 5.8Mbps UL)
• 4G (LTE) ...... Central London 4G Trial
No. Sites: 25
Coverage: 40km2
Coverage: 40km2
Capability: Voice, Data (150Mbps DL/50Mbps UL)

Telefonica UK Radio Network Evolution
Cell SplitSplit
Cell
3G900 4G1800/2600
/HSPA+ 4G800/900
6 Sector
6 Sector
Small Cell Technology
Microcells
Microcells
Year
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
What do customers want from O2’s network?
Coverage, Capacity & Capability

Why LTE?
• LTE = “Long Term Evolution” commonly referred to as 4G (e.g. 4G iPad)
• O2’s trial is achieving peak downlink 100Mbit/s, with 30-50 Mbit/s typical
• Compared to 3G, offers:
x5
Technology
x10 x4
Higher peak user Higher spectral
Decreased latency
throughput efficiency
Lower transmission
Customer Faster data Shorter waiting costs per Mbit, so
experience delivery for users times before data users can have more
starts flowing data for their money

Telefonica Global LTE FDD Trials

Telefonica O2UK Slough Trial
• Understand the performance of LTE
• Coverage (cell range, in building penetration)
• Capacity (peak throughput, average throughput,
cell edge throughput, radio links/sec)
• Mobility (LTE/LTE, LTE/3G, LTE/2G)
• User experience (throughput/latency/services)
• Vendor benchmarking
• Understand the maturity of the technology
• Develop wider company understanding of LTE,
planning, deployment, operations, optimisation
Lab Phase Execution (2600)
Field Phase Execution (2600)
Friendly User Trials (2600)
LTE800Trials
May 09 June 09 Jul 09 Aug 09 Sep 09 Oct 09 Nov 09 Dec 09 Jan 10 Feb 10 Mar 10 Apr 10 May 10 Jun 10

O2UK Trial – Network Overview (LTE2600)
Slough LTE RAN
Central London
Heathrow
Airport
Basingstoke
SAE Core

LTE Slough 2009: LTE2600 Radio Coverage Prediction

LTE Slough 2009: Huawei LTE Equipment Overview (Test Lab)
Application Server
HSS (Home
Subscriber Server)
Remote Radio
Units x3 MME (Mobility
Management Entity)
S-GW/PDN-GW
Baseband Unit x2
Entire SAE Core Contained in 2 Racks

LTE Slough 2009: Typical GSM/UMTS/LTE Site Configuration –
Cab Area
Power
LTE BBU
Area for future
expansion
3G BTS 2G BTS LTE
(MultiRAN)
BTS

Typical GSM/UMTS/LTE Site Configuration – Tower Top
2100/2600 Antenna
2600 RET Actuator
NEC Ethernet
Radio Backhaul
LTE2600 RRUs x 3
900/1800 Antenna

GSM/UMTS/LTE Internal O2 HQ Distributed Antenna System
4G BTS
2G BTS 3G BTS

LTE Slough 2009: O2UK Trial – Test UEs
Huawei LTE2600 Samsung LTE2600 Test UE
Test UE (Model Name: GT-B3710)
DL 50Mbs / UL 35Mbps DL 100Mbs / UL 50Mbps
(Cat 3 UE)

Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services

Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services

Selected LTE Trial Results - Coverage
Drive Test/Coverage Analysis
Refine Link Budget
Planning Levels
Network Planning
Site Count Estimation
Network Coverage Maps

Selected LTE Trial Results – Coverage (Huawei UE)
RLC Throughput vs. PathLoss (20MHz DL, OL)
Good Coverage Medium Coverage Poor Coverage
RLC Throughput[Mbps]
40Mbps 20Mbps 5Mbps
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
PathLoss[dB]
UE is limited to 50Mbps so x2 for a 100Mbps UE

Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services

Selected LTE Trial Results – Predicted Capacity
Average Cell Throughput (Mbps) in 5MHz Carrier
8
7
Average Cell Throughput (Mbps)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
HSPA R6 Rake HSPA R6 Type HSPA R7 HSPA R7 2X2 HSPA R8 DC LTE R8 2X2 LTE R8 2X4 LTE R8 4X4
Rx 3 Rx 64QAM MIMO MIMO MIMO MIMO
Technology

Selected LTE Trial Results - Capacity
x4 Bandwidth
x? Capacity Improvement
vs.
HSPA+ Modem LTE Modem

Selected LTE Trial Results – Capacity
(Peak Cell Throughput)
Peak Cell Throughput Rate for 20MHz Bandwidth
160
Application throughput(Mbps)
140 134.99 135.40
120
100
80
63.11 64.10
60
40
20
0
DL FTP DL UDP UL FTP UL UDP
Peak cell application throughput of 135Mbps and 64Mbps measured in Lab & Field

Selected LTE Trial Results – Capacity
(Average Cell Throughput)
UE Locations
Loaded (70% DL load) cell application throughput of 25Mbps in Lab & Field,
compared to around 2-3Mbps in a loaded HSPA network (x2.5 more spectrally efficient)

Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services

Selected LTE Trial Results – Mobility (LTE<->LTE)
LTE/LTE Handover Success Rate (HOSR) seen in field extremely high >99.9%
Downlink Interruption Time ≈ 45ms
LTE<->3G Handover testing awaiting multi-mode UEs

Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services

Selected LTE Trial Results – User Experience (Throughput)
kbps WCDMA
Average Throughput = 1.5Mbps
kbps
LTE
Average Throughput = 20Mbps
Comparative drive test around Slough
3G HSPA 7.2Mbps dongle vs. 4G Samsung 100Mbps Dongle

LTE 2012 London Trial Coverage Map

LTE 2012 Friendly User Trials - Devices
Samsung GT-B3730 BandLuxe R501
AVM FritzBox LTE
Huawei E589

LTE 2012 Friendly User Trials - Feedback
O2: “I don’t bother with the company LAN anymore Wi-Fi or
cable as this is faster”
Media: “We’ve already streamed live feeds over the 4G trial
network”
Consumer: “Why do I pay BT £15 per month for 2Mbps?”

O2UK LTE Trial Stats

O2UK LTE Trial Stats

O2UK 4G Speed Test

Telefonica UK Network of Tomorrow: Small Cells
Cell SplitSplit
Cell
3G900 4G1800/2600
/HSPA+ 4G800/900
6 Sector
6 Sector
Small Cell Technology
Microcells
Microcells
Year
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
What do customers want from O2’s network?
Coverage, Capacity & Capability

REC/12/062, Issue 1, 26/06/12 Confidential 35

Trafalgar Square - Installs
REC/12/061, Issue 1, 14/06/12 Confidential 36

Trafalgar Square - Installs
REC/12/061, Issue 1, 14/06/12 Confidential 37

Trafalgar Square - Installs
REC/12/061, Issue 1, 14/06/12 Confidential 38

Data Traffic Forecast - Global

Data Traffic Distribution London
Data Traffic Increase in Cities is expected to by > x50

Telefonica UK Macro Site Evolution
Technology @ Site Peak User Cumulative Average Site
Throughput Throughput
4G+ (2015) – LTE-A + HSPA++ 150Mbps 160 Mbps
Site Throughput 4G (2013) – LTE + HPSA+ 100Mbps 110 Mbps
Capacity x8
3G HSPA+ (2012) – HSPA+42 17.7 Mbps 25.2 Mbps
3G HSPA (2011) – HSPA 14.4 17.7 Mbps 18.9 Mbps
3G (2004) – HSPA 3.6 6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps
2G (2000) - GPRS/EDGE 40 kbps 120kbps
3G and 4G will deliver a x8 Capacity Increase on Macrocells
x50 will be required in the high traffic areas
Small cells are the only option

2100 MHz (1) – 1st carrier
3G Macrocell
2100 MHz (2) – 2nd carrier
Network 2011
Limited to 7 macrocells
within 1x1km area
42

2100 MHz (1) 900 MHz (1)
Microcell Picocell 2100 MHz (2) 900 MHz (2)
Network 2015 Macrocell 800/1800/2600 MHz
Busy areas require 50m
radius microcells
Limited to 7 macrocells All microcell deployed with 3
within 1x1km area carriers (2xU2100 1xLTE2600).
Busiest 200x200m area
requires 6 microcells
plus 3 carrier
picocells/public femto
cells
Microcell range limited
to 150m due to building
loss and corner loss

2009-2010: Street Level “Micro” Cells
 Upgrading of 2G Street Level Microcells to 3G Micro
Bellbox antenna
•Cost
•Time
•Landlords RF Feeder
•Maintenance
•Volumes •Transmission
•Technology
Street Level
Macrocell equipment and
NTE Located in basement/
store cupboard
Microcell/Macrocell RSCP
-20.0
-30.0
•Traffic Capture
Erlangs
-40.0
RSCP (dBm)
Macro RSCP [dBm]
-50.0
Micro RSCP [dBm]
-60.0
-70.0
•Macrocell
-80.0
•Shared Carrier
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Cell Distance (m)
Traditional Microcell: Very High Cost per kE/Mbps/km2

2011: Small Cell TCO Modelling
3rd Party Pole, Public Indoor Femto & WLAN looking most promising

2011: O2 wifi
3rd Party Pole, Public Indoor Femto & WLAN looking most
promising

Public Wifi ... but also exclusive access to
Central London Street Furniture

2012: O2 Metro Wifi Deployment Areas
All priority areas to be delivered by Summer 2012

High Level Delivery Plan with Planning after Design Approval
Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12
06-May
13-May
20-May
27-May
04-Dec
11-Dec
18-Dec
25-Dec
05-Feb
12-Feb
19-Feb
26-Feb
04-Mar
11-Mar
18-Mar
25-Mar
01-Jan
08-Jan
15-Jan
22-Jan
29-Jan
01-Apr
08-Apr
15-Apr
22-Apr
29-Apr
Responses
Responses
Decision
Decision
Issued
RFP
RFP
RFP
RFP
RFP
Generic Design & Development - Street to Data Centre
(Core)
RF Kit - AP Design, including Antennas
Backhaul Design
Mesh Design
Micro - Macro Design
Macro - Data Centre (Core) Design
Power to site design
Bank Holiday
Bank Holiday
Backhaul orders placed & Delivered - BT etc
Site Surveys
Ph 1a
1st batch of vendor street
Site AP & Backhaul Deployment -
units delivered
Local Network Design -
Exhibition Rd - Ph 1a
Exhibition Rd - Ph 1a
Optimisation - Ph 1a
Local Authority Planning
Approval
Hub Survey & Hub Deployment
Plan - A end
Bank Holiday
Bank Holiday
Power to AP site
order & Delivery
Site Surveys
Vendor street units delivered
Ph 1b
Local Network Design -
Ph 1b
Bank Holiday
Bank Holiday
Optimisation Ph 1b
Local Authority Planning Approval Planning Approval
Site AP & Backhaul
Hub Survey & Plan Hub Deployment - A end Deployment -
Ph 1b
Power to AP site order &
Delivery y
y

Small Cells
 Small cells Rio Style!
Confidential 50

Example Install: Parliament Square
Type 1 Install Type 2 Install
Transmission Hub (7762)
Access Point (8800)

Access Point and Transmission Equipment
Ruckus 7762 5GHz
Remote Terminal (Wi-Fi)
239x195x141mm
Weight 1.9kg
Ruckus 8800
Access Point (Wi-Fi/Cellular)
380x310x170mm
10kg

Access Point
Ruckus 8800
Access Point (Wi-Fi/Cellular)
380x310x170mm
10kg

UK Small Cells – The Future (Wifi + Femto)
Adaptor plates
attaches to Wifi
unit with two Flat
head M6 screws ALU Femto Unit
per side mounts to adaptor
plates.

High Level Design - Project Metro Network Architecture - plan A
O2 WiFi
Core Network / O2 5GHz
O2
Data Centre CBNL /
Hemel Hempstead BT Ethernet CSL
Fibre Link
28GHz
28GHz
Hilton Park Lane
BT NTE
O2
O2 CBNL P-MP
28GHz Microwave
28GHz 5GHz
28GHz
Ruckus /
O2
O2 AWTG
5GHz
O2
Street Lighting Column with
Ruckus WiFi Access Point
Point to Multi Point Dish
O2 Existing O2 Macro Site
Ruckus Radio Access Point

High Level Design - Project Metro Network Architecture - plan B
O2 WiFi
Core Network / O2 5GHz
O2
Data Centre CBNL /
Hemel Hempstead BT Ethernet CSL
Fibre Link
28GHz
28GHz
Hilton Park Lane
BT NTE
O2
CBNL P-MP
Microwave
28GHz 5GHz
Virgin Fibre
to Post Ruckus /
X
O2 AWTG
Street Lighting Column with
Ruckus WiFi Access Point
Point to Multi Point Dish
O2 Existing O2 Macro Site
BT Fibre to
Post
Ruckus Radio Access Point

High Level Design – Exhibition Road

High Level Design – Exhibition Road
• Target Outdoor RxLev >= -90dBm.
• The design consists of 9 APs.
• The design will deliver an estimated
capacity of 9x15Mbps = 135Mbps
within the planned coverage area.
• Therefore delivering 1350Mbps/km2
• Already shown 50Mbps DL & UL
during initial testing

Exhibition Road: Banner Design

Exhibition Road: Actual Install

Exhibition Road: Actual Install

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
 Telefonica UK has only 10MHz of U2100
spectrum and therefore has to share a Plot of Best Server HS-DSCH Throughput (Mbps)
carrier between Macro and Femto layers
 For some time now we have been studying 21 22 23 24 25
the feasibility of deploying a dense Femto
Distance in bins
16 17 18 19 20
layer under a macrocell 11 12 13 14 15
 And more recently we have deployed what
6 7 8 9 10
we believe to be the world’s densest Femto
cell deployment 1 2 3 4 5

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
11 Plots
65 Blocks (1 – 8 blocks per plot)
564 Floors (7 – 11 floors per block)
2818 apartments (typically 6 per floor)
Up to 16,962 beds

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
1. External CW Testing
This identified that the building penetration loss was in the order of 20dB for 900MHz and 30dB for 2100MHz.
Therefore an in-building solution would be required to provide assured service to users.
Subsequent O2 propagation modelling indicated that approx 20% of accommodation was likely to experience
acceptable 3G (2100MHz) service if the two proposed external macrocells are built. This reduces to 11% if they
are not built. For GSM900 the predicted coverage is approximately 40% with and 20% without macrocells.
2. Internal CW testing
This confirmed that two antennas (DAS or Femto) radiating +10dBm at 2100MHz could cover all rooms on a
typical floor to RSCP -85dBm or better. One antenna would cover to -105dBm or better. Central riser and
apartment service cupboard locations were equally effective. Penetration loss between floors was
approximately 20dB meaning that floors could be covered in relative isolation from each other.
3. Femto-cell trial
Confirmed that two ALU Enterprise Femto-cells, each located in a selected apartment service cupboard
provides satisfactory 3G voice and data performance in all rooms on a single typical floor. Further testing
identified no issues with femtos interfering between floors.

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
Femto Home Hub
Femto cell located within cupboard adjacent to BT
Infinity Home Hub.
Probably secured with cable ties to rear mesh (as
shown by blue square) to minimise potential
tampering and theft.

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment

London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
 Coverage provided via 1200 x ALU Enterprise V1.5 (100mW – 8 user) indoor
femtocells with backhaul via BT Infinity FTTx.
 Deployment, testing and validation concluded.
 Alcatel-Lucent will provide a Managed Service to monitor and support the
Femto Gateway and CPE 24/7.
 High Density “Open” group deployment proven
 Densest Femtocell deployment in the world!

And Finally: Small Cells - Solar Pole Concept

Small Cells: Solar Pole Test & Build
Telefonica UK’s first Solar Powered 3G/4G/Wi-Fi Access Point

In Summary
 London “activities” in 2012 have accelerated the deployment of LTE &
small cells for Telefonica UK
• 3rd Party Poles, Indoor open Femto and Wifi are the way forward
• Proven that lamppost mounted small cells are feasible – London Lampposts
• Both fibre and Microwave is suitable for backhaul
• High Density Open Femto deployments are possible – London Femtos
 Next steps
• Study further Femto/Wifi and Micro/Wifi integration
• Study further the interaction with the Macro layers
• Further prove 5GHz/Fibre, 5GHz/28GHz
• Investigation of other small cell backhaul technologies
› VDSL
› 28GHz Mesh, 60GHz P2P
2012 was the year of trialling and 2013 will the year of deployment!