1.
<ul><li>TURBIDIMETRY AND NEPHELOMETRY </li></ul>

2.
TURBIDIMETRY AND NEPHELOMETRY <ul><li>Presented By - </li></ul><ul><li>Mr. Shaise Jacob </li></ul><ul><li>Faculty </li></ul><ul><li>Nirmala College of Pharmacy </li></ul><ul><li>Muvattupuzha, Kerala </li></ul><ul><li>India </li></ul><ul><li>Email – jacobshaise@gmail.com </li></ul>

3.
<ul><li>» Analysis of Suspensions </li></ul><ul><li>NEPHELOMETRY – Measurement of scattered light </li></ul><ul><li>( opalescence) </li></ul><ul><li>TURBIDIMETRY - Measurement of transmitted </li></ul><ul><li>light ( turbidity ) </li></ul><ul><li>» absorption, refraction & reflection -> transmitted </li></ul><ul><li>Tyndall Effect .. </li></ul><ul><li>Scattering of light- </li></ul>

7.
<ul><li>Turbidimetry </li></ul><ul><li>↨ </li></ul><ul><li>Colorimetry </li></ul><ul><li>Nephelometry </li></ul><ul><li>↨ </li></ul><ul><li>Fluorimetry </li></ul>

8.
NEPHELOMETRY <ul><li>↓ concentration, uniform scattering, intensity of scatted light proportional to conc. measured at 90 0 </li></ul><ul><li>TURBIDIMETRY </li></ul><ul><li>↑ concentration, scattering not uniform, intensity of transmitted light measured at 180 0 </li></ul><ul><li>Factors affecting measurements </li></ul><ul><li>Concentration, Particle geometry, WL of incident light, RI difference </li></ul>

9.
Nephelometer

10.
Science of Colorimeter

11.
<ul><li>Tungsten lamp </li></ul><ul><li>Filters- Turbidimeter (blue filter or 530 nm) </li></ul><ul><li>Nephelometer (visible filter) </li></ul><ul><li>Sample cells </li></ul><ul><li>Detectors (photometric) </li></ul><ul><li>SOP </li></ul><ul><li>Nephelometer: Flourimeter -> Nephelometer by using a visible filter as secondary filter </li></ul>

12.
TURBIDIMETER

13.
<ul><li>Difference: </li></ul><ul><li>Scattering of radiation </li></ul><ul><li>Difference: </li></ul><ul><li>Absorption of radiation </li></ul><ul><li>TURBIDIMETER </li></ul><ul><li>Similarity: </li></ul><ul><li>transmitted light measured </li></ul><ul><li>measured at 180 0 </li></ul><ul><li>COLORIMETER </li></ul><ul><li>Similarity: </li></ul><ul><li>transmitted light measured </li></ul><ul><li>measured at 180 0 </li></ul>

14.
Difference: » emitted radiation measured » emitted radiation – longer WL than incident light <ul><li>FLOURIMETRY </li></ul><ul><li>Similarity: </li></ul><ul><li>Emergent radiation measured at 90 0 </li></ul>Difference: » Scattered radiation measured » emitted radiation – same WL as that of incident light <ul><li>NEPHELOMETRY </li></ul><ul><li>Similarity: </li></ul><ul><li>Emergent radiation measured at 90 0 </li></ul>

15.
APPLICATIONS <ul><li>Analysis of water </li></ul><ul><li>clarity, conc. of ions </li></ul><ul><li>Determination of CO 2 </li></ul><ul><li>Determination of inorganic substances </li></ul><ul><li>Sulphate – barium chloride </li></ul><ul><li>Ammonia – Nesslers reagent </li></ul><ul><li>Phosphorus – Strychine molybedate </li></ul><ul><li>Biochemical Analysis </li></ul><ul><li>5. Quantitative Analysis – (ppm level) </li></ul>

16.
<ul><li>6. Miscellaneous </li></ul><ul><li>Water treatment plants, sewage work, refineries, paper industry </li></ul><ul><li>7. Atmospheric pollution </li></ul><ul><li>smokes & fogs </li></ul><ul><li>8. Determination of mole. Wt of high polymers </li></ul><ul><li>9. Phase titration </li></ul><ul><li>NEPHLOTURBIDIMETER </li></ul><ul><li>Two detectors </li></ul>