Merck Moving Beyond Passwords: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
APHG with Sports #NCGE2013--Paul Gray
1. Paul T. Gray, Jr.
Russellville High School
Russellville, Arkansas
paul.gray@russellvilleschools.net
2. Sports can be an effective vehicle to teach
geography
Many students can really identify with
sports
Using local or regional teams can be a
way to make geographic concepts more
real
Most importantly, sports teams are about
place, regional, cultural, urban, locational
and economic issues
9. Sports Team Location and
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
Weber eliminated labor mobility and
varying wage rates
He calculated the “pulls” exerted on each
point of manufacturing
He indicated companies wanted to
minimize costs in three major areas
In professional sports location we may
want to call this, “How Much Stuff Will
Your City Give Me to Locate Here
Theory/Model” or “The Sports Team
Blackmails Your City for what it wants.”
10. Weber’s Least Cost Theory – 3 primary
factors of location (to minimize costs)
Transportation – the lowest possible costs in moving raw materials to
the factory and the finished product to market
Labor – this reduces profits, therefore owners may want to move
farther from raw materials and markets
Agglomeration – like industries clustering in the same area(s) can
reduce costs. Existing infrastructure (transport, water, educated/skilled
labor, buildings, etc.)
Deglomeration – what happens when too much agglomeration takes
place?
Other Factors – political stability, cheap energy, local receptiveness
(locating a prison), taxation (exemptions and, free land), climate (LA
and film industry), local mores (brewery, sex shops, etc.), owner’s local
connections to area (locates even though not the cheapest or most
productive location)
The “other factors” can be especially important in sports team location
11. Central Place Theory
Low order goods
High order goods – e.g. sports
Population Threshold - # of people
Market Threshold – amount of $ in the place/area
Range or Range of Sale
Multiplier Effects (of sports team location)
12. I am an NFL fan
I was driving up to Canada via Detroit a few
summers ago
Began thinking about how close Detroit,
Cincinnati, Cleveland, Indianapolis, etc. are
to each other
Wondered who is a fan of whom in certain
places
I asked some students to try to map central
places with hexagons
14. Income thresholds in pro sports – these are
essentially disposable incomes in MSAs
www.bizjournals.com/specials/2006/0213/
$89.2B - Major League Baseball
$38.4B - National Basketball Association
$35.7B - National Hockey League
$33.0B - National Football League
$16.1B - Major League Soccer
15. What about Central Place factors of
location using sports?
According to Hinch & Higham in Sports
Tourism Development
Sports teams are centrally located and
there to provide outlets for the
hinterlands
Greater number of sports provided, the
higher order the location
16. Sports Tourism Development Hinch
and Higham continued
Low-order sports (e.g. soccer) can
locate in lower order thresholds
Higher order locations are fewer and
more widely spaced (Christaller) with
higher thresholds
Major League Baseball has the most
higher order cities (largest populations)
The NFL has many more cities in the
mid- and lower order (lower populations)
Ironically (or not given the NFL’s player
pay structure), 6 of the last 8 Super
Bowl winners were small market teams
17. Sports Tourism Development Hinch and
Higham continued
Finally, a hierarchy of sports locations exists
to:
1. Provide consumers who wish to minimize their
travel to obtain the sports they want
2. Producers of sports need to maintain a
minimum threshold to survive
3. Many times, city leaders do not ask these
questions – they just want a team without
evaluating pros and cons
4. The risk today is almost entirely on cities – not
the teams
18. Central Place in the geography of sports
John Bale in Sports Geography says:
A MLB team needs a threshold of 1 million
fan visits each year to be viable
Bale says this number is not realistic for
most metro areas
19. According to Bale, the Central Place approach to
sports team location has assumptions (just like the
models we teach):
1. Even population distribution
2. Homogeneous plane surface
3. Economic rationality
We all know irregularities abound
How about an example or two?
20. Smaller Market cities with successful teams
ICE HOCKEY
A Canadian Metropolitan Statistical Area of
3.5M people will average 4,000 more fans
per game than a comparable U.S. MSA
(Bale)
SOCCER
Rochester, NY is a soccer-crazy hotbed
capable of a pro team
FOOTBALL
Green Bay & Pittsburgh are football towns
BASEBALL
St. Louis and Cincinnati are baseball towns
BASKETBALL
21. What about teaching the “other”
factors of location using sports?
According to a Federal Reserve Bank of
Kansas City Report:
1 extra day of sunny weather per year
means $7-12 more spending
This means $14-24M more spending in a
metro area of 2 million population
US population has shifted South and West
over the past 50-60 years
Many of the teams have moved or
expanded to the Sun Belt
22. A Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas
City Report continued
Metropolitan areas which lost a franchise
are more likely to finance a new stadium
(Quality of Life issue? Inferiority complex w/o a team?)
Part of being a first-rate city is having pro
sports (and opera, museums, etc.)
However, bond supporters and teams only
show positive impact numbers
Actually, this study found there are
negative indicators of having a pro sports
team
23. A Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas
City Report continued
For example, Maryland residents get about
$1M/year in revenue from the Baltimore Ravens
The public cost of the Ravens stadium is
$14M/year
Washington residents get $3.8 to $5.1M
compared to $28M annual cost for the Mariners’
stadium
So, the question becomes…what benefits do
teams bring to the community at large?
Some of these benefits are tangible and others
less tangible
24. Teams have always moved or the
leagues expanded
Population shifts – Ft. Wayne Pistons become
Detroit Pistons
Local Disputes – Baltimore Colts move to
Indianapolis due to pending MD law and
Cleveland Browns move to Baltimore in dispute
over stadium ownership
New Stadium – too many to mention
Expansion – growing and shifting populations
All the above and personal problems – Norman
Green moves the Minnesota North Stars to
Dallas
25. The most overextended sports
market – at least on paper?http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2011/08/denver-is-most-overextended-market.html
DENVER with 5 teams
The Denver needs total personal income
(TPI) of $209.3 billion to provide an
adequate base for its five teams
Denver’s actual TPI is $121.9 billion,
yielding an income deficit of $87.4 billion
Still, Denver is a pretty good sports
town. The Rockies seem safe now
given some winning seasons of late
26. The other overextended marketshttp://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2011/08/denver-is-most-overextended-market.html
Rank City # teams TPI
Deficit
2 Cleveland 3 ($71.445)
3 Pittsburgh 3 ($56.676)
4 Tampa-St.
Petersburg
3 ($54.119)
5 Kansas City 3 ($52.292)
6 Milwaukee 2 ($51.806)
7 St. Louis 3 ($42.294)
8 Phoenix 4 ($41.069)
9 Minneapolis-St.
Paul
4 ($39.400)
10 Cincinnati 2 ($37.524)
27. MLB teams most likely to move
Oakland A’s
1. Stadium is a wreck (note sewage
backups in locker rooms in June 2013)
2. The money is in the west and south bay
3. Those moving to Oakland are escaping
high rents of San Francisco
Where will they go?
1. Most likely San Jose
2. If not there – Sacramento or Portland
28. MLB teams most likely to move
Tampa Bay Rays
1. Tropicana Field is the worst baseball
venue in the world
2. The physical location of the Trop in St.
Petersburg is very hard to get to
3. Good play the last few years has kept
moving talk down
Where will they go?
1. Most likely Tampa
2. If not there – Charlotte or Orlando
29. NBA team most likely to move
Sacramento Kings
1. NBA will not expand anytime soon, so movement will be
based on money and population shifts
2. With the Warriors moving to a new arena in SF, there’s
nowhere close to go
Where will they go?
1. On paper, the move should be to Kansas City, but KC has
lost the NBA before – the Kings to Sacramento
2. KC has an NBA-ready arena already built
3. Las Vegas is another potential NBA city. There’s plenty of
money
4. There are also lots of LA Laker fans and casinos and
gambling in Vegas – potential NBA owners are wary
30. Los Angeles and the NFL
http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2011/08/los-angeles-is-the-clear-choice.html
A study determined that an NFL team
requires an income base of $36.7 billion
The Los Angeles area has $220.3 billion
in available personal income after
meeting the needs of its other pro-sports
franchises
On paper, that’s enough to support 6
NFL teams
What about the intangibles or “other”
factors of location for LA?
31. NFL teams most likely to move to
LA Jacksonville, Buffalo, St. Louis, Oakland, New Orleans
1. Jacksonville is a very small market (3rd
smallest) and fan
support has been low
2. Buffalo is the 2nd
smallest NFL market (tied with New
Orleans) with little success in recent years
3. St. Louis is a mid-market size. Recent sale to Missourian
Stan Kroenke (also owner of Nuggets, Rapids, Avalanche,
Mammoth and Arsenal) makes Rams’ move less likely
4. Oakland’s stadium is a wreck. They’ve won in LA before
5. New Orleans–all is well right now in this 2nd
smallest NFL
market. N.O.’s population has shrunk. They’d better win
Where will they go?
1. Los Angeles
2. Still, will people consistently come to NFL games in LA?
32. This is one of the major drivers of an LA
team - NFL Potential TV Viewership
33. We moved and everyone seems
happy
Baltimore Orioles moved to the CBD
from the suburbs and the Baltimore
Ravens came to the CBD
Cleveland Browns (after expansion)
and Cleveland Indians and Cleveland
Cavaliers built new venues in the CBD
These cases involved building new ball
parks and/or stadia in downtown areas
as part of a larger urban revitalization
effort
34. We moved and not everyone is
happy Dallas Cowboys
The Cowboys moved to suburban Arlington
between Dallas and Ft. Worth
This moved promised many larger developments
around Cowboy Stadium (with the Texas Ranger
park just down the street)
Large-scale (high-end hotels, restaurants, etc.)
developments have not come – example??
Super Bowl XLV – Green Bay stayed in Ft. Worth
(Omni) and Pittsburgh stayed in Dallas (Omni
Mandalay Bay - Irving)
35. Other factors in sports teams
location Missouri joined the SEC in 2012. Located as the most
northwest SEC team, travel expenses in the SEC
increased from just under $5 million annually to $7
million.
Non-revenue Mizzou teams (not football or basketball)
spent as many as 11 days on the road, which affects
competiveness and academics
In 1994, the Rams decided to leave Los Angeles
Down the list of factors the Rams mentioned in a St.
Louis Post-Dispatch article for moving……
Travel costs of a coastal team, or as we would teach in
APHG – Centrality
The Rams said they could save at least a quarter of a
million dollars in travel alone
Rams’ owner at the time, the late Georgia Frontiere, a
native of St. Louis
36. Who travels to most? Coastal teams.
The NFL West Coast teams
Seattle – 33,586 miles
San Diego – 28,298 miles
Oakland – 27,721 miles Source:
www.stlouistoday.com/blogs/sports-around-the-horns/2007/08/rams-are-miles-high-in-nfl 8-
11-07
37. Who travels the least?
Northeastern teams
New York Jets – 9,186 miles
Buffalo – 9,972 miles Source:
www.stlouistoday.com/blogs/sports-around-the-horns/2007/08/rams-are-miles-high-in-nfl 8-
11-07
38. In 2012, who traveled the most and
least?
MOST – Seattle Seahawks, San Francisco
49ers, San Diego Chargers and Oakland Raiders
LEAST – Indianapolis Colts, Washington
Redskins, Cincinnati Bengals and Green Bay
Packers – centrality to other teams
Teams traveling under 1,000 miles for a game
win 43 percent of the time. The number drops to
40.3 percent when teams travel between 1,000
and 1,999 miles, and plummets to 39.8 percent
when they travel over 2,000 miles.
3% may not sound like much unless you miss
the playoffs by one game
39. Another way to teach location
and central place is to map team
allegiance is by…
Number and location of radio stations which
carry a team
41. Cincinnati Bengal Radio Network
Listen to the game on one of these 2013 Bengals Radio Affiliates:
OHIO
Athens WATH-AM 970
Canton WTIG-AM 990
Celina WCSM-FM 96.7
Chillicothe WBEX-AM 1490
Cincinnati WCKY-AM
WEBN-FM
WLW-AM 1530
Columbus WBWR-FM 105.7
Dayton WTUE-FM 104.7
Findlay WBVI-FM 96.7
Hillsboro WSRW-AM 1590
Lima WIMA-AM 1150
Logan WLGN-AM 1510
Marietta WMOA-AM 1490
Middleport WMPO-AM 1390
Mt. Vernon WMVO-AM 1300
Portsmouth WIOI-AM 1010
Washington Court House WCHO-FM 105.5
Zanesville WHIZ-AM 1240
KENTUCKY
Ashland WCMI-AM 1340
Cynthiana WCYN-FM 102.3
Lexington WBVX-FM 92.1
Louisville WKRD-AM 790
Somerset WTLO-AM 1480
INDIANA
Washington WAMW-FM 107.9
WEST VIRGINIA
Huntington WRVC-AM 930
Ravenswood WMOV-AM 1360
42. There is much more one can
do with sports and APHG
Cultural issues
Geography of team monikers
Migration issues
Gender issues
Race and Ethnicity
Globalization
44. Selected Sources
Bale, J. Sports Geography. (2003), 2nd
Ed. Routledge.
Carlino, G., & Coulson, N. E. (2002). Working paper No. 02–12: Compensating
differentials and the social benefits of the NFL (No. 02–12). Philadelphia: Federal
Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
Hinch, T. and Higham, Sports Tourism Development, (2004). Cromwell Press.
Rappaport, J., & Wilkerson, C. (2001). What are the benefits of hosting a major league
sports franchise? Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, (First
Quarter), 55–86.
Santo, C. (2005). The economic impact of sports stadiums: Recasting the analysis in
context. The Journal of Urban Affairs, 177-191.
http://hittoleftfield.com/2012/06/27/on-relocation-part-2-of-4-major-league-baseball/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._cities_with_teams_from_four_major_league_sports
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_professional_sports_teams
http://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/more-on-mizzou-s-facilities-
facelift/article_f125d834-44cf-53df-a5ca-e6225693b8ce.html
http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d82a53b24/article/oakland-raiders-will-travel-
the-most-miles-in-2012
http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2011/08/denver-is-
most-overextended-market.html