A presentation by Prof. Mike Gibney, leading Irish expert on human nutrition to the conference "Food Security & Climate Change in Africa", that was organised by Self Help Africa and hosted by the School of Agriculture and Food Sciences at University College, Dublin, as part of the programme of activities to mark 'Africa Day', in May 2010.

1.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Hunger is an emotive term Malnutrition is a medical term

2.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Malnutrition Hunger Acute Chronic

3.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Malnutrition Hunger Acute Chronic Recovery

4.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Malnutrition Hunger Acute Chronic Recovery Persists Premature death Permanent disability Cognitive & physical disability

5.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Chronic malnutrition Hunger: Inadequate food (energy) intakes: Wasting: Inadequate weight for height Stunting: Inadequate height for age

6.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Chronic malnutrition Hunger: Inadequate food (energy) intakes: Wasting: Inadequate weight for height Stunting: Inadequate height for age Hidden Hunger = Inadequate micronutrient intakes: Iron: Anaemia (40% pre-school kids) Vitamin A: Blindness (250m pre-school kids) Iodine: Goiter (54 countries endemic deficiency)

7.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Malnutrition – infection cycle Malnutrition Impaired immune system Infection Increased nutrient requirements Increased nutrient losses

8.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Malnutrition – infection cycle Malnutrition Impaired immune system Infection Increased nutrient requirements Increased nutrient losses

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10.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Global Hunger Index % of population undernourished + % of children < 5 years low weight + % of childhood mortality <5 years 3

11.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Global Hunger Index

12.  UCD Institute of Food and Health None Low Moderate Serious Alarming Extremely alarming

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16.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development

17.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development -9 to 24 The critical period of nutrient sensitive growth Brain Musculo-skeletal systems

18.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Age % of daily energy consumed by the brain Adult 23

19.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Age % of daily energy consumed by the brain Adult 23 5-6 years 44

20.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Age % of daily energy consumed by the brain Adult 23 5-6 years 44 4- 5 months 64

21.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Age % of daily energy consumed by the brain Adult 23 5-6 years 44 4- 5 months 64 Neonate 74

22.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Connemara Foals Mongolian

23.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Connemara Foals Mongolian Babies

24.  UCD Institute of Food and Health 48 divisions in utero Neonate @ 3.5 kg 2 Years @ 15 kg 2 divisions

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26.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Healthy post natal trajectory Critical period

27.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Healthy post natal trajectory Critical period

28.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Two intervention supplementary foods Atole (A gruel high in energy, protein, micronutrients) Fresco (A drink, low in energy and micronutrients and zero protein) Three intervention periods 0 - 24 months, 0 - 36 months & 36 - 72 months Followed up aged 26-42 years of age (mean 32)

29.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Mean hourly income at mean age 32 years according to period of intervention (Atole versus Fresca)

30.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Ten global challenges and the top value solutions Top 4 in value for money

31.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Ten global challenges and the top value solutions Top 4 in value for money Challenge Opportunity Diseases Control of HIV/AIDS Malnutrition Micronutrient fortification Subsidies & trade Liberalising trade Diseases Control of malaria

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41.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Imagine John Lennon 3.02 minutes 23 children dead from hunger

42. From 6.5 to 9.5 billion by 2050 The water crisis will happen first Rising economies = rising food prices A 20% fall in food output is likely UCD Institute of Food and Health

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44.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Per capita calorie availability in 2050 Region 2050 Year 2,000 No Climate Change With Climate change Developed countries 3,450 3,650 3,200 Developing countries 2,700 2,900 2,400 Sub-Sahara Africa 2,300 2,450 1,900 South Asia 2,400 2,650 2,250

45.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Per capita calorie availability in 2050 Region 2050 Year 2,000 No Climate Change With Climate change Developed countries 3,450 3,650 3,200 Developing countries 2,700 2,900 2,400 2,800 Sub-Sahara Africa 2,300 2,450 1,900 2,350 South Asia 2,400 2,650 2,250 2,550

46.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Malnourished <5 year olds (millions) in 2050 Region 2050 Year 2,000 No Climate Change With Climate change With Climate change & adaptation Developing countries 148 113 138 119 Sub-Sahara Africa 33 42 52 44 South Asia 76 52 59 54

47.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Developing country agricultural productivity investments needed to reduce childhood mortality to no climate change levels

49.  UCD Institute of Food and Health Thank you