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AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
M–ARCH IV SEMESTER
ROLL NO.- 06
EIGHBORHOOD SHADOW
ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR-78
INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN
THESIS GUIDE - PROF. SHUBHADA CHAPEKAR
EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN
o This study can be further used in the
other sectors of Noida.
o The information is mostly relying on
the books, internet sources and a
few documents published.
o Documents does not cover the
financial aspect of high rise
buildings, the estimation and
costing part.
o The research involves study of
different process shown below:-
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 01
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
 ABSTRACT
Noida is the financial capital of India and it attracts many migrants from various part
of India because of its business opportunities. Extensive development has already
taken place which contributed little availability of land recourses in the prime
location of the city. Therefore, most of the builders are concentrating on vertical
development rather than horizontal ones. This has lead to concept of high rise
developments. But these high rises are developed without taking into account the
environmental degradation caused by them.
One of the factors is shadow effect from high rises on its
neighboring structures. This thesis highlights probable effect of shadow on
neighborhood structures from existing high rise building in Noida sector 78, India.
Enormous difference was observed in terms of shadow effect after the use of sun
hour software simulation. Finally this thesis provides recommendations that must be
considered in order to curb shadow effect from high rise buildings on neighborhood
structures.
o Today, high-rise buildings in many ways the symbol of modern life, introduce
modernity and wealth to a city. However, high rise buildings, although they are
mostly well-known symbolic figures of metropolises, have been criticized since
their first development.
o Primarily, opponents to high building construction site their huge mass as
contrary to human nature; with their excessive energy consumption; the
extra pressure they cause on city infrastructure; and the exacerbation of
already difficult issues such as traffic and parking.
o Access of sunlight in outdoor areas is necessary and valuable for the growth of
vegetation, quality of public space, and the encouragement of social activities.
o High-rise buildings block the sun of their surrounding environment and
change their ‘solar access’, properties. Reduction at sun light is an important
issue for energy efficiency, vegetation, and daylight properties of indoors.
o With the growing interest in sustainability, the use of sunlight has begun to play a
major role in building design and green architectural strategy.
 INTRODUCTION
 AIM
To study the impact of shadow's from a high-rise buildings to the neighboring
areas in Noida Sector -78.
o To understand the climate of Noida.
o To identify the critical month of the seasons i.e. Summer, monsoon and winter.
o To study the shadow analysis of all three seasons by using sun chart.
o To compare shadows of different seasons and give recommendations for
community development for future high rise projects in terms of shadow
impacts.
 OBJECTIVES
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Conclusions and recommendations
Software simulation and
comparison of horizontal and
vertical surfaces of the buildings
Climate Analysis and Solar study of
different seasons
Study the climate and select an area
of city
Literature review of published
books and journals
Define aim, objectives, scope and
limitation
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 02
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
 SITE SELECTION
The selection of city is based on three aspects:-
o It should be a developing city with all the facilities i.e. metro connectivity,
24X7 water and electricity etc.
o It must have high rise as well as mid/low rise buildings in the same area
zone.
o It should have a proposed high rise building site.
 WHY NOIDA?
 NOIDA LOCATION
o Noida is spread over an area of 203 sq. kilometers, and has a populace of
around 0.64 million is located at 28.57°N, 77.32°E, lies in northern India.
o It is bound on the west and south-west by the Yamuna River, on the north and
north-west by the city of Delhi, on the north-east by the cities of Delhi and
Ghaziabad, India and on the north-east, east and south-east by the Hindon River.
o Noida is among the most developed cities in India. It has lots of high rises and
high-class infrastructure. In terms of housing, Noida is currently the best city in
India.
o In Noida, you have got every type of houses, ranging from bungalows with
wide clean avenues in front, to the high rises.
o Today, it stands as an enviable monument of the concept of integrated
Industrial township in the world, with smooth and wide roads, well
developed land, uninterrupted power supply, clean and safe drinking water,
unfailing telephony, and splendid residential complexes in the serene and
peaceful environment with greenery all around.
o Noida attracts many migrants from various part of India because of its
business opportunities.
o Extensive development has already taken place which contributed little
availability of land recourses in the prime location of the city. Therefore, most of
the builders are concentrating on vertical development rather than horizontal
ones.
o This has lead to concept of high rise developments. But these high rises
are developed without taking into account the environmental
degradation caused by them.
o One of the factors is shadow effect from high rises on its neighboring
structures.
Figure 01 - Location of Noida in India
Source- Maps of India
Figure 02 - Location of Noida
 WHY SECTOR 78?
o Sector 78 is one of the best residential areas to live a comfortable life. It is one of
the well developed sector of Noida and has a high density population with high
rise building in it. And it also has a green belt with numerous bus facilities that
provide good connectivity to other regions of Noida.
Figure 04 – Sector 78
in NoidaFigure 03 –Master Plan
of Noida 2021
Fig 4 & 5 Source- Noida
Authority
Figure 05 –Map of Sector 78
in Noida
Source- Google Earth
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 03
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
 CLIMATE ANALYSIS OF NOIDA
Noida has a composite climate. The climate stays hot during summers, i.e. from
March to June, and temperature ranges from most extreme of 38°c to least of 25°c.
Rainstorm season occurs during mid-June to mid-September with a rainfall of 740.7
mm, but sometimes heavy rainfall causes flood. Temperatures tumble down to as low
as 9 to 10°c at the crest of winters. Noida additionally has haze and cloud in winters.
o Graph 03, shows rainfall throughout the year in Noida. August month has the
highest rainfall of 233.1mm.
o Maximum rainfall months are from June to September. Graph 04, depicts the
cloud amounts high in month of July and low in the month of November. All Charts
of climate are combined in the graph 05.
o The combined charts gives two critical months of the year as Noida is a composite
climate. May is critical month of summer because of high temperature, less
humidity, high solar radiations. December is the critical month for winter
because of low temperature, high humidity. But the shadow analysis will be
carried out for all three seasons i.e. Summer, Monsoon and Winter. August month
is considered for the monsoon season because of maximum range of rainfall
i.e. 233.1 mm.
18.5
21.8
28
35.4
38.7
37.6
32.8
31.6 32.3
30.5
25.1
19.6
9.3
12.2
18.5
26.1
30.8
31.8
29.4 28.4 27.5
23.5
17
10.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
DAY
NIGHT
Data Source: IMDMONTHS
DRYBULBTEMPERATURE(*C)
Graph 01 – Dry Bulb Temperature
49
42
32
21 23
38
64
68
55
40 40
49
82
79
65
45
41
55
77
81
74
64 65
77
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
DAY
NIGHT
Source: IMDMONTHS
RELATIVEHUMIDITY%
Graph 02 – Humidity
18.6 19.6
11.7 8.8
24.1
76.4
215.2
233.1
105.2
13.6 7.2 7.3
0
50
100
150
200
250
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Source: IMDMONTHS
RAINFALL(mm)
Graph 03 – Rainfall
2.5 2.6
3
2.4
2.2
3.3
5.5 5.4
3.1
1.2 1.1
2.2
2.9
2.6
2.4
1.8
1.5
2.7
5.2 5.1
2.8
1 1
1.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
DAY NIGHT
Source: IMD
MONTHS
OKTASOFSKY
Graph 04 – Cloud Amount
5.9
6.5
7.6
8.1 8.5
9.1
7.3
6.3 6.5
5
4.4 4.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
T.DAY T.NIGHT H.DAY H.NIGHT RAINFALL C.DAY C.NIGHT WIND SPEED
Graph 05 - Combine Parameter Graph of Dry bulb temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall Cloud Cover, Wind Speed
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. – 04
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
 SOLAR RADIATION
o The total radiation received from the sun, of a horizontal surface at the level of the
ground for a serene day, is the sum of the direct and diffused radiations.
o Color scheme in Graph 06, depicts various intensities. Higher the solar
radiation value indicates high intensity and bright color.
o Lower the solar radiation value, lower is the intensity and darker color.
o The highest solar radiation present is in May and June which range from 200-1800
W/ sq.m throughout the day for horizontal surfaces.
o The lowest solar radiation are in January and August because of winter and
monsoon season.
HORIZONTAL
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
6:00 AM 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 0 0 0
7:00 AM 0 0 159 216 241 406 109 104 171 0 0 0
8:00 AM 102 131 397 540 603 609 273 259 428 184 147 110
9:00 AM 358 459 634 864 965 812 436 415 684 643 513 386
10:00 AM 666 853 872 1188 1326 1015 600 570 941 1193 953 717
11:00 AM 819 1050 1110 1512 1688 1117 763 726 1197 1469 1173 882
12:00 PM 922 1181 1190 1620 1809 1218 818 777 1283 1652 1319 992
1:00 PM 819 1050 1110 1512 1688 1117 763 726 1197 1469 1173 882
2:00 PM 666 853 872 1188 1326 1015 600 570 941 1193 953 717
3:00 PM 358 459 634 864 965 812 436 415 684 643 513 386
4:00 PM 102 131 397 540 603 609 273 259 428 184 147 386
5:00 PM 0 0 159 216 241 406 109 104 171 0 0 0
6:00 PM 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 0 0 0
Annual Avg.
Radiation
535 685 802 1092 1219 925 551 524 865 959 765 606
Graph 06 – Solar Radiation Chart of Noida for
Horizontal surface
- High solar
radiations
- Low solar
radiations
 SUN CHART
o The length of shadow from the building is dependent on solar azimuth, angle of
incidence, and solar altitude. These values were obtained for different seasons for
different time intervals of a day. In morning the sun would rise from east and the
shadow would be in opposite direction (west) while at evening it would be in the
reverse direction. Hence, it was important to obtain the different solar azimuth value for
morning and evening.
o Altitude analysis is the ratio of Building height (H) : Shadow Length by the building(L) .
For e.g. If building height is 30 M and the shadow length is 40 m then the ratio would be
0.75. Altitude analysis is prepared for the month of May, August and December. Altitude
Analysis gives us a perfect idea for the length of the shadow.
LOCATION -
NOIDA
LAT - 28° 34’
LONG – 77°
07’
M.S.L - 233
TIME
CRITICAL SUMMER MONTH -
MAY
Azimuth(Az) Altitude(Al)
6 A.M 72° 11°
7 A.M 77° 24°
8 A.M 82° 36°
9 A.M 86° 49°
10 A.M 94° 62°
11 A.M 97° 75°
12 NOON 180° 83°
1 P.M 263° 75°
2 P.M 266° 62°
3 P.M 274° 49°
4 P.M 278° 36°
5 P.M 283° 24°
6 P.M 288° 11°
Table 01 - Sun chart for May
Month
LOCATION -
NOIDA
LAT - 28° 34’
LONG – 77°
07
M.S.L - 233
TIME
MONSOON MONTH - AUGUST
Azimuth(Az) Altitude(Al)
6 A.M 78° 8°
7 A.M 85° 20°
8 A.M 93° 33°
9 A.M 102° 46°
10 A.M 114° 58°
11 A.M 137° 69°
12 NOON 180° 74°
1 P.M 223° 69°
2 P.M 246° 58°
3 P.M 258° 46°
4 P.M 267° 33°
5 P.M 275° 20°
6 P.M 282° 8°
LOCATION -
NOIDA
LAT - 28° 34’
LONG – 77°
07’
M.S.L - 233
TIME
WINTER MONTH -
DECEMBER
Azimuth(Az) Altitude(Al)
6 A.M - -
7 A.M 118° 2°
8 A.M 125° 12°
9 A.M 135° 22°
10 A.M 149° 31°
11 A.M 164° 37°
12 NOON 180° 39°
1 P.M 196° 37°
2 P.M 211° 31°
3 P.M 225° 22°
4 P.M 235° 12°
5 P.M 242° 2°
6 P.M - -
Table 03 - Sun chart for
December Month
Table 02 - Sun chart for
August Month
Figure 06 – Altitude analysis of May month Figure 07– Altitude analysis of August month
Figure 08 – Altitude analysis of December month
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 05
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
 LIVE CASE STUDY OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
Sector 78, is a location close to the center of Noida city. It is dominated by
residential areas, interspersed by commercial areas in between. Noida is a part
of National Capital Region of India. The Noida Sector 78 (93.66 acres) consist
of four major societies i.e. Hyde park, Mahagun morderne, Urban casa and
Sunshine Helios. Live case study took place in the month of January. Below are
the brief details about the societies exclusively.
 1. HYDE PARK
 3. ADITYA URBAN CASA
o Towers - 23
o Floors - 22
o Units – 2092
o Building Height – 70 m
o Open Area- 82 %
o Total Project Area - 14.91 acres
(60.34K sq.m.)
 2. MAHAGUN MORDERNE
o Towers - 16
o Floors - 25
o Units – 2650
o Building Height – 80 m
o Open Area- 80 %
o Total Project Area - 25 acres
(101.17K sq.m.)
o Towers - 8
o Floors - 14
o Units – 672
o Open Area- 60 %
o Building Height – 45 m
o Total Project Area - 6.5 acres (26.3K
sq.m.)
 4. SUNSHINE HELIOS
o Towers - 6
o Floors - 23
o Units – 400
o Building Height – 75 m
o Total Project Area - 5.25 acres
(21.25K sq.m)
Figure 17 –Elevated
Metro Line
Figure 18 –Hyde Park
o Area of green belt is 12 acres
while the vacant plot is of 30
acres.
Figure 09 –Sector 78 in Noida
SUMMER - MAY MONSOON - AUGUST WINTER - DECEMBER
9 AM
Open spaces are in shadow
Building may receive
diffused sunlight
Overcast on ground and
vertical surfaces
12
NOON
Building height doesn’t cast
shadow because of high
altitude of sun
Open spaces receive
sunlight when there is no
cloud cover
Building height affects the
open spaces because of
altitude angle 39°
4 PM
Shadow casted by the
building is useful in summer
month
Horizontal surfaces are in
shadow
Insufficient sunlight
received by the building
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 06
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT SEASON SHADOWS FOR HORIZONTAL SURFACE
Figure 10 – 3D view of Sector 78
3D view of
Sector 78 is
further can be
used in
simulation
software.
Table 04 - Shadow Analysis for Summer, monsoon and winter month
For shadow analysis May, August and December are considered with there shadows at 9
am, 12 noon and 4 pm. After comparison of these shadows we observed that the
shadow in winter season is more i.e. less sunlight.
Site Visit Photos
Figure 11 – Section A-A’ December Shadow analysis
Figure 12 – Section A-A’ May Shadow analysis
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 07
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA
A A’
Key Plan of Sector 78
o In figure 11 & 12, Section AA’ shows the shadow analysis of December and May. Figure 11, shows that the
area covered in shadow zone is more darker than that in summer month which is May month.
o In winter i.e. December we need more sunlight to enter the building because of the low temperature
and cool winds. But in this scenario most of the part is covered in shadow. While in summer, we need less
light to enter because of high temperature and dusty winds the opposite has happened in figure 12.
More light and less shadows are formed during May.
o These high rises are adversely affecting the morning sunlight on its neighboring structures. Conclusion
could be drawn from these section is that darker the shade more cooler the area and less/no
sunlight.
• Darker the shade more cooler the area and also less sunlight on horizontal and vertical surfaces of the
building. The mid-rise buildings have disadvantage in winter and monsoon season because in winter the
shadow created are forming a cool zone while in summer, 80% of the time they are exposed to sun.
• So the solution could be to increase or decrease the distance between the buildings according to the sun
path.The building position is parallel to north but if the building position would have been tilted to
45° then the sunlight would enter the building from all sides.
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 08
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
 SOFTWARE - SUNHOURS
o SunHours was developed by Solid Green Consulting to assist the solar analysis of
buildings and simplify compliance with Green Star's glare credit. This software is
recommended by ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code)
o Shadow prediction was carried out with SunHours Version 2.0.8
o Below are the features of this software:-
1. Calculate solar exposure –
SunHours, a free plugin for SketchUp, shows how
sunlight interacts with your building, allowing for
accurate consideration of sunlight early in the design
process.
2. Generate Complex Calculation Grids –
Fit grids to any surface and then offset, edit and
combine them to provide a flexible environment to
visualize sunlight data.
3. Calculate Hours of Sunlight –
SunHours allows you to run a simulation over any
time period to see how many hours grid points are in
direct sunlight.
For further analysis, Sun Hours software is used for the simulation for critical
months of the year, vertical and horizontal surfaces. And also to see how many
hours of grid points are in direct sunlight
 SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL GROUND SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
Page 39
Figure 13 – Horizontal Simulation Annually
Colour Scale
Total number of hours in the
analysis
Amount of
time the
cell is in
sunlight
Number of
hours in
the
analysis
A particular structure in an around high rise building might get cover in
shadow. This shadow would depend on the duration of the day, seasons, design
and structure of building in an around the high rise. Plants require 4-6 hours of
sunlight in a day for photosynthesis.
52%
5%
32%
11%
Percentage of Area In
Sunlight
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
*NOTE – Each cell size is 10m x10m
Figure 14 – Horizontal Simulation on 21st MAY (Summer Month)
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 09
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
Page 39
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
39%
29%
27%
5%o During summer season, most of area is
exposed to the sun and the highlighted area is
in shadow and have and advantage because of
there building height and placement.
o Pie chart analysis shows percentage of the
area is exposed to sun for number of hours
throughout the day.
o This will help to understand the planning of
the building positioned w.r.t. behavior of the
sun.
Percentage of Area In
Sunlight
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
o In monsoon month, we require sunlight
for betterment of human health and for
natural heating.
o Figure 26 shows, highlighted critical
areas which receive less than 2 hours of
sunlight.
o This will lead to adverse impact on
human health and also reduction in
indoor air quality.
Figure 15 – Horizontal Simulation on 21st AUGUST (Monsoon Month)
35%
33%
20%
12%
Percentage of Area In
Sunlight
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
Figure 16 – Horizontal Simulation on 21st DECEMBER (Winter Month)
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 10
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
Page 39
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
33%
4%13%
50%
o High rise building casts a shadow on the
ground throughout the day and does not
receive optimum sunlight, while 4-6 hours of
sunlight in a day is required for optimum
functioning.
o It was observed that during winter season the
shadow from the high rise and other building
has got shifted towards north direction.
o 50% of the area of sector 78 is in shadow as
per the analysis.
o Highlighted area is receiving good amount of
sunlight through out the day. Shadow has
lasted for longer duration of the day.
Percentage of Area In
Sunlight
60%19%
16%
5%
Figure 17 – Horizontal Simulation on 21st DECEMBER (Winter Month)
o Highlighted buildings are critical
because it is covered in shadow of
neighboring buildings which leads
to insufficient natural heating over
the surface.
o These high rise buildings are
designed in such manner they are
casting there own shadow for long
duration on a midrise structures as
we can see in figure 29.
o 60% of the rooftop are receiving
more than 6 hours of sunlight over
the surface because of there
building height
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
 SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL ROOF SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
Percentage of Area In
Sunlight
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 11
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
Based on the climatic condition of Noida and findings from different literature, a
solar rating was developed for neighborhood structures in and around the high
rise. This rating was dependent on height and design of the buildings or
structure, and other components present in and around that high rise. This
rating was based on time period for which a structure received total sunlight.
Poor Average Good Excellent
>6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
o In May month we need less sunlight as it tends to get heat up in summer and
also from 9 am – 4 p.m. radiations are 600-1800 W/sq.m.
o The mid-rise building of is getting affected in winter and monsoon the most as it
would be in shade all the time and will receive very less sunlight but in
summer it can be a good solution because May has high radiations.
o Figure 30 indicates, south side receiving excellent amount of sunlight which is
more than 6 hrs. while west side receive average amount of sunlight according
to the solar rating criteria.
21st MAY
Figure 18 – Vertical Simulation of May Month From South West Direction
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
 SOLAR RATING CRITERIA
 SIMULATION OF VERTICAL SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
o Figure 31, shows simulation of sector 78 facing North and East side.
o Lower floors of North facing building receives poor amount of sunlight which is
90-180 minutes throughout the day. While remaining building receives average
amount of sunlight without obstruction.
o Most of the neighborhood structures were receiving partial sunlight(If a
particular structure receives sunlight as well as shadow at same time, this time
period is referred as Partial sunlight phase of that particular structure) for more
than 4 hours a day while some was receiving for 2 – 4 hours.
o This was mainly due to their location and height. Also the surrounding
structures around it were responsible for interrupting direct sunlight falling on
them. Remaining structures were receiving insufficient sunlight in a day.
Figure 19 – Vertical Simulation of May Month From North Direction
Green
Belt
Solar Rating Criteria
Poor Average Good Excellent
>6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 12
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
21st MAY
Figure 21 – Vertical Simulation of August Month From North Direction
Green
Belt
21st AUGUST
o In figure 33, building are facing towards north and east side which will help us
to understand the monsoon month. As we can observe on east facade receives
combination of average and good amount of sunlight i.e. 3-4 hours, 4-6 hours
respectively.
o The building which are facing towards north receive poor amount of sunlight
i.e. 90-180 minutes and most impact is on mid-rise building which are overcast
by high rise buildings.
o Most disadvantage is on the lower floors of any building which may not receive
more than 90 minutes of sunlight. This type of planning may lead high energy
consumption.
Solar Rating Criteria
Poor Average Good Excellent
>6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
o In the monsoon month the cloud cover is from 2.7 to 5.4 oktas throughout
the day. This effect the solar radiation and direct sunlight received on the
vertical surfaces.
o Building facing towards south receives good amount of sunlight i.e.
4-6 hours. West side gets average amount of sunlight i.e. 3-4 hours.
Sunlight may be received in the form of diffused radiations
o The lower floor of the buildings receive poor amount of sunlight which is
90-180 minutes. Hardly any building receive excellent amount of sunlight
on the west and south vertical surfaces.
o In this high rises, top floors and unobstructed buildings have the advantage
of receiving ample amount of sunlight which will lead to betterment of
human health and natural illumination.
Figure 20 – Vertical Simulation of August Month From South West Direction
Green
Belt
Vacant
Plot
21st AUGUST
Solar Rating Criteria
Poor Average Good Excellent
>6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 13
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
o Shadow lengths increase during the "low sun" or winter season and are longest
on December 21, the winter solstice.
o The winter solstice, therefore, represents the worst-case shadow condition and
the potential for loss of access to sunlight.
o Upper floor and unobstructed building receive sunlight on west and south
surfaces which will improve indoor air quality.
o Shading include the loss of natural light for passive or active solar energy
applications or the loss of warming influences during winter.
21st DECEMBER
Figure 22 – Vertical Simulation of December Month From South West Direction
Green
Belt
Vacant Plot
Solar Rating Criteria
Poor Average Good Excellent
>6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
Figure 23 – Vertical Simulation of December Month From North Direction
21st DECEMBER
Green
Belt
o Figure 35, shows the loss of sunlight on the northern side of the buildings.
o Only upper floors of east facing receiving average amount of light i.e. 3-4
hours and remaining area are in poor zone where less than 90 minutes of
sunlight is received throughout the day.
o Buildings which are facing towards north will require heating system.
o Factors influencing the relative impact of shadow effects are site specific
and include differences in terrain elevation between involved properties,
the height and bulk of structures, the time of year, the duration of shading
in a day, and the sensitivity of adjacent land uses to loss of sunlight.
Solar Rating Criteria
Poor Average Good Excellent
>6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 14
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
Figure 24 – Vertical Simulation Annually From South West Direction
Green
Belt
Vacant Plot
o West and south facing neighborhood receives average to excellent sunlight
throughout the year.
o The high rise adversely effect the neighboring structures by casting their shadow
on them for longer duration of time.
o High rise building plays important role which act as positive as well as adverse
impacts on neighboring structures.
o Shadow is dependent on the position of the building with respect to sun as well as
its height .
Solar Rating Criteria
Poor Average Good Excellent
>6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
o Mid rise buildings are in full shadow(when a structure gets totally covered by
shadow from other structures and it is total under darkness during daytime.
This phenomenon is defined as full shadow).
o East façade receive average amount of sunlight and north face receive poor
amount of sunlight throughout the year.
o Arrangement and distance between high rise buildings plays an important
role.
o Close positioning of high rise buildings creates adverse impact in winter
season.
ANNUAL
Figure 25– Vertical Simulation Annually From North Direction
Solar Rating Criteria
Poor Average Good Excellent
>6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
Green
Belt
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 15
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
oAs per the solar rating analysis, horizontal surface was most critically
affected by shadow this was mainly due to there location and building
height. Also the surrounding structure around it where responsible for
interrupting direct sunlight falling on them.
oSome of the structures where receiving sufficient sunlight and most of the
structure where receiving adequate partial sunlight in a day.
oShadow effects of individual buildings would need to be addressed on
a case-by-case basis since shadowing is dependent upon building
height, massing, and location, as well as the immediately
surrounding uses.
oSolar access should be determined before planning an area, where
diversity of geographical locations would be included to reduce the
negative impacts of extreme shadowing or solar radiation.
oSolar access is variable and dependent on both natural and manmade
factors makes it a serious problem, one that could have insidious
affects on energy usage in the future. As the results of this study show,
high-rise buildings are reducing the solar access of neighboring
structures by measurable levels.
oSome areas need more solar radiation than others and vice versa,
which need to be considered strictly. That is why preserving access to
the sun, then, by controlling environmental shadowing is a key concern
for the future.
oWhile population growth, urbanization, technology, and modernity are
forcing cities grow upwards, environmental problems, sustainability, and
social consciousness are putting ‘solar rights’ in the forefront of urban
planning discussions.
oFor the healthy and fair development of cities in the future, this study
on solar access could be an integral part to modern urban planning.
o Development of high rise or tall buildings is leading to various direct and
indirect environmental impacts. One of these is effect of shadow on
environment as well as on neighboring structures in and around the
building.
o Site planning should take into account the high rise structures as well as
different neighborhood structures.
o In this study, we found that high rise buildings were already casting
shadow on neighborhood structures. Thus by construction of the future
proposed high rise, shadow effect should be cumulated as per present
scenario. Hence site planning is important. Site planning should also
consider the existing structures in and around the critically affected areas
or buildings.
o Shadow from high rise is dependent on height, width, breadth and its structural
design.
o Distance between the existing high rise structures should be considered for
predicting its shadow effect.
o A high rise building is adversely affects Noida mostly in winter season due
to less sunlight availability. As per the solar rating, building facing north
sides is critically affected by shadow. A high rise structure design casting
its shadow for longer duration on particular structures.
o High rise buildings are disturbing the equal solar utilization of other structures
in their immediate area. Despite this, individuals who lose their ‘solar property’
because of these developments, have no legal basis to demand their rights back.
This situation needs to be considered for the application of future regulation as
it affects the entire community, not simply landowners.
o The building position is parallel to north but if the building position would have
been tilted to 45° then the sunlight would have enter the building from all
sides.
 FINDINGS
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA
SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
ANNUAL SUMMER - MAY MONSOON - AUGUST WINTER - DECEMBER INFERENCE
H
O
R
I
Z
O
N
T
A
L
o In summer
month,
horizontal
surfaces are
getting
overheated
which leads to
heat island
effect.
o In monsoon
optimum
amount of
sunlight is
received.
o In winter month,
maximum area
is in shadow
which leads to
reduction of
surrounding
temperature.
o High rise
structure plays
an important
role in increase
and decrease of
heat island
effect.
ANALYSIS
o Pie chart analysis shows percentage
of the area is exposed to sun for
number of hours throughout the day.
o This will help to understand the
planning of the building positioned
w.r.t. behavior of the sun.
o Pie chart analysis shows percentage
of the area is exposed to sun for
number of hours throughout the day.
o This will help to understand the
planning of the building positioned
w.r.t. behavior of the sun.
o Critical areas which receive less
than 2 hours of sunlight.
o This will lead to adverse impact on
human health and also reduction in
indoor air quality.
o It was observed that during winter
season the shadow from the high rise
and other building has got shifted
towards north direction.
o 50% of the area of sector 78 is in
shadow as per the analysis.
52%
5%
32%
11%
39%
29%
27%
5%
35%
33%
20%
12%
33%
4%
13%
50%
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 16
NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA
SIMULATION OF VERTICAL SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78
ANNUAL SUMMER - MAY MONSOON - AUGUST WINTER - DECEMBER INFERENCE
V
E
R
T
I
C
A
L
SOUTH WEST
o South and West
envelope should be
critically designed
so that they don’t
get overheated
during summer
season.
o North and east
faces should not
get obstructed
from other high
rise building to
receive maximum
amount of sunlight
throughout the
year.
o Lower and Upper
floor envelope of
high rise building
should be designed
according to sun
access to reduce
the energy
consumption and
for betterment of
human health.
o Future planning
should be done by
studying
neighborhood
shadow analysis
for Noida Sector 78
NORTH
ANALYSIS
o The high rise adversely effect the
neighboring structures by casting
their shadow on them for longer
duration of time.
o High rise building plays important
role which act as positive as well as
adverse impacts on neighboring
structures.
o Shadow is dependent on the
position of the building with
respect to sun as well as its height .
o In May month we need less sunlight
as it tends to get heat up in summer
and also from 9 am – 4 p.m.
radiations are 600-1800 W/sq.m.
o The mid-rise building of is getting
affected in winter and monsoon the
most as it would be in shade all the
time and will receive very less
sunlight but in summer it can be a
good solution because May has high
radiations.
o Building facing towards south
receives good amount of sunlight
i.e. 4-6 hours. West side gets
average amount of sunlight i.e. 3-4
hours. Sunlight may be received in
the form of diffused radiations
o The lower floor of the buildings
receive poor amount of sunlight
which is 90-180 minutes. Hardly
any building receive excellent
amount of sunlight on the west and
south vertical surfaces.
o Shadow lengths increase during the
"low sun" or winter season and are
longest on December 21, the winter
solstice.
o The winter solstice, therefore,
represents the worst-case shadow
condition and the potential for loss
of access to sunlight.
o Upper floor and unobstructed
building receive sunlight on west
and south surfaces which will
improve indoor air quality.
21st AUGUST
D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 17
THANK YOU!

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Neighborhood Shadow Analysis of Noida

  • 1. AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE M–ARCH IV SEMESTER ROLL NO.- 06 EIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR-78 INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN THESIS GUIDE - PROF. SHUBHADA CHAPEKAR EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN
  • 2. o This study can be further used in the other sectors of Noida. o The information is mostly relying on the books, internet sources and a few documents published. o Documents does not cover the financial aspect of high rise buildings, the estimation and costing part. o The research involves study of different process shown below:- D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 01 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78  ABSTRACT Noida is the financial capital of India and it attracts many migrants from various part of India because of its business opportunities. Extensive development has already taken place which contributed little availability of land recourses in the prime location of the city. Therefore, most of the builders are concentrating on vertical development rather than horizontal ones. This has lead to concept of high rise developments. But these high rises are developed without taking into account the environmental degradation caused by them. One of the factors is shadow effect from high rises on its neighboring structures. This thesis highlights probable effect of shadow on neighborhood structures from existing high rise building in Noida sector 78, India. Enormous difference was observed in terms of shadow effect after the use of sun hour software simulation. Finally this thesis provides recommendations that must be considered in order to curb shadow effect from high rise buildings on neighborhood structures. o Today, high-rise buildings in many ways the symbol of modern life, introduce modernity and wealth to a city. However, high rise buildings, although they are mostly well-known symbolic figures of metropolises, have been criticized since their first development. o Primarily, opponents to high building construction site their huge mass as contrary to human nature; with their excessive energy consumption; the extra pressure they cause on city infrastructure; and the exacerbation of already difficult issues such as traffic and parking. o Access of sunlight in outdoor areas is necessary and valuable for the growth of vegetation, quality of public space, and the encouragement of social activities. o High-rise buildings block the sun of their surrounding environment and change their ‘solar access’, properties. Reduction at sun light is an important issue for energy efficiency, vegetation, and daylight properties of indoors. o With the growing interest in sustainability, the use of sunlight has begun to play a major role in building design and green architectural strategy.  INTRODUCTION  AIM To study the impact of shadow's from a high-rise buildings to the neighboring areas in Noida Sector -78. o To understand the climate of Noida. o To identify the critical month of the seasons i.e. Summer, monsoon and winter. o To study the shadow analysis of all three seasons by using sun chart. o To compare shadows of different seasons and give recommendations for community development for future high rise projects in terms of shadow impacts.  OBJECTIVES  SCOPE AND LIMITATION  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Conclusions and recommendations Software simulation and comparison of horizontal and vertical surfaces of the buildings Climate Analysis and Solar study of different seasons Study the climate and select an area of city Literature review of published books and journals Define aim, objectives, scope and limitation
  • 3. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 02 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78  SITE SELECTION The selection of city is based on three aspects:- o It should be a developing city with all the facilities i.e. metro connectivity, 24X7 water and electricity etc. o It must have high rise as well as mid/low rise buildings in the same area zone. o It should have a proposed high rise building site.  WHY NOIDA?  NOIDA LOCATION o Noida is spread over an area of 203 sq. kilometers, and has a populace of around 0.64 million is located at 28.57°N, 77.32°E, lies in northern India. o It is bound on the west and south-west by the Yamuna River, on the north and north-west by the city of Delhi, on the north-east by the cities of Delhi and Ghaziabad, India and on the north-east, east and south-east by the Hindon River. o Noida is among the most developed cities in India. It has lots of high rises and high-class infrastructure. In terms of housing, Noida is currently the best city in India. o In Noida, you have got every type of houses, ranging from bungalows with wide clean avenues in front, to the high rises. o Today, it stands as an enviable monument of the concept of integrated Industrial township in the world, with smooth and wide roads, well developed land, uninterrupted power supply, clean and safe drinking water, unfailing telephony, and splendid residential complexes in the serene and peaceful environment with greenery all around. o Noida attracts many migrants from various part of India because of its business opportunities. o Extensive development has already taken place which contributed little availability of land recourses in the prime location of the city. Therefore, most of the builders are concentrating on vertical development rather than horizontal ones. o This has lead to concept of high rise developments. But these high rises are developed without taking into account the environmental degradation caused by them. o One of the factors is shadow effect from high rises on its neighboring structures. Figure 01 - Location of Noida in India Source- Maps of India Figure 02 - Location of Noida  WHY SECTOR 78? o Sector 78 is one of the best residential areas to live a comfortable life. It is one of the well developed sector of Noida and has a high density population with high rise building in it. And it also has a green belt with numerous bus facilities that provide good connectivity to other regions of Noida. Figure 04 – Sector 78 in NoidaFigure 03 –Master Plan of Noida 2021 Fig 4 & 5 Source- Noida Authority Figure 05 –Map of Sector 78 in Noida Source- Google Earth
  • 4. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 03 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78  CLIMATE ANALYSIS OF NOIDA Noida has a composite climate. The climate stays hot during summers, i.e. from March to June, and temperature ranges from most extreme of 38°c to least of 25°c. Rainstorm season occurs during mid-June to mid-September with a rainfall of 740.7 mm, but sometimes heavy rainfall causes flood. Temperatures tumble down to as low as 9 to 10°c at the crest of winters. Noida additionally has haze and cloud in winters. o Graph 03, shows rainfall throughout the year in Noida. August month has the highest rainfall of 233.1mm. o Maximum rainfall months are from June to September. Graph 04, depicts the cloud amounts high in month of July and low in the month of November. All Charts of climate are combined in the graph 05. o The combined charts gives two critical months of the year as Noida is a composite climate. May is critical month of summer because of high temperature, less humidity, high solar radiations. December is the critical month for winter because of low temperature, high humidity. But the shadow analysis will be carried out for all three seasons i.e. Summer, Monsoon and Winter. August month is considered for the monsoon season because of maximum range of rainfall i.e. 233.1 mm. 18.5 21.8 28 35.4 38.7 37.6 32.8 31.6 32.3 30.5 25.1 19.6 9.3 12.2 18.5 26.1 30.8 31.8 29.4 28.4 27.5 23.5 17 10.9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC DAY NIGHT Data Source: IMDMONTHS DRYBULBTEMPERATURE(*C) Graph 01 – Dry Bulb Temperature 49 42 32 21 23 38 64 68 55 40 40 49 82 79 65 45 41 55 77 81 74 64 65 77 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC DAY NIGHT Source: IMDMONTHS RELATIVEHUMIDITY% Graph 02 – Humidity 18.6 19.6 11.7 8.8 24.1 76.4 215.2 233.1 105.2 13.6 7.2 7.3 0 50 100 150 200 250 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Source: IMDMONTHS RAINFALL(mm) Graph 03 – Rainfall 2.5 2.6 3 2.4 2.2 3.3 5.5 5.4 3.1 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.9 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.5 2.7 5.2 5.1 2.8 1 1 1.9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC DAY NIGHT Source: IMD MONTHS OKTASOFSKY Graph 04 – Cloud Amount 5.9 6.5 7.6 8.1 8.5 9.1 7.3 6.3 6.5 5 4.4 4.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC T.DAY T.NIGHT H.DAY H.NIGHT RAINFALL C.DAY C.NIGHT WIND SPEED Graph 05 - Combine Parameter Graph of Dry bulb temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall Cloud Cover, Wind Speed
  • 5. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. – 04 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78  SOLAR RADIATION o The total radiation received from the sun, of a horizontal surface at the level of the ground for a serene day, is the sum of the direct and diffused radiations. o Color scheme in Graph 06, depicts various intensities. Higher the solar radiation value indicates high intensity and bright color. o Lower the solar radiation value, lower is the intensity and darker color. o The highest solar radiation present is in May and June which range from 200-1800 W/ sq.m throughout the day for horizontal surfaces. o The lowest solar radiation are in January and August because of winter and monsoon season. HORIZONTAL JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 6:00 AM 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 7:00 AM 0 0 159 216 241 406 109 104 171 0 0 0 8:00 AM 102 131 397 540 603 609 273 259 428 184 147 110 9:00 AM 358 459 634 864 965 812 436 415 684 643 513 386 10:00 AM 666 853 872 1188 1326 1015 600 570 941 1193 953 717 11:00 AM 819 1050 1110 1512 1688 1117 763 726 1197 1469 1173 882 12:00 PM 922 1181 1190 1620 1809 1218 818 777 1283 1652 1319 992 1:00 PM 819 1050 1110 1512 1688 1117 763 726 1197 1469 1173 882 2:00 PM 666 853 872 1188 1326 1015 600 570 941 1193 953 717 3:00 PM 358 459 634 864 965 812 436 415 684 643 513 386 4:00 PM 102 131 397 540 603 609 273 259 428 184 147 386 5:00 PM 0 0 159 216 241 406 109 104 171 0 0 0 6:00 PM 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 Annual Avg. Radiation 535 685 802 1092 1219 925 551 524 865 959 765 606 Graph 06 – Solar Radiation Chart of Noida for Horizontal surface - High solar radiations - Low solar radiations  SUN CHART o The length of shadow from the building is dependent on solar azimuth, angle of incidence, and solar altitude. These values were obtained for different seasons for different time intervals of a day. In morning the sun would rise from east and the shadow would be in opposite direction (west) while at evening it would be in the reverse direction. Hence, it was important to obtain the different solar azimuth value for morning and evening. o Altitude analysis is the ratio of Building height (H) : Shadow Length by the building(L) . For e.g. If building height is 30 M and the shadow length is 40 m then the ratio would be 0.75. Altitude analysis is prepared for the month of May, August and December. Altitude Analysis gives us a perfect idea for the length of the shadow. LOCATION - NOIDA LAT - 28° 34’ LONG – 77° 07’ M.S.L - 233 TIME CRITICAL SUMMER MONTH - MAY Azimuth(Az) Altitude(Al) 6 A.M 72° 11° 7 A.M 77° 24° 8 A.M 82° 36° 9 A.M 86° 49° 10 A.M 94° 62° 11 A.M 97° 75° 12 NOON 180° 83° 1 P.M 263° 75° 2 P.M 266° 62° 3 P.M 274° 49° 4 P.M 278° 36° 5 P.M 283° 24° 6 P.M 288° 11° Table 01 - Sun chart for May Month LOCATION - NOIDA LAT - 28° 34’ LONG – 77° 07 M.S.L - 233 TIME MONSOON MONTH - AUGUST Azimuth(Az) Altitude(Al) 6 A.M 78° 8° 7 A.M 85° 20° 8 A.M 93° 33° 9 A.M 102° 46° 10 A.M 114° 58° 11 A.M 137° 69° 12 NOON 180° 74° 1 P.M 223° 69° 2 P.M 246° 58° 3 P.M 258° 46° 4 P.M 267° 33° 5 P.M 275° 20° 6 P.M 282° 8° LOCATION - NOIDA LAT - 28° 34’ LONG – 77° 07’ M.S.L - 233 TIME WINTER MONTH - DECEMBER Azimuth(Az) Altitude(Al) 6 A.M - - 7 A.M 118° 2° 8 A.M 125° 12° 9 A.M 135° 22° 10 A.M 149° 31° 11 A.M 164° 37° 12 NOON 180° 39° 1 P.M 196° 37° 2 P.M 211° 31° 3 P.M 225° 22° 4 P.M 235° 12° 5 P.M 242° 2° 6 P.M - - Table 03 - Sun chart for December Month Table 02 - Sun chart for August Month Figure 06 – Altitude analysis of May month Figure 07– Altitude analysis of August month Figure 08 – Altitude analysis of December month
  • 6. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 05 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78  LIVE CASE STUDY OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 Sector 78, is a location close to the center of Noida city. It is dominated by residential areas, interspersed by commercial areas in between. Noida is a part of National Capital Region of India. The Noida Sector 78 (93.66 acres) consist of four major societies i.e. Hyde park, Mahagun morderne, Urban casa and Sunshine Helios. Live case study took place in the month of January. Below are the brief details about the societies exclusively.  1. HYDE PARK  3. ADITYA URBAN CASA o Towers - 23 o Floors - 22 o Units – 2092 o Building Height – 70 m o Open Area- 82 % o Total Project Area - 14.91 acres (60.34K sq.m.)  2. MAHAGUN MORDERNE o Towers - 16 o Floors - 25 o Units – 2650 o Building Height – 80 m o Open Area- 80 % o Total Project Area - 25 acres (101.17K sq.m.) o Towers - 8 o Floors - 14 o Units – 672 o Open Area- 60 % o Building Height – 45 m o Total Project Area - 6.5 acres (26.3K sq.m.)  4. SUNSHINE HELIOS o Towers - 6 o Floors - 23 o Units – 400 o Building Height – 75 m o Total Project Area - 5.25 acres (21.25K sq.m) Figure 17 –Elevated Metro Line Figure 18 –Hyde Park o Area of green belt is 12 acres while the vacant plot is of 30 acres. Figure 09 –Sector 78 in Noida
  • 7. SUMMER - MAY MONSOON - AUGUST WINTER - DECEMBER 9 AM Open spaces are in shadow Building may receive diffused sunlight Overcast on ground and vertical surfaces 12 NOON Building height doesn’t cast shadow because of high altitude of sun Open spaces receive sunlight when there is no cloud cover Building height affects the open spaces because of altitude angle 39° 4 PM Shadow casted by the building is useful in summer month Horizontal surfaces are in shadow Insufficient sunlight received by the building D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 06 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78  COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT SEASON SHADOWS FOR HORIZONTAL SURFACE Figure 10 – 3D view of Sector 78 3D view of Sector 78 is further can be used in simulation software. Table 04 - Shadow Analysis for Summer, monsoon and winter month For shadow analysis May, August and December are considered with there shadows at 9 am, 12 noon and 4 pm. After comparison of these shadows we observed that the shadow in winter season is more i.e. less sunlight. Site Visit Photos
  • 8. Figure 11 – Section A-A’ December Shadow analysis Figure 12 – Section A-A’ May Shadow analysis D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 07 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA A A’ Key Plan of Sector 78 o In figure 11 & 12, Section AA’ shows the shadow analysis of December and May. Figure 11, shows that the area covered in shadow zone is more darker than that in summer month which is May month. o In winter i.e. December we need more sunlight to enter the building because of the low temperature and cool winds. But in this scenario most of the part is covered in shadow. While in summer, we need less light to enter because of high temperature and dusty winds the opposite has happened in figure 12. More light and less shadows are formed during May. o These high rises are adversely affecting the morning sunlight on its neighboring structures. Conclusion could be drawn from these section is that darker the shade more cooler the area and less/no sunlight. • Darker the shade more cooler the area and also less sunlight on horizontal and vertical surfaces of the building. The mid-rise buildings have disadvantage in winter and monsoon season because in winter the shadow created are forming a cool zone while in summer, 80% of the time they are exposed to sun. • So the solution could be to increase or decrease the distance between the buildings according to the sun path.The building position is parallel to north but if the building position would have been tilted to 45° then the sunlight would enter the building from all sides.
  • 9. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 08 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78  SOFTWARE - SUNHOURS o SunHours was developed by Solid Green Consulting to assist the solar analysis of buildings and simplify compliance with Green Star's glare credit. This software is recommended by ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) o Shadow prediction was carried out with SunHours Version 2.0.8 o Below are the features of this software:- 1. Calculate solar exposure – SunHours, a free plugin for SketchUp, shows how sunlight interacts with your building, allowing for accurate consideration of sunlight early in the design process. 2. Generate Complex Calculation Grids – Fit grids to any surface and then offset, edit and combine them to provide a flexible environment to visualize sunlight data. 3. Calculate Hours of Sunlight – SunHours allows you to run a simulation over any time period to see how many hours grid points are in direct sunlight. For further analysis, Sun Hours software is used for the simulation for critical months of the year, vertical and horizontal surfaces. And also to see how many hours of grid points are in direct sunlight  SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL GROUND SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 Page 39 Figure 13 – Horizontal Simulation Annually Colour Scale Total number of hours in the analysis Amount of time the cell is in sunlight Number of hours in the analysis A particular structure in an around high rise building might get cover in shadow. This shadow would depend on the duration of the day, seasons, design and structure of building in an around the high rise. Plants require 4-6 hours of sunlight in a day for photosynthesis. 52% 5% 32% 11% Percentage of Area In Sunlight Green Belt Vacant Plot *NOTE – Each cell size is 10m x10m
  • 10. Figure 14 – Horizontal Simulation on 21st MAY (Summer Month) D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 09 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 Page 39 Green Belt Vacant Plot 39% 29% 27% 5%o During summer season, most of area is exposed to the sun and the highlighted area is in shadow and have and advantage because of there building height and placement. o Pie chart analysis shows percentage of the area is exposed to sun for number of hours throughout the day. o This will help to understand the planning of the building positioned w.r.t. behavior of the sun. Percentage of Area In Sunlight Green Belt Vacant Plot o In monsoon month, we require sunlight for betterment of human health and for natural heating. o Figure 26 shows, highlighted critical areas which receive less than 2 hours of sunlight. o This will lead to adverse impact on human health and also reduction in indoor air quality. Figure 15 – Horizontal Simulation on 21st AUGUST (Monsoon Month) 35% 33% 20% 12% Percentage of Area In Sunlight Green Belt Vacant Plot
  • 11. Figure 16 – Horizontal Simulation on 21st DECEMBER (Winter Month) D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 10 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 Page 39 Green Belt Vacant Plot Green Belt Vacant Plot Green Belt Vacant Plot 33% 4%13% 50% o High rise building casts a shadow on the ground throughout the day and does not receive optimum sunlight, while 4-6 hours of sunlight in a day is required for optimum functioning. o It was observed that during winter season the shadow from the high rise and other building has got shifted towards north direction. o 50% of the area of sector 78 is in shadow as per the analysis. o Highlighted area is receiving good amount of sunlight through out the day. Shadow has lasted for longer duration of the day. Percentage of Area In Sunlight 60%19% 16% 5% Figure 17 – Horizontal Simulation on 21st DECEMBER (Winter Month) o Highlighted buildings are critical because it is covered in shadow of neighboring buildings which leads to insufficient natural heating over the surface. o These high rise buildings are designed in such manner they are casting there own shadow for long duration on a midrise structures as we can see in figure 29. o 60% of the rooftop are receiving more than 6 hours of sunlight over the surface because of there building height Green Belt Vacant Plot  SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL ROOF SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 Percentage of Area In Sunlight
  • 12. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 11 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 Green Belt Vacant Plot Based on the climatic condition of Noida and findings from different literature, a solar rating was developed for neighborhood structures in and around the high rise. This rating was dependent on height and design of the buildings or structure, and other components present in and around that high rise. This rating was based on time period for which a structure received total sunlight. Poor Average Good Excellent >6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min o In May month we need less sunlight as it tends to get heat up in summer and also from 9 am – 4 p.m. radiations are 600-1800 W/sq.m. o The mid-rise building of is getting affected in winter and monsoon the most as it would be in shade all the time and will receive very less sunlight but in summer it can be a good solution because May has high radiations. o Figure 30 indicates, south side receiving excellent amount of sunlight which is more than 6 hrs. while west side receive average amount of sunlight according to the solar rating criteria. 21st MAY Figure 18 – Vertical Simulation of May Month From South West Direction Green Belt Vacant Plot  SOLAR RATING CRITERIA  SIMULATION OF VERTICAL SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 o Figure 31, shows simulation of sector 78 facing North and East side. o Lower floors of North facing building receives poor amount of sunlight which is 90-180 minutes throughout the day. While remaining building receives average amount of sunlight without obstruction. o Most of the neighborhood structures were receiving partial sunlight(If a particular structure receives sunlight as well as shadow at same time, this time period is referred as Partial sunlight phase of that particular structure) for more than 4 hours a day while some was receiving for 2 – 4 hours. o This was mainly due to their location and height. Also the surrounding structures around it were responsible for interrupting direct sunlight falling on them. Remaining structures were receiving insufficient sunlight in a day. Figure 19 – Vertical Simulation of May Month From North Direction Green Belt Solar Rating Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent >6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
  • 13. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 12 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 Green Belt Vacant Plot 21st MAY Figure 21 – Vertical Simulation of August Month From North Direction Green Belt 21st AUGUST o In figure 33, building are facing towards north and east side which will help us to understand the monsoon month. As we can observe on east facade receives combination of average and good amount of sunlight i.e. 3-4 hours, 4-6 hours respectively. o The building which are facing towards north receive poor amount of sunlight i.e. 90-180 minutes and most impact is on mid-rise building which are overcast by high rise buildings. o Most disadvantage is on the lower floors of any building which may not receive more than 90 minutes of sunlight. This type of planning may lead high energy consumption. Solar Rating Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent >6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min o In the monsoon month the cloud cover is from 2.7 to 5.4 oktas throughout the day. This effect the solar radiation and direct sunlight received on the vertical surfaces. o Building facing towards south receives good amount of sunlight i.e. 4-6 hours. West side gets average amount of sunlight i.e. 3-4 hours. Sunlight may be received in the form of diffused radiations o The lower floor of the buildings receive poor amount of sunlight which is 90-180 minutes. Hardly any building receive excellent amount of sunlight on the west and south vertical surfaces. o In this high rises, top floors and unobstructed buildings have the advantage of receiving ample amount of sunlight which will lead to betterment of human health and natural illumination. Figure 20 – Vertical Simulation of August Month From South West Direction Green Belt Vacant Plot 21st AUGUST Solar Rating Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent >6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
  • 14. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 13 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 o Shadow lengths increase during the "low sun" or winter season and are longest on December 21, the winter solstice. o The winter solstice, therefore, represents the worst-case shadow condition and the potential for loss of access to sunlight. o Upper floor and unobstructed building receive sunlight on west and south surfaces which will improve indoor air quality. o Shading include the loss of natural light for passive or active solar energy applications or the loss of warming influences during winter. 21st DECEMBER Figure 22 – Vertical Simulation of December Month From South West Direction Green Belt Vacant Plot Solar Rating Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent >6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min Figure 23 – Vertical Simulation of December Month From North Direction 21st DECEMBER Green Belt o Figure 35, shows the loss of sunlight on the northern side of the buildings. o Only upper floors of east facing receiving average amount of light i.e. 3-4 hours and remaining area are in poor zone where less than 90 minutes of sunlight is received throughout the day. o Buildings which are facing towards north will require heating system. o Factors influencing the relative impact of shadow effects are site specific and include differences in terrain elevation between involved properties, the height and bulk of structures, the time of year, the duration of shading in a day, and the sensitivity of adjacent land uses to loss of sunlight. Solar Rating Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent >6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min
  • 15. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 14 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 Figure 24 – Vertical Simulation Annually From South West Direction Green Belt Vacant Plot o West and south facing neighborhood receives average to excellent sunlight throughout the year. o The high rise adversely effect the neighboring structures by casting their shadow on them for longer duration of time. o High rise building plays important role which act as positive as well as adverse impacts on neighboring structures. o Shadow is dependent on the position of the building with respect to sun as well as its height . Solar Rating Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent >6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min o Mid rise buildings are in full shadow(when a structure gets totally covered by shadow from other structures and it is total under darkness during daytime. This phenomenon is defined as full shadow). o East façade receive average amount of sunlight and north face receive poor amount of sunlight throughout the year. o Arrangement and distance between high rise buildings plays an important role. o Close positioning of high rise buildings creates adverse impact in winter season. ANNUAL Figure 25– Vertical Simulation Annually From North Direction Solar Rating Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent >6 hrs.4-6 hrs.3-4 hrs.90-180 min Green Belt
  • 16. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 15 NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SECTOR 78  CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS oAs per the solar rating analysis, horizontal surface was most critically affected by shadow this was mainly due to there location and building height. Also the surrounding structure around it where responsible for interrupting direct sunlight falling on them. oSome of the structures where receiving sufficient sunlight and most of the structure where receiving adequate partial sunlight in a day. oShadow effects of individual buildings would need to be addressed on a case-by-case basis since shadowing is dependent upon building height, massing, and location, as well as the immediately surrounding uses. oSolar access should be determined before planning an area, where diversity of geographical locations would be included to reduce the negative impacts of extreme shadowing or solar radiation. oSolar access is variable and dependent on both natural and manmade factors makes it a serious problem, one that could have insidious affects on energy usage in the future. As the results of this study show, high-rise buildings are reducing the solar access of neighboring structures by measurable levels. oSome areas need more solar radiation than others and vice versa, which need to be considered strictly. That is why preserving access to the sun, then, by controlling environmental shadowing is a key concern for the future. oWhile population growth, urbanization, technology, and modernity are forcing cities grow upwards, environmental problems, sustainability, and social consciousness are putting ‘solar rights’ in the forefront of urban planning discussions. oFor the healthy and fair development of cities in the future, this study on solar access could be an integral part to modern urban planning. o Development of high rise or tall buildings is leading to various direct and indirect environmental impacts. One of these is effect of shadow on environment as well as on neighboring structures in and around the building. o Site planning should take into account the high rise structures as well as different neighborhood structures. o In this study, we found that high rise buildings were already casting shadow on neighborhood structures. Thus by construction of the future proposed high rise, shadow effect should be cumulated as per present scenario. Hence site planning is important. Site planning should also consider the existing structures in and around the critically affected areas or buildings. o Shadow from high rise is dependent on height, width, breadth and its structural design. o Distance between the existing high rise structures should be considered for predicting its shadow effect. o A high rise building is adversely affects Noida mostly in winter season due to less sunlight availability. As per the solar rating, building facing north sides is critically affected by shadow. A high rise structure design casting its shadow for longer duration on particular structures. o High rise buildings are disturbing the equal solar utilization of other structures in their immediate area. Despite this, individuals who lose their ‘solar property’ because of these developments, have no legal basis to demand their rights back. This situation needs to be considered for the application of future regulation as it affects the entire community, not simply landowners. o The building position is parallel to north but if the building position would have been tilted to 45° then the sunlight would have enter the building from all sides.  FINDINGS
  • 17. NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 ANNUAL SUMMER - MAY MONSOON - AUGUST WINTER - DECEMBER INFERENCE H O R I Z O N T A L o In summer month, horizontal surfaces are getting overheated which leads to heat island effect. o In monsoon optimum amount of sunlight is received. o In winter month, maximum area is in shadow which leads to reduction of surrounding temperature. o High rise structure plays an important role in increase and decrease of heat island effect. ANALYSIS o Pie chart analysis shows percentage of the area is exposed to sun for number of hours throughout the day. o This will help to understand the planning of the building positioned w.r.t. behavior of the sun. o Pie chart analysis shows percentage of the area is exposed to sun for number of hours throughout the day. o This will help to understand the planning of the building positioned w.r.t. behavior of the sun. o Critical areas which receive less than 2 hours of sunlight. o This will lead to adverse impact on human health and also reduction in indoor air quality. o It was observed that during winter season the shadow from the high rise and other building has got shifted towards north direction. o 50% of the area of sector 78 is in shadow as per the analysis. 52% 5% 32% 11% 39% 29% 27% 5% 35% 33% 20% 12% 33% 4% 13% 50% D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 16
  • 18. NEIGHBORHOOD SHADOW ANALYSIS OF NOIDA SIMULATION OF VERTICAL SURFACES OF NOIDA SECTOR 78 ANNUAL SUMMER - MAY MONSOON - AUGUST WINTER - DECEMBER INFERENCE V E R T I C A L SOUTH WEST o South and West envelope should be critically designed so that they don’t get overheated during summer season. o North and east faces should not get obstructed from other high rise building to receive maximum amount of sunlight throughout the year. o Lower and Upper floor envelope of high rise building should be designed according to sun access to reduce the energy consumption and for betterment of human health. o Future planning should be done by studying neighborhood shadow analysis for Noida Sector 78 NORTH ANALYSIS o The high rise adversely effect the neighboring structures by casting their shadow on them for longer duration of time. o High rise building plays important role which act as positive as well as adverse impacts on neighboring structures. o Shadow is dependent on the position of the building with respect to sun as well as its height . o In May month we need less sunlight as it tends to get heat up in summer and also from 9 am – 4 p.m. radiations are 600-1800 W/sq.m. o The mid-rise building of is getting affected in winter and monsoon the most as it would be in shade all the time and will receive very less sunlight but in summer it can be a good solution because May has high radiations. o Building facing towards south receives good amount of sunlight i.e. 4-6 hours. West side gets average amount of sunlight i.e. 3-4 hours. Sunlight may be received in the form of diffused radiations o The lower floor of the buildings receive poor amount of sunlight which is 90-180 minutes. Hardly any building receive excellent amount of sunlight on the west and south vertical surfaces. o Shadow lengths increase during the "low sun" or winter season and are longest on December 21, the winter solstice. o The winter solstice, therefore, represents the worst-case shadow condition and the potential for loss of access to sunlight. o Upper floor and unobstructed building receive sunlight on west and south surfaces which will improve indoor air quality. 21st AUGUST D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | M–ARCH IV SEMESTER | ROLL NO.- 06 | AR. SHANAN PRAKASH JAISWAL | SHEET NO. - 17