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PARKING MANAGEMENT
OPENS WIDER OPPORTUNITIES
Paul Barter
www.reinventingparking.org
@ReinventParking
Keynote Presentation for PIE 2017
Mindset matters
Mindsets matter!
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned like …
Can you guess what’s coming?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned like …
Restrooms
Every development expected to
provide enough on-site to meet its
own demand
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
But is parking really like restrooms?
Do people do it in the streets without embarrassment?
Does off-street provision easily prevent a mess in the street?
Does everyone need it, or only motorists?
Do some users occupy it for hours on end?
Can we predict long-term demand, even if the use changes?
How much space and cost does it take to have enough?
Does oversupply encourage excessive use?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is also often planned like …
Transit As a public service/infrastructure that serves an area
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking supply can ALSO be determined like …
Restaurants
A real-estate service serving
an area and provided by a
competitive market at market-
responsive prices
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo: Matthew Roth
Off-street parking
~~ restaurants
On-street parking
~~ sidewalk vendors
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Off-street parking
~~ restaurants
On-street parking
~~ sidewalk vendors
(which the city needs
to regulate)
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
like restrooms in car-oriented suburbs
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned …
like restrooms
like transit
in car-oriented suburbs
in many urban districts
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned …
like restrooms
like transit
like restaurants
in car-oriented suburbs
in many urban districts
in some downtowns
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking is usually planned …
Can we EXPAND the
zones in which parking
supply is determined like
transit or like restaurants?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
And can we shrink the
area in which it is
planned like restrooms?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Blackwood,
South Australia
Which of these
yields most value
from urban space?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Urban
success
Like
restrooms?
Like
restaurants?
Like local
streets?
Which is most
responsive to
change?
Which is most
adaptable to local
context?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Donald Shoup’s most prominent three
proposals for municipal parking policy
i. Price on-street parking for 85%
occupancy
ii. Use revenue as desired by local
stakeholders
iii. Abolish minimum parking
requirements
Adaptive
Parking
Towards municipal
parking policy that
delivers:
- success without
excess
- responsiveness to
local conditions and
to change
- more value from
urban space
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
THE PRIZE
Freedom, Choices, Options!
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Traffic reduced
Housing affordability
Unleash part of parking ‘land bank’
Transit-oriented development boost
Infill boost
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Fiscally healthy development
Fargo (as highlighted by
Strong Towns)
Renaissance zone: zero parking
minimums
Enormous increase in assessed
value of the area
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image via https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/23/
robust-growth-and-development-without-mandating-parking
“Future proof” the parking ecosystem
Adaptive Parking thrusts
aim to increase market-
responsiveness in local
parking
Photo by Grendelkhan CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikipedia
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
RELAX!
Success without Excess
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
The place where my elementary school used to be
Enough yet? Urban success?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo: Paul Barter
Noarlunga, South Australia (via Google Maps)
Stop boosting supply
So long as on-street parking is very well managed
Photo by Flickr user gregwake
Photo by Mariordo - CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Sao Paulo in Brazil
completely abolished
parking minimums in
2014
Paul Barter
Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical:
exampleLondon
No non-residential minimums since 1974
(maximums instead)
Similarly for residential minimums since
2004
Average 40% fewer spaces with new
residential buildings (steepest drops in
transit-rich areas) (Zhan Guo)
London PTAL (public transport accessiility
level) scores
Photo by Rept0n1x CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Beaufort Park Apartments, Colindale, London
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical:
exampleBerlin
0.25 € / per 15 min
0.50 € / per 15 min
0.75 € / per 15 min
Off-street parking deregulation was complemented
by improved on-street management
(Image source: Dr Friedemann Kunst)
In the 1990s: Berlin abolished ALL parking minimums
No maximums
Result: less parking in transit-oriented locations
but little change elsewhere
(according to Dr Kunst, former head of transport for the Berlin Senate)
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical:
exampleUSA cities
Source: Strong Towns,
http://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/18/a-
map-of-cities-that-got-rid-of-parking-minimums
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
At least make parking minimums less harmful: Japan
Simple land-use categories (only 2 main
ones) for parking minimums
Zero parking minimums for small and
medium-sized buildings <1500 m2
Low minimums generally (applying in full only for
buildings with 6,000 m2 or more):
Office: 0.3 spaces per 100 m2
Retail: 0.4 spaces per 100 m2
Residential: 0.2 to 0.3 spaces per 100 m2
(Gradually rises to these levels between 1500 and 6000 m2)
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Fix more than just the minimums
Tax and zoning anomalies
Parking usually doesn’t count as
floor area in zoning codes
Dubious evaluation practices for
city parking investments
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
SHARE!
“Walkable Parking”
Towards more widespread park-once-and-walk
districts where most parking is open to the public
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Each site required to provide enough on-
site parking for its own peak parking
demand
Visitors to a site expected to park on site
Graphic by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Graphics by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Source: ITDP, Shared Parking, 2015.
Park-once-and-walkdistricts
Encourage parking to be open to the public
Stop requiring on-site parking
Focus on design quality not quantity
Manage on-street parking well
Parking guidance
Walkability
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Avoid permit-
holder ONLY
zones
Prefer permit
zones that give
priority to permit
holders
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.orgImage by DeFacto [CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons
ON-STREET PARKING
UNDER CONTROL
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Weak on-street
parking
management
Obstruction, double
parking, cruising
On-street
parking panic
Excessive
parking supply
Undermining
urban success
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Many cities have improved their on-street
parking management recently
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
PRICE!
Responsive rationing
both on-street and off
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
GOAL: new arrivals find a space
PRICE-SETTING PRACTICE: occupancy targets
For city-owned parking
BOTH on-street AND
off-street
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image source: Donald Shoup, ‘Cruising for Parking’, Access Magazine, Spring 2007.
http://www.accessmagazine.org/articles/spring-2007/cruising-parking/
Price
zones:
howbig?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Los Angeles Express Park
Calgary
Discourage bundling of parking costs
Unbundle parking in commercial space leases
Unbundle residential parking costs
Discourage employer-provided free parking
Avoid the oversupply that prompts bundling
ENGAGE!
Engage with local stakeholders
who feel a strong sense of
ownership over local parking
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Canwegetthatsnowballrolling?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
By Kamyar Adl (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0] via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGiant_snowball_Oxford.jpg
COULD THIS WORK FOR YOU?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Benefits from even
small steps on each
Adaptive Parking
thrust?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Wicker Park, Chicago, IL
Image via Google Maps
Benefits from even
small steps on each
Adaptive Parking
thrust?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Blackwood,
South Australia
Part of central Detroit Image via Google Maps
Benefits from even small
steps on each Adaptive
Parking thrust?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Blackwood,
South Australia
Image via Google Maps
Benefits from even small
steps on each Adaptive
Parking thrust?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Blackwood,
South Australia
Image via Google Maps
THANK YOU
Questions?
Paul Barter
www.reinventingparking.org
@ReinventParking

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Parking Management Opens Wider Opportunities

  • 1. PARKING MANAGEMENT OPENS WIDER OPPORTUNITIES Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org @ReinventParking Keynote Presentation for PIE 2017
  • 2. Mindset matters Mindsets matter! Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 3. Parking is usually planned like … Can you guess what’s coming? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 4. Parking is usually planned like … Restrooms Every development expected to provide enough on-site to meet its own demand Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 5. But is parking really like restrooms? Do people do it in the streets without embarrassment? Does off-street provision easily prevent a mess in the street? Does everyone need it, or only motorists? Do some users occupy it for hours on end? Can we predict long-term demand, even if the use changes? How much space and cost does it take to have enough? Does oversupply encourage excessive use? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 6. Parking is also often planned like … Transit As a public service/infrastructure that serves an area Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 7. Parking supply can ALSO be determined like … Restaurants A real-estate service serving an area and provided by a competitive market at market- responsive prices Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo: Matthew Roth
  • 8. Off-street parking ~~ restaurants On-street parking ~~ sidewalk vendors Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 9. Off-street parking ~~ restaurants On-street parking ~~ sidewalk vendors (which the city needs to regulate) Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 10. like restrooms in car-oriented suburbs Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Parking is usually planned …
  • 11. like restrooms like transit in car-oriented suburbs in many urban districts Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Parking is usually planned …
  • 12. like restrooms like transit like restaurants in car-oriented suburbs in many urban districts in some downtowns Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Parking is usually planned …
  • 13. Can we EXPAND the zones in which parking supply is determined like transit or like restaurants? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 14. And can we shrink the area in which it is planned like restrooms? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Blackwood, South Australia
  • 15. Which of these yields most value from urban space? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Urban success Like restrooms? Like restaurants? Like local streets? Which is most responsive to change? Which is most adaptable to local context?
  • 16. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Donald Shoup’s most prominent three proposals for municipal parking policy i. Price on-street parking for 85% occupancy ii. Use revenue as desired by local stakeholders iii. Abolish minimum parking requirements
  • 17. Adaptive Parking Towards municipal parking policy that delivers: - success without excess - responsiveness to local conditions and to change - more value from urban space Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 18. THE PRIZE Freedom, Choices, Options! Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 19. Traffic reduced Housing affordability Unleash part of parking ‘land bank’ Transit-oriented development boost Infill boost Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 20. Fiscally healthy development Fargo (as highlighted by Strong Towns) Renaissance zone: zero parking minimums Enormous increase in assessed value of the area Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image via https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/23/ robust-growth-and-development-without-mandating-parking
  • 21. “Future proof” the parking ecosystem Adaptive Parking thrusts aim to increase market- responsiveness in local parking Photo by Grendelkhan CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikipedia Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 22. RELAX! Success without Excess Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 23. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org The place where my elementary school used to be
  • 24. Enough yet? Urban success? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo: Paul Barter Noarlunga, South Australia (via Google Maps)
  • 25. Stop boosting supply So long as on-street parking is very well managed Photo by Flickr user gregwake Photo by Mariordo - CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons Sao Paulo in Brazil completely abolished parking minimums in 2014 Paul Barter
  • 26. Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical: exampleLondon No non-residential minimums since 1974 (maximums instead) Similarly for residential minimums since 2004 Average 40% fewer spaces with new residential buildings (steepest drops in transit-rich areas) (Zhan Guo) London PTAL (public transport accessiility level) scores Photo by Rept0n1x CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons Beaufort Park Apartments, Colindale, London Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 27. Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical: exampleBerlin 0.25 € / per 15 min 0.50 € / per 15 min 0.75 € / per 15 min Off-street parking deregulation was complemented by improved on-street management (Image source: Dr Friedemann Kunst) In the 1990s: Berlin abolished ALL parking minimums No maximums Result: less parking in transit-oriented locations but little change elsewhere (according to Dr Kunst, former head of transport for the Berlin Senate) Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 28. Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical: exampleUSA cities Source: Strong Towns, http://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/18/a- map-of-cities-that-got-rid-of-parking-minimums Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 29. At least make parking minimums less harmful: Japan Simple land-use categories (only 2 main ones) for parking minimums Zero parking minimums for small and medium-sized buildings <1500 m2 Low minimums generally (applying in full only for buildings with 6,000 m2 or more): Office: 0.3 spaces per 100 m2 Retail: 0.4 spaces per 100 m2 Residential: 0.2 to 0.3 spaces per 100 m2 (Gradually rises to these levels between 1500 and 6000 m2) Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 30. Fix more than just the minimums Tax and zoning anomalies Parking usually doesn’t count as floor area in zoning codes Dubious evaluation practices for city parking investments Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 31. SHARE! “Walkable Parking” Towards more widespread park-once-and-walk districts where most parking is open to the public Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 32. Each site required to provide enough on- site parking for its own peak parking demand Visitors to a site expected to park on site Graphic by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 33. Graphics by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 34. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Source: ITDP, Shared Parking, 2015.
  • 35. Park-once-and-walkdistricts Encourage parking to be open to the public Stop requiring on-site parking Focus on design quality not quantity Manage on-street parking well Parking guidance Walkability Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 36. Avoid permit- holder ONLY zones Prefer permit zones that give priority to permit holders Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.orgImage by DeFacto [CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons
  • 37. ON-STREET PARKING UNDER CONTROL Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 39. Weak on-street parking management Obstruction, double parking, cruising On-street parking panic Excessive parking supply Undermining urban success Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 40. Many cities have improved their on-street parking management recently Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 41. PRICE! Responsive rationing both on-street and off Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 42. GOAL: new arrivals find a space PRICE-SETTING PRACTICE: occupancy targets For city-owned parking BOTH on-street AND off-street Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image source: Donald Shoup, ‘Cruising for Parking’, Access Magazine, Spring 2007. http://www.accessmagazine.org/articles/spring-2007/cruising-parking/
  • 44. Discourage bundling of parking costs Unbundle parking in commercial space leases Unbundle residential parking costs Discourage employer-provided free parking Avoid the oversupply that prompts bundling
  • 45. ENGAGE! Engage with local stakeholders who feel a strong sense of ownership over local parking Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 46. Canwegetthatsnowballrolling? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org By Kamyar Adl (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0] via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGiant_snowball_Oxford.jpg
  • 47. COULD THIS WORK FOR YOU? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
  • 48. Benefits from even small steps on each Adaptive Parking thrust? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Wicker Park, Chicago, IL Image via Google Maps
  • 49. Benefits from even small steps on each Adaptive Parking thrust? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Blackwood, South Australia Part of central Detroit Image via Google Maps
  • 50. Benefits from even small steps on each Adaptive Parking thrust? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Blackwood, South Australia Image via Google Maps
  • 51. Benefits from even small steps on each Adaptive Parking thrust? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Blackwood, South Australia Image via Google Maps

Editor's Notes

  1. Keynote #2: Wednesday 8.30-9.30 so 60 minutes. Aim to speak for 45 to allow for Q and A. I will be making a case FOR ADAPTIVE PARKING, with on-street PM as its foundation. This is Shoup extended. And Walkable Parking idea highlights how this takes Shoup a bit further.
  2. Can you guess what is coming?
  3. Reasoning behind both cases is similar. And the municipal regulations for both look very similar … Certain number per 100 square metres or 1000 square feet or such like.
  4. Here is a series of questions for which the answers for parking and restrooms are DIFFERENT
  5. Like transit … something that is for the whole area. With fees often. But often also with public subsidy. And public planning based on meeting policy goals.
  6. Or meeting rooms … With demand and supply mediated by market price signals Low demand signals low prices and prompts lower investment Oversupply similarly High demand/low supply prompts high prices and new investment (either in parking or in subsitutes)
  7. Regulation to allocate space and avoid too much conflict with other street purposes And make sure they don’t have unfair advantage over bricks-and-mortar stores
  8. Both of the bottom ones are more compatible with “urban” styles of development Value for locals, owners, and for society generally … Not to mention parking owners, operators, vendors
  9. This points towards treating parking like restaurants… as a market-responsive good.
  10. Parking Success: Does defuse parking problems (such as spillover and parking conflict) Inspirations: Donald Shoup and other Shoupistas, Todd Litman, ITDP, people at Nelson/Nygaard especially Jeffrey Tumlin, and the parking policies of Japanese cities.   RELAX is a slightly wider version of Shoup’s abolish minimums. ENGAGE is wider version of Shoup’s ‘spend surplus locally’ PRICE is wider version of Shoup’s price for 85% occupancy. ALSO NEW ONES: two essential and one an optional extra
  11. The benefits in this section should come even without the last, optional, thrust. The aim is to foster a market-responsive parking ecosystem. And to gradually ease away from artificially protecting parking from market discipline. But it doesn’t happen naturally because of on-street parking
  12. The assessed value in the Renaissance Zone (which encompasses a portion of the downtown) was $190 million in 2003; it recently topped $600 million thanks to improvements and new development. UNFORTUNATELY, North Dakota has a state-wide ban on on-street parking fees!!So some public parking investments have been made … but Walkable Parking is better than on-site private parking A huge opportunity if your downtown still has minimums. Hands up if you know anything about the parking requirements in your downtown? Keep up if the parking standards are still minumums there!
  13. Adaptive Parking aims to help the parking ecosystem become more able to adapt to change and respond to shocks in a smooth market-responsive way This is just one of many possible changes which affect parking demand in any particular area. Less sexy but also important: New transportation investments, such as a new transit station. Unexpected closures of bridges, viaducts or transit systems ups and downs in local economic fortunes. New buildings or building closures Etc.
  14. Often have whole slide images with only brief tweetable text
  15. ASK: Is there any debate about lowering or abolishing parking minimums in YOUR municipality? Hand up!
  16. Share is an essential addition to Shoup’s package.
  17. This is a little too neat and tidy! But the point is, you need less parking to meet demand if there is sharing … or ideally parking open to the public.
  18. Notice that even if Adaptive Parking means somewhat less plentiful parking (gradually), it also means much more parking that is actively managed and priced … good for the industry AND for urban success at the same time! Can you think of any area in your city/town that could become more of a park-once-and-walk area (with a little help)
  19. This was a key theme in my talk on Monday morning. This Adaptive Parking thrust emphasises that effective control of on-street parking is a key foundation!
  20. Easy with modern digital pricing. And with new data collection tactics For on-street. AND for city-owned off-street. Private sector ALREADY usually avoids full facilities by various means, including pricing. But some retailers allow queues. If private-sector off-street public parking is allowing queuing into the street on a regular basis, maybe city should impose penalties? Would encourage this kind of pricing.
  21. Tiny zones like SFPark, LA’s Express Park or Washington DC’s new trial? Image of Washington DC case or LAExpress Calgary: Relatively simple, like Seattle Annual rates reviews using ParkPlus occupancy data Time of day pricing (Weekdays: 09:00 – 11:00, Weekdays: 11:00 – 13:30; Weekdays: 13:30– 15:30; Weekdays 15:30 – 18:00; and Saturdays 9:00 – 18:00)
  22. Key stakeholders are highly local: especially local residents and local businesses Acknowledge reality that locals feel some claim or some sense of ownership over parking in “their” streets. Both residents and businesses to some extent.
  23. Ways this might work in several different contexts … and why it is not as scary as it may sound. Everything is incremental. Eg abolishing parking mins does NOT mean no on-site parking built
  24. An old area seeing development and economic activity. Engage obviously crucial. Resident permit zones near a street like this should not be permit-user only (at least not before bed time). Manage the non-resident street parking in those streets to ensure vacancies so residents can return.