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SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn) Sheep & Goat SpecialistWestern Maryland Research & Education Centersschoen@umd.edu – www.sheepandgoat.com,[object Object],2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series,[object Object],Small Ruminant Program,[object Object]
2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series,[object Object],Jan 13		I.   Late Gestation,[object Object],Jan 20		II.  Vaccinations,[object Object],Feb 3			III. Parturition,[object Object],Feb 10		IV. Neonatal Care,[object Object],Feb 17		V.  Lactation,[object Object],Feb 24		VI. Weaning,[object Object]
Neonatal care,[object Object],Care of newborns (day 0-14),[object Object],http://www.slideshare.net/schoenian/neonatal,[object Object]
What factors affect neonatal survival?,[object Object],Offspring,[object Object],Birth weight    #1 factor!,[object Object],Sex,[object Object],Birth type,[object Object],Behavior (vigor),[object Object],Dam factors,[object Object],Body condition score   #2,[object Object],Parity,[object Object],Maternal behavior,[object Object],Colostrum accumulation  #3,[object Object]
Factors affecting with neonatal survival,[object Object],Environmental factors,[object Object],Lambing/kidding system,[object Object],Weather,[object Object],Management,[object Object],Nutrition during pregnancy,[object Object],Ease of birth,[object Object],Sanitation,[object Object],Crowding,[object Object],Genetics,[object Object],Breed,[object Object],Sire,[object Object]
Sour,[object Object],When death losses occurSpooner Agricultural Research Center (Wisconsin) -  dairy sheep,[object Object],Source:  Lamb mortality and causes:  A nine year summary at the Spooner Agricultural Research Station,[object Object]
When death losses occurNational Sheep Health Survey  -  all  sheep  operations,[object Object],Source:  USDA APHIS NAHSM,[object Object]
What causes neonates to die?,[object Object],U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, Idaho:  range sheep, shed-lambed,[object Object]
Causes of deathSpooner Agricultural Research Station (Wisconsin):  dairy sheep,[object Object],Source:  Lamb mortality and causes:  A nine year summary at the Spooner Agricultural Research Station,[object Object]
Causes of death in neonatesSmall ruminants in Jordan,[object Object],Source:  Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (2007),[object Object]
Clip, dip, strip, and sip,[object Object],Clip navel cord  (if necessary),[object Object],Dip navel cord in gentle iodine, chlorhexidine, or betadine.,[object Object],Strip teats to remove wax plugs and open up teats for baby to nurse easier.,[object Object],Make sure lambs and kids nurse.,[object Object]
ColostrumAll newborn mammals require colostrum for optimal health,[object Object],Thick, yellowish first milk that dam produces after parturition (for the first 24 hours).,[object Object],Rich in energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals.,[object Object],Has laxative qualities.,[object Object],Contains maternal antibodies,[object Object],Large protein molecules that can only be absorbed by neonate during the first 24 to 36 hours after birth.,[object Object],Absorption by neonate is most efficient the first few hours after birth.,[object Object],Baby should consume 10% of its body weight in colostrum.,[object Object]
Colostrum sources,[object Object]
Common problems of the neonate,[object Object],Hypothermia,[object Object],Starvation,[object Object],Diarrhea (scours),[object Object],Pneumonia,[object Object],Floppy kid syndrome,[object Object]
Hypothermia,[object Object],[object Object]
Neonates are unable to regulate their body temperature during their first 36 hours.
Energy is required to generate heat.,[object Object]
Tips for tube feeding lambs and kids,[object Object],Use clean equipment,[object Object],Measure how far the tube needs to go in,[object Object],Hold baby between your knees in upright position.,[object Object],Dip tube in clean water.,[object Object],Gentle advance tube towards back of animal’s mouth,[object Object],The animal should swallow as the tube is advanced.  It will still be able to bleat and cry.,[object Object],http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1998/eb1998.pdf,[object Object]
Tips for tube feeding lambs and kids,[object Object],Feel the tube on the left side of the animal’s neck.,[object Object],Fill syringe with warm milk.,[object Object],Do not force milk with plunger.,[object Object],Let fluid trickle in via gravity.,[object Object],Squeeze end of tube when pulling tube out.,[object Object],Frequent meals are better than big meals,[object Object],2-3 ounces  at a time,[object Object],http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1998/eb1998.pdf,[object Object]
Intraperitoneal injection,[object Object],Suspend baby by front legs,[object Object],Introduce 1-in, 20-g needle through body wall  1 inch to the side of the navel and 1 inch caudal.,[object Object],Point needle towards tail,[object Object],Slowly inject solution into body cavity.,[object Object]
Causes,[object Object],Environmental ,[object Object],Unsanitary conditions,[object Object],Unclean water,[object Object],Infected feces,[object Object],Bacterial,[object Object],E. coli - “watery” mouth,[object Object],Salmonella,[object Object],Cryptospordia,[object Object],Giardia,[object Object],Clostridium perfringins type C,[object Object],Viral,[object Object],Rotavirus,[object Object],Neonatal scours,[object Object],Symptoms,[object Object],Gaunt,[object Object],Depressed,[object Object],Wet, rear legs,[object Object],Dehydration,[object Object]
Treatment,[object Object],Oral electrolytes,[object Object],Oral antibiotics,[object Object],[Rx] Spectinomycin,[object Object],Adequate colostrum intake,[object Object],Good sanitation,[object Object],CD-T vaccinations,[object Object],Neonatal scours,[object Object],Prevention,[object Object],Watery mouth (NADIS UK),[object Object]
Causative organisms,[object Object],Pasteurellahemolytica,[object Object],Parainfluenza virus-3,[object Object],Symptoms,[object Object],Elevated body temperature,[object Object],Labored breathing,[object Object],Depressed,[object Object],Droopy ears,[object Object],Treat early with injectable antibiotics,[object Object],[Rx] LA-200,[object Object],[Rx] Naxcel/Excenel,[object Object],[Rx] Nuflor,[object Object],[Rx] Micotil (NOT GOATS),[object Object],Prevention,[object Object],Proper ventilation,[object Object],Adequate colostrum intake,[object Object],Vaccination of dams,[object Object],Bacterial pneumonia,[object Object],Treatment,[object Object]
Cause,[object Object],Unknown,[object Object],Metabolic acidosis,[object Object],Elevated D-lactate levels,[object Object],Symptoms,[object Object],Normal at birth,[object Object],Symptoms develop 3 to 10 days of age,[object Object],Weakness,[object Object],Lateral recumbency,[object Object],No muscle tone,[object Object],Loss of nursing reflex,[object Object],Early detection,[object Object],Correct acid/base status of kid,[object Object],Oral bicarbonate (baking soda)	½ to 1 tsp. in 1 cup of water,[object Object],Electrolytes,[object Object],Floppy kid syndrome,[object Object],Treatment,[object Object]
Slime ,[object Object],Scent/odor,[object Object],Skin,[object Object],Stanchion,[object Object],Cross-fostering or grafting,[object Object]
Artificial rearing lambs and kids,[object Object],Why?,[object Object],Dam dies,[object Object],Dam doesn’t have milk,[object Object],Dam doesn’t have enough milk,[object Object],Poor milk producer,[object Object],Genetics,[object Object],Poor nutrition,[object Object],Disease,[object Object],Large litter,[object Object],Dam rejects baby,[object Object],Baby is weak.,[object Object],Dairy enterprise,[object Object],Prevent CAE and OPP,[object Object]
Which baby should you choose for artificial rearing?,[object Object],Old recommendation,[object Object],Remove the largest, most aggressive baby for artificial rearing.,[object Object],New recommendation,[object Object],Remove the smallest weakest baby for artificial rearing.,[object Object],Select lambs/kids 2 to 6 hours after birth for artificial rearing.,[object Object]
How to rear lambs and kids artificially,[object Object],Make sure baby gets adequate colostrum.,[object Object],Let baby nurse dam for first four to six hours.,[object Object],Tube feed colostrum,[object Object],Feed the right milk replacer for optimal performance	,[object Object],Sheep milk contains more fat.,[object Object],Follow instructions on bag.,[object Object],Mixing,[object Object],Feeding amount,[object Object],Feeding frequency,[object Object],After first few days, feed milk replacer cold.,[object Object]
How to rear lambs and kids artificially,[object Object],Hand-feed or use self-feeder.,[object Object],Keep feeding equipment clean.,[object Object],Start offering solid food when the lamb or kid is a few days old.,[object Object],High quality lamb or kid starter,[object Object],Soybean meal,[object Object],Vaccinate for CD-T at 4 and 8 weeks of age.,[object Object]
Weaning orphansUsually 4 to 8 weeks,[object Object],Better to wean on weight than age.,[object Object],Common rules of thumb,[object Object],Minimum of 20 lbs. ,[object Object],2.5 x birth weight,[object Object],Lamb or kids should be eating solid food and doing well.,[object Object],Lamb:  0.5 lb. creep feed daily,[object Object],Wean abruptly.,[object Object],After weaning, keep lamb or kid on starter diet; do not wean onto lush pasture.,[object Object]
When to feed heat-treated/pasteurized colostrum or milk,[object Object],To prevent CAE,[object Object],To prevent OPP,[object Object],To kids that have recovered from floppy kid syndrome,[object Object],Heat at 130-135ºF (56ºC) for 1 hour,[object Object],Antibodies will be destroyed at 140ºF (60ºC),[object Object]
Common management practicesThese practices are not done on all farms,[object Object],Ear tagging,[object Object],Before baby leaves jug,[object Object],Weighing,[object Object],At day 0 or 1,[object Object],Docking,[object Object],1 to 7 days of age,[object Object],No later than 6 weeks,[object Object],Castration ,[object Object],1 to 7 days of age,[object Object],No later than 6 weeks,[object Object],Disbudding,[object Object],3 days to 2 weeks,[object Object]
WHY?,[object Object],Health,[object Object],Reduce risk of fly strike,[object Object],Hygiene,[object Object],Easier to shear/crutch,[object Object],Easier to observe udder,[object Object],Easier to assist lambing,[object Object],Market preference,[object Object],Tails reduce dressing percentage,[object Object],Cleanliness at harvest,[object Object],Some breeds don’t require docking,[object Object],Hair sheep,[object Object],Short or rat-tailed sheep,[object Object],Low incidence of dagginess.,[object Object],Short-wool breeds,[object Object],Animal welfare concerns,[object Object],DockingShortening the length of the tail,[object Object],WHY  NOT?,[object Object]
Length of docked tail,[object Object],Recommendation,[object Object],U.S.,[object Object],Distal end of caudal tail fold.,[object Object],Europe,[object Object],Cover female’s vulva,[object Object],Cover male’s anus,[object Object],Show lambs are usually docked shorter (for appearance),[object Object]
WHY?	,[object Object],Management,[object Object],Prevent unwanted pregnancies,[object Object],Control behavior,[object Object],Sell as pets or grazers,[object Object],Market preference,[object Object],Traditional markets,[object Object],Customer preference,[object Object],Market older animals,[object Object],Tradition,[object Object],Better growth,[object Object],Better carcass,[object Object],Bigger carcass,[object Object],Market at a young age,[object Object],Market preference,[object Object],Ethnic markets,[object Object],Animal welfare,[object Object],CastratingTesticles are removed or their function is inhibited,[object Object],WHY NOT?	,[object Object]
Tools for docking and castrating,[object Object],Electric docker,[object Object],Emasculator,[object Object],All-in-one,[object Object],Elastrator,[object Object],Burdizzo® Emasculatome,[object Object],Scalpel,[object Object],Knife,[object Object]
Pros,[object Object],Docking and castrating with an elastrator,[object Object],Quick,[object Object],Easy,[object Object],Bloodless,[object Object],Inexpensive tool,[object Object],Less painful than surgical castration with knife,[object Object],Increased risk of tetanus,[object Object],Painful,[object Object],Can reduce pain by giving an local anesthetic or combining use with Burdizzo,[object Object],It is less painful to make a “short-scrotum” male.,[object Object],Cons,[object Object],[object Object]
Bands should be applied at 1 to 7 days of age (definitely before 6 weeks of age),[object Object]
Use in conjunction with elastrator to minimize pain during docking and castrating
Use small-size Burdizzo,[object Object],[object Object]
Pros,[object Object],Less chance of infection,[object Object],Can dock older lambs,[object Object],Probably most humane method of tail docking,[object Object],Requires electricity,[object Object],Requires more physical effort,[object Object],More expensive tool,[object Object],Using an electric docker,[object Object],Cons,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disbudding goats,[object Object],When?,[object Object],1 to 3 weeks of age,[object Object],Horns grow differently,[object Object],Ideal time is just as horn is coming through skin,[object Object],Tools,[object Object],Disbudding box,[object Object],Disbudding iron,[object Object],Clippers (optional),[object Object],How?,[object Object],[Vx] Numb region around the horn buds with an anesthetic.,[object Object],Carefully press dehorner onto the buds for 8 to 15 seconds.,[object Object],Twist tool to cut through skin to the skull.,[object Object],If the procedure is done correctly, you should see a copper-colored ring around the horn bud.,[object Object]
Thank you for your attention.  Any questions?,[object Object],Susan Schoeniansschoen@umd.eduwww.sheepandgoat.com,[object Object],Small Ruminant Program,[object Object]
Thank you for your attention. Questions?,[object Object],Susan Schoenian,[object Object],sschoen@umd.edu,[object Object],www.sheepandgoat.com,[object Object],Small Ruminant Program,[object Object]

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Neonatal Care

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