2. AMAZING FACTS OF WATER
RESOURCES
WATERRESOURCES: wateris a natural
resources.
SOURCES OF WATER: Surface water, Ground
water, Atmospheric water and Oceanic water.
MEAN ANNUAL FLOW: 1869 billion cubic
meters.
GROUNDWATER: 433.9 billion cubic meters.
IRRIGATION AREA: 8.47 crore hectares.
CANAL IRRIGATION: 39.9 per cent area.
HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER: 84000 MW.
WATERPOLLUTION: A serious problem.
RAIN WATERHARVESTING: a technique of
3. FACTORRESPONSIBLE FOR
DEPLETION OF WATER
RESOURCES The availability of waterperperson is
decreasing.
The use of waterin increasing due to
increasing population.
Waterresources are being used in
industrial sectorat a fast rate.
Wateris used forirrigation to increase
the agriculture productivity.
Waterpollution is increasing.
Groundwaterdepletionis highest in
4. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE ITS
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
AVALIABILITY OF SURFACE WATER
RESOURCES
There are fourmajorsurface water:
These are RIVERS, LAKES, PONDS &
TANKS.
In the country, there are about 10,360 rivers
and theirtributaries longerthan 1.6 Kmeach.
The mean annual flow in all he riverbasins in
India is estimated to be 1,869 cubic km.
However, due to topographical, hydrological
and otherconstraints, only about 690 cubic
5. FACTORS FORDISTRIBUTION
RAINFALL: Waterflow in a riverdepends on size of its
catchment area orriverorriverbasin and rainfall
within its catchment area.
VARIABILITY: Precipitation in India has very high spatial
variation, and it is mainly concentrated in monsoon
season.
RIVERS: Some of the rivers in the country like Ganga, the
Brahmaputra and the Indus have huge catchment
areas. Given that precipitation is relatively high in the
catchment areas of the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and
the Barakrivers, these rivers although account for
only about one – third of the total area in the country,
have 60 percent of the total surface waterresources.
SEASONAL RIVERS: Much of the annual waterflow in
south Indian rivers like the Godavari, the Krishna and
6. SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND
DISPUTES OF WATER
RESOURCES
The sharing of waterof rivers of Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh is a contesting
issue.
Since long, the dispute is going on between
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka overthe waters of
Kaveri river.
The sharing of waterNarmada Basin is a
dispute between the state of Maharashtra,
7. METHODS: It ininvolves preventionof
runoff andstorageandrechargeof
groundwaterthroughvarious
methods likepercolationtanks,
rechargewells, etc.
AIMS: However, inbroadsense
watershedmanagement includes
conservation, regenerationand
judicious useof allresources –
natural(likeland, water, plants and
animals) andhumanwithina
watershed.
PROGRAMMES: (i) Haryali, is a
watersheddevelopment projects
sponsoredbythecentral government
whichaims at enablingtherural
populationtoconservewaterfor
drinking, irrigation, fisheries and
8. CHALLENGES ARE EXPECTEDTO BE
FACEDIN FUTURE
Demographic transition
Technological advancement
Geographical shift of population
Degradation of environment
Waterscarcity
9. LOWCOST TECHNIQUES TO
RECHARGE THE GROUNDWATER
Roof water
harvesting
Refilling of dug
wells
Recharging of
hand pumps
Construction of
percolation pits
Trenches
around fields
Bunds and stop
11. RAINWATERHARVESTING
It is a technique of
increasing the
recharge of
groundwaterby
capturing and
storing rainwater
locally in
subsurface water
reservoirs to meet
13. OBJECTIVE OF RAINWATER-
HARVESTING
Soil conservation.
Conservation of water.
Conservation of arable lands.
Development of horticulture.
Development of forestry and silvi –
culture.
Conservation of environment.
Increase in agriculture outputs.
To checkenvironmental degradation.
14. AIMS OF RAINWATER–
HARVESTING Meets the everincreasing
demands forwater.
Reduce the run – off which
chokes drains.
Avoid the flooding of roads.
Augment the groundwater
storage and raise the water
table.
Reduce groundwater
pollution.
Improve the quality of
groundwater.
Reduce the soil erosion.
Supplement domestic water
15. USE OF GROUNDWATERRESOURCES IN
INDIAStates with high use: The
groundwaterutilization is very
high in the state of Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu.
States with low use: There are
states like Chhattisgarh, Orissa,
Kerala, etc., which utilize only a
small proportion of their
groundwaterpotentials.
States with moderate use: State
like Gujarat, UttarPradesh,
Bihar, Tripura and Maharashtra
are utilizing theirground water
resources at a moderate rate. If
the present trend continues,
the demands forwaterwould
need the supplies. And such
16. WHY IRRIGATION IS NECESSARY IN
INDIA? Irrigation is needed because of spatio – temporal
variability in rainfall in the country.
The large tracts of the country are deficient in
rainfall and are drought prone.
North – western India and Deccan plateau
constitute such areas.
Winterand summerseasons are more orless dry in
most parts of the country.
Hence, it is difficult to practice agriculture without
assured irrigation during dry seasons. Even in the
areas of ample rainfall like West Bengal and Bihar,
breaks in monsoon orits failure creates dry spells
detrimental foragriculture.
18. INDIA’S NATIONAL WATER
POLICY,2002The national waterpolicy,2002 stipulates waterallocation
priorities broadly in the following order: DRINKING
WATER, IRRIGATION, HYDRO – POWER, NAVIGATION,
INDUSTRIAL, and others uses. The policy stipulates
progressive new approaches to watermanagement.
Irrigation and multi – purpose projects should
invariably include drinking watercomponent, wherever
there is no alternative sources of drinking water.
Providing drinking waterto all human beings and
animals should be the first priority.
Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the
exploitation of groundwater.
Both surface and groundwatershould be regularly
monitored forquality. A programme should be undertaken
forimproving waterquality.
20. S.No Name of Basin ground water resources Total replenish
able utilization (%)
Level of
Groundwater
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Brahmai with Baitarni
Brahmaputra
Chambal composite
Kaveri
Ganga
Godavari
Indus
Krishna
Kuchchh and saurashtra including river Luni
Chennai and south Tamil Nadu
Mahanadi
Meghna (Barak & Other)
Narmada
North – east composite
Pennar
Subarnrekha
Tapi
Western Ghat
Total
4.05
26.55
7.19
12.3
170.99
40.65
26.49
26.41
11.23
18.22
16.46
8.52
10.83
18.84
4.93
1.82
8.27
17.69
431.42
8.45
3.37
40.09
55.33
33.52
19.53
77.71
30.39
51.14
57.68
6.95
3.95
21.74
17.2
36.6
9.57
33.04
22.88
31.97
21. (I) Which riverBasin has the highest total
replenishable groundwaterresources?
Ans. Ganga river.
(II) In which riverbasin is the level of groundwater
utilization the highest?
Ans. Chennai and Tamil Nadu.
(III) Which riverbasin has the lowest total
replenishable groundwaterresources?
Ans. Subarnarekha.
(IV) In which riverbasin is the level of groundwater
utilization the lowest?
Ans. Brahmaputra.
22.
23. STATE PERCENTAGE OF AREA
IRRIGATED BY WELLS
AND TUBEWELLS
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Tamil Nadu
86.6
77.2
66.5
65
58.21
57.6
54.7
24. (I) Which state has the highest irrigated area by
wells and tube – wells?
Ans. Gujarat.
Reason: Absence of canals.
(II) Which state has low irrigated area by wells
and tube – wells?
Ans. Tamil Nadu.
Reason: canal irrigation is more.
