Quarter 4_Grade 8_Digestive System Structure and Functions
edible oils
1. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN
COMMERCIAL EDIBLE OILS AND THEIR BIO-
ASSAY
KOTESWARA RAO KODALI, M.Sc.,
Department of Engineering Chemistry
Andhra University,Visakhapatnam,India
Under the Guidance of
Dr.B.KISHOREBABU,M.Sc.,M.Phil,Ph.D.,
Research Director
Prof.K.VIJAYARAJU,M.Sc.,Ph.D., FICC
Rsearch Co-Director
2. PREFACE
The thesis entitled “Physico-Chemical Properties, Fatty Acid
Profile of Certain Commercial Edible Oils and their Bio-
Assay” embodies the work on the study of physical and
chemical properties of certain edible/cosmetic oils. The
thesis mainly focused its attention on the studies such as
fatty acid profile of commercial oils, the effect of a few
commercial oils on human cancer cells as anti carcinogenic
agents, the anti lipase and antimicrobial property of certain
edible oils etc. This research work was undertaken with the
following aims and objectives:
3. To study the Physico-Chemical Properties of
certain edible oils used in Andhra Pradesh.
To study the Fatty Acid Profile of certain edible
oils of Andhra Pradesh.
To study the Anti-Carcinogenic Activity of edible
oils on various human cancer cell lines under in
vitro conditions.
To study the Anti Lipase Activity of certain
edibleoils
To study the Anti Microbial Activity of certain
edibleoils
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Relative density(gm/ml)
Refractive index(n20/D)
Acid value(mg KOH/gm)
Iodine value (gI2/g)
Saponification value (mg KOH/g)
Un saponifiable matter(%)
5. SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIALS AND METHODS
RELATIVE DENSIRTY REFRACTIVE INDEX
As the principal use of relative
density measurements in
industry is determination of
the concentrations of
substances in aqueous
solutions and these are found
in tables of RD vs concentration it
is extremely important that the
analyst enter the table with the
correct form of relative
density.
Can find out by using formula
A-B
RD = -------------------gr/ml
V
The RI of a substance is strongly
influenced by temperature and the
wavelength of light used to measure
it,therefore,care must be taken to control
or compensate for temperature
differences and wavelength.
6. ACID VALUE IODINE VALUE
The acid number is used to quantify
the amount of acid present,for
example in a sample of biodiesel. It is
the quantity of base, expressed in
milligrams of potassium hydroxide,
that is required to neutralize the
acidic constituents in 1g of sample.
The Acid Value was calculated based
on the following equation:
Av=56.1 vN/W
The most important application of the
iodinevalue is todetermine the
amount of unsaturation contained in
fattyacids. This unsaturation is in the
form of double bonds which react
with iodine compounds. The higher
the iodine value, the more
unsaturated fatty acid bonds present
in the fat.iodine value is used as a
parameter in process control as well
as a parameter in traded palm oil
products.
Equation of
IodineValue=12.69(B-S)N/W
7. SAPONIFICATION VALUE
UN SAPONIFIABLE
MATTER
The saponification value gives an
indication of the nature of the
fattyacids constituent of fat and
thus,depends on the average
molecular weight of the fattyacids
constituent of fat.
Saponificationvalue(SV)=56.1 (B-
S)N/W
Un saponifiable constituents are
an important consideration when
selecting oil mixtures for the
manufacture of soaps.
Percentage of the USM was
calculated according to the
following equation:
100(A-B)
%USM= ----------------------
W
8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OILS
The physical properties such as relative density and refractive index of various edible and
cosmeticoils were presented in tables1 and 2. The relative density of oils ranged from
0.889 to 0.958g/ml with the highest observed in castoroil(0.958g/ml) and lowest in
palmoil(0.889g/ml)Table-1, There was no significant difference in relative density of various
edible and cosmeticoils.
From the values presented in the table,the range of relative density of each oil may be
found as follows :
coconutoil:0.908– 0.921g/ml,
palmoil:0.872–0.891g/ml,
palmkerneloil:0.899– 0.940g/ml,
sunfloweroil:0.917–0.924g/ml,
sesamumoil:0.914– 0.924g/ml,
groundnutoil:0.912–0.918g/ml,
castoroil:0.954– 0.961g/ml,
mustardoil:0.910–0.917g/ml,
oliveoil:0.902–0.914 g/ml, and
almondoil: 0.910–0.918 g/ml).
11. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OILS
The chemical properties viz., iodinevalue, saponificationvalue, acid value and
un saponifiable matter of various oils determined are presented in Table3 to
6.These values have been depicted pictorially in figures1and 2.
The results on iodine value of various edible oils presented in table-3
revealed that the oils differ in the amount of iodine value and it was found that
the
coconut oil had iodine value ranged from 7.57 to 9.95gI2/g,
Palm oil from 50 to 58.41 gI2/g,
palmkerneloilfrom17.66 to 22.03 gI2/g,
sunflowerrangedfrom118.24 to135.47 gI2/g,
sesamumoilfrom113.35 to 118.24 gI2/g,
groundnut oil89.64–106.74 g/I2/g,
mustardoilfrom92.74–118.64 gI2/g,
oliveoilfrom79.21to91.00 g/I2/g
andalmondoilfrom95.32–105.41g I2/g.
The highest iodine value was observed in sunflower oil that ranged
from118.00 to135.47gI2/g and lowest in coconut oil from 7.57 to 9.95gI2/g.
High iodine value in sunflower oil indicates that these oils are non-drying,
highly unsaturated and it suggests that they contain high levels of oleic and
linoleic acids.
13. The high iodine value indicates that the oil has a high content of unsaturated fatty acids which is
evident in the acid and free fatty acid values. The iodine value represents the degree of
unsaturation. The higher the iodine values, the greater is the unsaturation of specific oil or fat.
Iodine value was maximum (135.47%) in sunflower oil and minimum (51.34%) in crude palm oil.
Similarly higher iodine value (119.5%) was also reported in sunflower oil. The iodine value
represents the degree of unsaturation. The higher the iodine value, the greater is the
unsaturation of specific oil or fat. It was found from the figure -1 that the iodine value of various
oils analyzed ranged from 8.8 to 127.10gI2/g with maximum being recorded in sunflower oil
(127.10 gI2/g) followed by sesamum oil (115.64 gI2/g ).However, minimum of iodine value and
minimum was observed in Coconut oil(8.8 gI2/g) and palm kernel oil (19.92 gI2/g). The iodine
results were on par with findings of that the highest iodine value (135.47%) was found in
sunflower oil and minimum (51.34%) in crude palm oil. Similarly higher iodine value (119.5%)
was also reported in sunflower oil.
Since the iodine value repres ents the degree of saturation, as per the data in table 3, the
sunflower and sesamum oils are highly unsaturated oils whereas Coconut and palm kernel oils
are highly saturated oils. The unsaturated glycerides of oil have the ability to absorb a definite
amount of iodine . Iodine value is an indicator of double bindings in the molecular structure,
which influences the long term stability properties of the oil (i.e. important for storage). It has
been reported that lowering the iodine value improves the stability and good yield of the liquid
oil.
15. Saponification values (SV) obtained for the palm oil samples are within the expected range
of 195 – 205 mgs KOH/g of oil for edible palm oils. The high saponification values of the
palm oils is an indication that the oils will be most suitable for the manufacture of soap in
the soap industry.
It was observed from the table -5 that the saponification value of various oils varied with
minimum range from 168.66 to 175.64 mg KOH/g in mustard oil and maximum in coconut
oil that ranged from 255.33 to 279.66 mg KOH/g. However, the saponification value in
coconut oil ranged from 255.33 to 279.66 mg KOH/g, palm oil, it was from 190.64 to
202.46 mg KOH/g, palm kernel oil from 232.81 to 240.87 mg KOH/g, sunflower oil from
188.54 to 196.00 mg KOH/g, sesamum oil 186.60 to 191.00 mg KOH/g, ground nut oil
from 187.00 to 195.64 mg KOH/g, castor oil from 176.00 to 175.64 mg KOH/g, mustard oil
from 168.66 to 175.64 mg KOH/g, olive oil from 177.88 to 192.45 mg KOH/g, finally the
almond oil contains saponification value from 186.45 to 195.44 mg KOH/g.
The saponification value of some common oils like palm oil (196-205 mg KOH/g), coconut
oil (253mgKOH/g) and palm kernel oil (247 mg KOH/g) The higher saponification value is
an indication that the oil may be suitable for soap making, oil-based ice-cream and
shampoos.
18. The high acid value of an oil indicates the large amount of fatty
acids in that oil renders the oil unfit for edible purposes. High
concentrations of free fatty acids are undesirable in vegetable oils
because they can reduce the palatability and the shelf-life of the
oil. The sunflower oil contains low acid value which is desirable as
cooking oil. The high unsaponifiable matter was observed in
almond oil (3.04%).
Unsaponifiable matter constituents an important consideration
when selecting oil mixtures for the manufacture of soaps.
Unsaponifiables can be beneficial to a soap formula, because
they may have properties such as moisturzation, conditioning,
vitamins, texture, etc., whereas the unsaponifiable matter should
be less than 1 for edible purposes.
19. FATTY ACID PROFILE OF CERTAIN
COMMERCIAL OILS:-
Extraction of oils:
A total of 42 samples collected from the local markets, oils
of coconut, palm oil, palm kernel oil, sunflower oil, sesa
mum oil, groundnut oil, castor oil and mustard oils were
extracted through soxlet apparatus using petroleum ether
as solvent extraction whereas olive and Almond oils are
directly purchased from local market. Then the oils of five
samples each of coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, four
samples each of sunflower oil, sesa mum oil, groundnut
oil, castor oil, mustard and three samples each of olive oil
and almond oil were send to Laila IMEX Laboratory,
Vijayawada and analyzed for their fatty acid (FA)
compositions using gas chromatography.
20. MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this chapter the commercial oils viz: Almond Oil, Castor Oil,
Sesamum Oil / Till Oil, Coconut Oils were screened for anti
cancer study, at TRIMS Microbiology Laboratory,
Visakhapatnam.
ANTI-CARCINOGENIC ACITIVITY OF EDIBLE OILS:
The crude oils of almond, coconut, till/sesa mum and castor oils
from the market was analyzed for anti-carcinogenic activity on
various human cancer cells viz., A549(Human lung cancer) SK-
MEL 28 (Melonima), PC3 (prostate cancer cell) and Hela (
cervical cancer cell) line.
Human cancer cell lines used in this study were procured from
National Centre for Cell Science, Pune. All cells were grown in
Minimal essential medium (MEM, GIBCO) supplemented with
4.5 g/L glucose, 2mM L-glutamine and 5% fetal bovine serum
(FBS) (growth medium) at 37°C in 5% CO2 incubator.
21. TABLE:-
DOSE RESPONSE OF EDIBLE OILS ON A549 CELL LINE
Blank :0.040
control:-1.234Almond oil Castor oil Coconut oil Till /sesamum oil
Oil
conc
(µg/
ml)
OD of
STD at
4490 nm
%
C
S
%
C
I
OD
at
490
nm
%
CS
%
CI
O
D
at
49
0n
m
%
CS
%
CI
O
D
at
49
0n
m
%C
S
%CI OD
at
490
nm
%C
S
%CI
12.5 0.475 7
7.
6
2
2.
4
1.01
2
81.
4
18.
6
1.1
64
94.
1
5.9 1.1
18
90.3 9.7 1.18
4
95.8 4.2
25 0.281 4
3.
1
5
6.
9
0.98
1
78.
8
21.
2
0.9
64
77.
4
22.
6
1.1
03
89 11 0.86
0
68.7 31.3
50 0.159 2
1.
3
7
8.
7
0.74
2
58.
8
41.
2
0.9
16
73.
4
26.
6
0.9
29
74 26 0.68
1
53.7 46.3
100 0.098 1
0.
4
8
9.
6
0.59
9
46.
8
53.
2
0.8
67
69.
3
30.
7
0.7
15
56.5 43.5 0.52
4
40.5 59.5
200 0.056 2.
9
9
7.
1
0.40
3
30.
4
69.
6
0.8
10
64.
5
35.
5
0.5
00
38.5 61.5 0.37
4
28 72
22. PLATE:-1
ANTI CANSER ACTIVITY OF THE ALMOND OIL,COCONUT OIL,CASTOR AND SESAMUMOIL
A-control A549 Cell line, B-A549 cell line treated with Almond oil,
C-A549 cell line treated with castor oil, D-A549 cell line treated with coconut oil
E-A549 cell line treated with sesamum oil/till oil
23. TABLE:-2
DOSE RESPONSE OF EDIBLE OILS ON SK-MEL 28 CELL LINE
Blank:- 0.040
Control :-1.428
Almond oil Castor oil Coconut oil Till /sesamum oil
Oil
conc(µg
/ml)
OD
of
STD
at
490n
m
%
CS
%CI O
D
at
49
0n
m
%C
S
%
CI
OD
at
490n
m
%CS %CI OD at
490n
m
%C
S
%CI OD at
490nm
%cs %CI
12.5 1.403 75.
5
24.5 1.3
31
93 7 1.288 90 10 1.420 99.5 0.5 1.348 94.2 5.8
25 0.685 48.
6
51.4 1.1
14
77.4 22.
6
1.139 79.2 20.8 1.302 91 9 0.975 67.4 32.
6
50 0.420 28.
6
71.4 0.8
71
59.9 40.
1
1.061 73.6 26.4 1.027 71.1 28.9 0.789 53.9 46.
1
100 0.259 16.
5
83.5 0.5
32
35.4 64.
6
0.941 64.9 35.1 0.931 64.2 35.8 0.463 43.4 56.
6
200 0.158 8.9 91.1 0.4
22
27.5 72.
5
0.910 62.7 37.3 0.839 57.6 42.4 0.519 34.5 65.
5
24. PLATE :-2
ANTI CANSER ACTIVITY OF THE ALMOND OIL,COCONUT OIL,CASTOR OIL AND SESAMUM
OIL/TILL OIL :-
A-controlSK-MEL28Cell line, B-SK-MEL28 cell line treated with
Almond oil,
C-SK-MEL28 cell line treated with castor oil, D-SK-MEL28 cell line
treated with coconut oil,
25. TABLE :-3
DOSE RESPONSE OF EDIBLE OILS ON PC3
CELL LINE
Blank :-0.030
Control :-1.256
Almond oil Castor oil Coconut oil Till /sesamumoil
Oil
con
c
a(µ
g/ml
)
OD of
STD
at
490n
m
%CS %CI OD
At
490
nm
%C
S
%
CI
OD at
490nm
%CS %CI OD
at
490n
m
%C
S
%
CI
OD at
490nm
%CS %CI
12.5 1.024 80.9 19.1 1.17
5
93.3 6.7 1.251 96.6 3.4 1.242 98.8 1.2 1.201 95.5 4.5
25 0.765 59.6 40.7 1.16
7
92.7 7.3 1.221 97 3 1.217 96.8 3.2 1.102 87.3 12.7
50 0.540 41.1 58.9 1.01
7
80.3 19.
7
1.150 91.3 8.7 1.078 85.4 14.
6
0.959 75.6 24.4
100 0.322 23.2 76.8 0.71
2
55.3 44.
7
0.831 65 34 0.748 58.2 41.
8
0.738 57.4 42.6
200 0.197 12.9 87.1 0.56
4
43.1 56.
9
0.692 53.6 46.4 0.420 31.3 68.
7
0.526 40 60
%CS= % of cell survival,
%CI=% of cell inhibition.
26. TABLE :-4
DOSE RESPONSE OF EDIBLE OILS ON HELA CELL LINE
Blank :0.040
Control :1.218Almond oil Castor oil Coconut oil Till /sesamum oil
Oil
con(µg/ml
)
OD of
STD at
490nm
%C
S
%CI OD
at
490n
m
%C
S
%CI OD
at
490
nm
%C
S
%CI OD
at
490n
m
%C
S
%CI OD at
490n
m
%C
S
%CI
12.5 1.032 84.2 17.8 1.012 82.5 17.5 1.019 83.1 16.9 1.028 23.9 16.1 1.008 82.2 17.8
25 0.785 63.2 36.7 1.006 82 18 1.072 87.6 12.4 1.018 83 17 0.993 80.9 19.1
50 0.520 40.7 59.3 0.973 79.2 20.8 0.942 76.5 23.5 0.876 71 29 0.853 69 31
100 0.329 24.5 75.5 0.851 68.8 31.1 0.764 61.5 38.5 0.933 76 24 0.721 57.8 42.2
200 0.146 9 91 0.677 54.1 45.9 0.682 54.5 45.5 0.763 61.4 38.6 0.696 55.7 44.3
%CS = % of cell survival ,
%CI = % of cell inhibition.
27. PLATE:-3
ANTI CANCER ACTIVITY OF THE ALMOND OIL,COCONUT OIL,CASTOR OIL AND
SESAMUMOIL/TILL OIL
A- control PC3cell B-PC3 cell line treated with sesamum oil/Till oil
C- Hela cell line treated with Almond oil D-Hela cell line treated with sesamum oil/Till oil
28. TABLE :1 ANTI LIPASE ACTIVITY OF EDIBLE OILS EXPRESSED
AS PERCENTAGE OF INHIBITION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
S. No Oil
concent
ration
(mg/ml)
Standard
drug
(Orlisat)
% of
inhibitio
n of PPL
Almond
oil
% of
inhibition
of PPL
Castor
oil
% of
inhibitio
n of PPL
Coconut
oil
% of
inhibition
of PPL
Till
/sesamum
oil
% of
inhibition of
PPL
1 6.25 29.40 16.70 8.10 2.30 28.60
2 12.50 48.00 31.10 17.50 8.90 37.20
3 25.00 57.90 50.70 29.30 15.40 47.40
4 50.00 65.00 57.00 36.00 23.60 50.40
5 100.00 76.50 63.00 38.00 37.80 68.70
6 200.00 79.20 79.30 40.90 39.10 75.50
PPL = Porcin Pancreatic Lipase
29. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The commercial oils viz : Almond Oil, Castor Oil, Coconut Oils, Sesamum Oil / Till Oil were
screened for used for Anti Microbial activity and carried out at TRIMS Microbiology Laboratory,
Visakhapatnam.
ANTIMICROBIAL ESSAY:
The research for components with antimicrobial activity has gained increasing
importance in recent times due to growing worldwide concern about the
alarming increase in the rate of infection by antibiotic-resistant
microorganisms. Both medical and veterinary uses of antibiotics have resulted
in the appearance of resistant strains of bacteria which may cause disease that
are difficult to treat.
A large number of pharmacological investigations have been directed towards
the plant kingdom as a source of therapeutic agents is reported by Eilert, U,
et al., (1981)27. Vegetable oils also contain additional health beneficial
phytochemicals such as saponin, phlobatanin, flavonoid, tanin, terpenoid,
anthraquinone, etc. that can be exploited for valuable therapeutic activities
such as insecticides, antibacterial, antifungal etc.
30. The organisms used for the study were Gram positive bacteria
such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sps, Gram
negative bacteria- Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli,
and human pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus
niger (Clinical isolates) that were compared with standard micro
organisms, which are preserved in TRIMS Microbiology
Laboratory, Visakhapatnam.
The oil samples used:
1.Almond oil
2. Coconut oil
3. Castor oil
4.Sesamum oil (Till oil)
Methodology:
The standard antibiotic drugs used were as follows :
1.Ciproflaxin
2.Ketoconazole
3.Fluconazole
31. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The data obtained on antibacterial and antifungal screening with edible oils was
presented in Table 1 and 2, figures 1 and 2 and plates IV and VI. The results on
antimicrobial activity of edible oils revealed (Table -1) that the minimal inhibitory
concentration for all the organisms under study was found to be 500μg/ml.
The concentrations less than 500μg/ml of the edible oils were done not shown
any zone of inhibition. It had been interpreted that at lower concentrations, the
organisms were resistant to the action of oils. It was also noticed from the table
that the oils were more effective on bacterial strains than fungi. Similar findings
were reported by Momoh et al., (2012)20 that the minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of the castor oil was found to range between 6.25mg/ml and
12.50mg/ml for bacteria while that of fungi ranged from 12.50mg/ml to
25.00mg/ml.
Among the various selected organisms screened for sensitivity pattern for
sesamum oil showed that bacteria were found to be more susceptible than fungi.
One reason for the low susceptibility of fungi is probably their eukaryotic nature,
which is responsible for their advance cellular and molecular process, when
compared to bacteria which are prokaryotic in nature.
33. PLATE:4
A-zone of inhibition of sesamum oil against staphylococcus
aureus
B-zone of inhibition of almond oil against esherichia coli
C-zone of inhibition of castor oil against esherichia coli
D-zone of inhibition of coconut oil against staphylococcus
ANTI MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE
ALMOND OIL, COCONUT OIL, CASTOR OIL
AND SESAMUM OIL
34. ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE SESAMUM OIL AND
CASTOR OIL
A- zone of inhibition of sesamum oil gainst enterococcus sps
B-zome of inhibition of castor oil against entercoccus sps
C-zonre of inhibition of standard drug against pseudomonas
aeruginosa
D-zone ofinhibition of castor oil against pseudomonas aeruginosa
ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE
SESAMUM OIL AND CASTOR OIL
35. ANTI FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF THE ALMOND OIL, COCONUT
OIL, CASTOR OIL AND SESAMUM OIL
A- zone of inhibition of sesamum oil against candida albicans
B-zone of inhibition of Almond oil against candida albicans
C-zone of inhibition of sesamum oil and almond oil against
Aspergillus niger
D-zone of inhibition of coconut oil against Aspergillus niger
ANTI FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF THE ALMOND
OIL, COCONUT OIL, CASTOR OIL AND
SESAMUM OIL
36. CONCLUSION
Physico–Chemical properties of certain commercial edible oils:
The lowest relative density value was observed in palm oil (0.889) and highest in castor oil
(0.958).
The highest refractive index was observed in mustard oil (1.470) and lowest in groundnut oil
(1.446).
The significantly increased iodine value was observed in sunflower oil (127.09) whereas the
decreased value in coconut oil (8.8).
The lowest saponification value, acid value and unsaponifiable matter was observed in mustard
oil ( 171.15), sunflower oil (0.17) and groundnut oil (0.69) respectively.
Acids of certain commercial Edible oils:
The fatty acid composition was changed in all the oils.
Among all the oils, the significant amount of lauric acid was observed in palm kernel oil (51.21%) and
coconut oil (49.42%).
The highest myristic acid was observed in coconut oil (18.58%) and palm kernel oil (16.64%) whereas
the palmitic acid was recorded in palm oil (41.54%).
The significant stearic acid was present in sesamum oil (5.37%).
The significant oleic acid was observed in olive oil (70.15%) and almond oil (67.57%).
The highest mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acid was found in castor oil (91.97%), olive oil
(70.15%) and sunflower oil (65.21%), sesamum oil (41.62%) respectively.
37. Anti cancer activity of edible oils:
Among the four oils sesamum oil (200 mg/ml) and almond oil (200 mg/ml) exhibited lowest cell
survival (28% and 30.4%) and highest cell inhibition (72% and 69.6%) respectively against A549
cell line.
The lowest cell survival (27.5% and 34.5%) and highest cell inhibition (72.5% and 65.5%) was
observed in almond oil (200.
mg/ml)and sesamum oil (200 mg/ml) respectively against SK- MEL 28 cell line.
Coconut oil (200 mg/ml) and sesamum oil (200 mg/ml) exhibited lowest cell survival (31.3% and
40%) and highest cell inhibition (68.7%) and 60%) respectively against PC3 cell line.
In case of HeLa cell lines, the almond oil showed lowest cell
survival (54.1%) and highest cell inhibition (45.9%).
38. Anti lipase activity of edible oils:
The results on inhibitory activity of edible commercial oils were found to be dose
dependent.
The higher inhibition of enzyme (Porcin pancreatic lipase) was observed with increase in
the
concentration of oils).
Among the oils tested at the concentration of 200 mg/ml, almond oil and Sesamum oil
showed maximum percentage inhibition of enzyme i.e., 79.30% and 75.50% respectively.
Anti microbial activity of edible oils:
The Sesamum oil was found to be effective against four organisms and almond oil against three
organisms.
Sesamum oil acted against four pathogenic bacteria.
Whereas Almond oil against three organisms.
The Sesamum oil (500 mg/ml) exhibited maximum zone of inhibition (18.77 mm) against pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
The almond oil showed maximum zone of inhibition (18.56 mm) against pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The castor oil (500 mg/ml) and coconut oil (500 mg/ml) exhibited low zone of inhibition against
staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and candida albicans.
